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The Logging Era at LY Oyageurs National Park Historic Contexts and Property Types

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The Logging Era at LY Oyageurs National Park Historic Contexts and Property Types The Logging Era at LY oyageurs National Park Historic Contexts and Property Types Barbara Wyatt, ASLA Institute for Environmental Studies Department of Landscape Architecture University of Wisconsin-Madison Midwest Support Office National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska This report was prepared as part of a Cooperative Park Service Unit (CPSU) between the Midwest Support Office of the National Park Service and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The grant was supervised by Professor Arnold R. Alanen of the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and administered by the Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin­ Madison. Cover Photo: Logging railroad through a northern Minnesota pine forest. The Virginia & Rainy Lake Company, Virginia, Minnesota, c. 1928 (Minnesota Historical Society). - -~------- ------ - --- ---------------------- -- The Logging Era at Voyageurs National Park Historic Contexts and Property Types Barbara Wyatt, ASLA Institute for Environmental Studies Department of Landscape Architecture University of Wisconsin-Madison Midwest Support Office National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 1999 This report was prepared as part of a Cooperative Park Service Unit (CPSU) between the Midwest Support Office of the National Park Service and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The grant was supervised by Professor Arnold R. Alanen of the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and administered by the Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Cover Photo: Logging railroad through a northern Minnesota pine forest. The Virginia & Rainy Loke Company, Virginia, Minnesota, c. 1928 (Minnesota Historical Society). CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... l The Logging Legacy in Today's Landscape .............................................................................................. 3 Northern Minnesota Logging: Sub-Contexts at Voyageurs National Park ........................ --.,. ..... ,. ............ 6 Voices from the Past ............................. ,. ................... ,. ......... ,. .................. ,. ............ ,. ............. " ............ --··· 8 2. EARLY LOGGING IN MINNESOTA ................................................................................................. 11 3. SUB-CONTEXT 1: EARLY LOGGING AT VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK, PRIOR TO 1907 ..................................................................................................................................... 21 The Logging Process in the Early Logging Period,. ......... ,. ......................... ,. .......... -- ....................... ,. ...... 24 Early Logging Camps ............................................................... ,. ....... -- .................................. ,. ................ 28 The Early Logging Landscape ......................... -- ....... ,. .............................................................................. 30 The End of the Early Logging Period ................................................................. -- .................................... 31 4. SUB-CONTEXT 2: RAILROAD LOGGING AT VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK, 1907 . 1937 ............................................................................................................................................. 33 The Virginia and Rainy Lake Company ....................................................................... ,. ........................... 35 E. W. Backus and the International Lumber Company ............................................................................. 40 The Logging Process in the Railroad Era ................................................................................................. 46 Railroad Era Logging Camps................................................................................................................... 52 The Landscape of the Railroad Era .......................................................................................................... 54 End of the Railroad Era .............................. -- ........................................................................................... 56 5. SUB-CONTEXT 3: LATE LOGGING AT VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK, 1938 . 1970 ............................................................................................................................................. 63 The Logging Process ................................................................................................................................ 66 Lote Logging Camps ................................................................................................................................ 69 The Late Logging Landscape ................................................................................................................... 70 The End of Logging in Voyageurs National Park ..................................................................................... 71 6. PROPERTY TYPE 1: CAMPS AND RELATED STRUCTURES ...................................................... 75 Early Logging: Shanties and Small Camps ........................................................_. ..................................... 75 Railroad Era Logging: Virginia and Rainy Lake Company and International Lumber Company Camps. 77 Late Logging: International Lumber Company and Mando Camps .......................................................... 88 Related Property Types: Stopping Places/Hotels and Stills ..................................................................... 93 Integrity Requirements for Camps and Related Structures ........................................................................ 94 7. PROPERTY TYPE 2: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS .................................................................... 97 Roads ....................................................................................................................................................... 99 Railroads ............................................................................................................................................... 103 Watenvays and Logging ......................................................................................................................... 108 Integrity Requirements for Transponation Systems ................................................................... -- ........... 1 I 1 8. PROPERTY TYPE 3: RURAL IllSTORIC DISTRICTS AND IllSTORIC ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICTS ...................................................................................................... 115 Rural Historic Districts: Essential Qualities .... -- ................................................................................... 115 The Integrity of Historic Archeological Districts .................................................................................... 119 Other Logging Regions: Property Types and Integrity Issues ................................................................ I 19 Potential Rural Historic Districts at Voyageurs National Park ............................................................... 122 JPPENDIX 1: THE CHANGING FORESTS AT VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK......................... 127 Pte-Settlement Vegetation at Voyageurs National Park .......................................................................... 127 !ecent Land Cover ................................................................................................................................ 131 AP~IX 2: THE ACQUISITION OF TIMBER LANDS IN MINNESOTA..................................... 135 DL<ribution of Land in Minnesota by the Federal Government .............................................................. 136 The Preemption and Homestead Acts ..................................................................................................... 137 Othtr Laws Affecting Land Distribution in the Border Country .............................................................. 139 Abus1 of the Homestead and Preemption Laws ....................................................................................... 142 Sale of State Lands................................................................................................................................. 146 Voyageurs National Park ....................................................................................................................... 149 Concluion ............................................................................................................................................. 149 APPENDIX 3: MINNESOTA SHPO CONTEXT DESCRIPTION NORTHERN MINNESOTA LUMBERING, 1870-1930s .................................................................................................................. l51 APPENDIX 4: HISTORY OF FORESTRY IN MINNESOTA ............................................................... I55 APPENDIX 5: VIRGINIA AND RAINY LAKE COMPANY LOGGING CAMPS .•••••••••••.•••.•••.•••..•.•• 163 APPENDIX 6: TERMS USED IN LOGGING......................................................................................... 175 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................... I93 Books and Periodicals ..........................................................................................................................
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