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Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Pulmonary

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Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Pulmonary Yang et al. Respir Res (2021) 22:204 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01792-y REVIEW Open Access Role of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in pulmonary infammation diseases: mechanisms and development Ailin Yang, Yanjun Wu, Ganggang Yu* and Haoyan Wang* Abstract Infammation is an essential mechanism of various diseases. The development and resolution of infammation are complex immune-modulation processes which induce the involvement of various types of immune cells. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) have been demonstrated to be signaling molecules in infammation. SPMs are involved in the pathophysiology of diferent diseases, especially respiratory diseases, including asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All of these diseases are related to the infammatory response and its persistence. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and development of infammation in respiratory disease, and the roles of the SPM family in the resolution process, might be useful in the quest for novel therapies and preventive measures for pulmonary diseases. Keywords: Infammation resolution, Lung diseases, Lung infammation, Pro-resolving lipid mediators, Mechanism Introduction have shown that chronic, persistent infammation might Infammation is a major defense mechanism of the be the cause of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases [5] human body. If the body is subjected to an injury, infec- (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease) and even tion, or other similar stimuli, the innate immune system certain types of mental illness [6]. becomes activated within seconds-to-minutes. Innate Acute infammation is induced by the innate immune immunity is useful in promoting infammation and can system, which has an essential protective role, prevents aid in determining the level of pathogenic invasion or some infections, and promotes healing in injured tis- stimuli. Although infammatory reactions evolve as an sues. Briefy, if the body is stimulated by infammation, adaptive reaction that could restore homeostasis, a suc- infection, or other pathogenic factors, an acute immune cessful infammatory response is complete only after response is accelerated. Infammatory cells, such as poly- resolution and restoration phases [1, 2]. If infamma- morphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), macrophages, and tion persists or becomes uncontrolled, it could elicit an dendritic cells (DCs), are recruited by cytokines and overprotective response by the body. Tus, infammatory chemokines, which accelerate the infammatory response factors can mediate an auto-immune reaction to attack and reduce further damage to tissues [7]. healthy cells and tissues in the body. Tis action can After the body initially launches an immune response, cause rheumatoid arthritis, infammatory bowel disease, acute infammation begins to subside. Phagocytic cells psoriasis, asthma, and vasculitis [3, 4]. Recently, studies (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils) are mobilized to eliminate apoptotic and necrotic cells and thereby promote the repair/recovery of tissue and maintain *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] tissue homeostasis by generating pro-infammatory Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, , Beijing 100050, China mediators. In health, this process occurs actively in © The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Yang et al. Respir Res (2021) 22:204 Page 2 of 17 a specifc self-limiting manner. However, if the acute infammatory disease. In addition, we discuss the SPMs infammatory response is not controlled or completed family and their role in the regulation of respiratory within a specifc timeframe, infammation may persist, diseases. or the body may initiate an exaggerated infammatory response, which may lead to infammation recurrence. Infammation and resolution: mechanism Such situations may induce chronic infammation, dis- Infammatory response ease, or even death [7]. Te infammatory response is a series of immune Studies [8, 9] have determined that a series of endog- responses to infammatory stimuli. A series of complex enous lipid mediators produced during the resolution infammatory-response mechanisms can protect the of acute infammation can bind to specifc receptors, human body from the potential harm caused by infection inhibit neutrophil infltration, regulate the formation of or injury. cytokines and chemokines, and thereby promote exten- If pathogenic bacteria invade and cause damage to cells sive phagocytosis. Endogenous lipid mediators, which and tissues, pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like can eliminate apoptotic cells and necrotic cells and receptors or nod-like receptor expressed by immune cells promote tissue repair, can be referred to collectively can recognize pathogenic organisms (pathogen-associ- as “specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators” (SPMs). ated molecular patterns) and damage signals (damage- Tey include resolvin, protectin, maresins, and lipox- associated molecular patterns) rapidly and transmit these ins (LXs), which are converted from omega-6 polyun- “danger signals” to the interface of cells and tissues [19]. saturated fatty acids [10–12]. Animal experiments have Tese signals promote the activation of innate immune demonstrated that SPMs can be involved in the regu- cells (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, lation of infammatory diseases such as arthritis, peri- natural killer cells, γδ-T cells, innate lymphoid cells, and tonitis and asthma, as well as ischemia–reperfusion DCs), to promote them produce some pro-infammatory injury and infammatory pain [10, 13, 14]. cytokines and chemokines [20, 21]. Tese chemokines Te respiratory system connects the internal and activate the chemotaxis process to recruit leukocytes and external environment, and can be afected readily by macrophages into the site of infammation center to pro- stimuli such as smoke (and other forms of air pollution) vide efector functions [22]. and pathogens. Te respiratory system also serves as Simultaneously, under the infuence of vasoactive a natural defense system. As various stimuli enter and amines (e.g., histamine) and eicosanoids (e.g., prosta- accumulate in the body’s internal environment, they glandins, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), granulocytes can provoke an infammatory response in cells and tis- and macrophages can up-regulate the expression of sues and may even cause a persistent reaction. complement (C3) and immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors A decline in the ability to resolve infammation fully to enhance phagocytosis and cell-killing ability [23]. In will cause dysfunction in epithelial cells and alveo- addition, infammation and injury efectively enhancing lar macrophages. Tis dysfunction constitutes a major the immune response and vascular permeability, anti- mechanism for the persistence of infammation, as well bodies and some soluble substances, such as SPMs and as further injury to tissues and disruption of normal its analogs, produced by adaptive immune cells (T and structure in the pulmonary parenchyma. Tis dysfunc- B lymphocytes) fow into the center of the infammatory tion may even cause asthma, chronic obstructive pul- response with blood plasma to form an acquired immune monary disease (COPD), or pulmonary fbrosis [3, 15]. response. Furthermore, some structural cells in the body, Terefore, it is especially important to recognize the such as airway and alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial relationship between infammation resolution and the cells, and fbroblasts, are also involved in the immune pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. response during the infammatory response [24]. Tese Recently, studies focusing on the decline in levels structural cells are mainly involved in the production of of SPMs during the early infammatory response have pro-resolving mediators and adaptive immune responses. demonstrated that these mediators could act as novel targets for the treatment of pulmonary diseases [16– Infammation resolution 18]. Terefore, understanding the mechanism of and In health, the body has a complete regulatory mechanism resolution of infammation will aid understanding of to prevent uncontrolled infammatory reactions. Dur- the role of SPMs in the early phase of therapy. ing activation of the infammatory response, the infux of In this review, we discuss and update recent infammatory cells is at its maximum, and the body can research on SPMs in pulmonary infammation
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