t (o o) o) ':ao H}:1 ttJ Western Samoa Noti onal Environment ond Deve loPment Management Strotegies USP Ubrary Cataloguing-in-.h$lication dara: Western $arroa: National F-nvtroqq.renJ :and D,evelop.ment Managrement Strategies NEMS / the Nauonal ltnvironmental Management straegics Tasklbaim"-,,4.p1a lWesrern Sailoal, Spnp-l rsgs. :nd, 100p, : Zgertr Bibhogaphy: ISBN9Eg-0.F0009€ I' Environulental policy-Western Sarfloa esternc,i*o. ^2.lnvironngntalprotcctioft-lfi l. ,9onscvation of na.urrall reourc€a-I,V$teru gaariia I Natiorial Enviro-nrneru and Deneln-pment Slmteg{es ThskTeaar II, ,South pasific negoni envlronraeul hogqaome HCTg.E$t\l$7 3S5.716109614 Preparedfor publication by the South pacific R"gi"ld Erivironrrent pro'gramme, Agiia, Western Sauloa @ $ou& Facific Regionat Environmenr prcgirarnme, Iggl Th9 Sourh Pacific Regional Emdronrnent programme autbonses the reproducqoq of texhral metefi, whole orpart i,n anyforrr, provided acknowledgement is given. "ppr"priri. CIbordiraring.editor Sua*nneGranO Editor Barbara Flensoa Prcject agd pditodal assisant Ju[a'Ha6ka Dotgu andprodue-rioo Feter Errarrs Artwork for symbols etherinre Appletou rnd Morloe von ltciche Gover design by Pcter Evafigliased, on aa origind desip by Catherlne Appleton Cano_graplrtc mranerial for this docuineut alrd ib corirparrio:l volqme Watcrn Satw Stal(' of tlu Enoirwnqf nsbort prepared by.[acaranda Wiley LBd, Brisbdne, Arstralia [pelet in New Backcrvilte and Gill $aiu fd+lrq on lI0 m Ttrdor R P. (100% recycled) by ABC Frinting-, Brisbane, Australia Illurtratirae,narerial cannot be raprodueed without perrnission'of the photographer Or ardrc Prodrced wilb the fiineooia! as;nrrmee of, fte Unitcd nhdoos,Dercilopnsar nogmme ( DtDp) (Mr phatagraphu'F&" at Ao.ho ulltap, SawA (p:tuw PatuI2 Rym, rErodu;edcouiuy of.IWFAT) VVestern Samoa No tionol Envi ro nm ent, ond Devel opment Monagement Strotegies Prepored by the Western Somoo NEMS Tosk Team in osso ciotion with the South Pacific Region ol Environment Programme (SPREP) 1993 Produced with financisl aseistance from the United Notions Development Progromme (UNDP) --"-$ A1 A o 'fll' o .O. F' H6- -il- -RF#8 F - € 3 llE d ;ll 4 I l!n I _= lr v -| - IA :_ o rrDv{E -t" r) -' N-'3.' 1' -F O o u"u fur#; Fr- .)' ?Q 1! I o )..14 t/, m o E vr9 -/ ^4' = z o F=3-o rtg d q^- =5e^.,sif----..g ,i q'i ; F\. '0 o c ,.-&EnnF"'-ac BPP F:$3 F.[ Yi6 O=. I. '6.F f il l-la Fff-j $oo- i -: ;D :f 3. oo :j-''' '!. r ' 3 te E t? + EI rtf 6'o igE b-n f,. i-*3- l\- _ *a v i0Q o !.= - fu- .l-. ) O 3 9D v q_" -k pF =f o N q^=3vP<, J..-t-r \ '-n €' o .D ,: *P \l -- p o absEg .o ? 5 "s 0q 'ct ' Fltf (D - e3 ir /FN 'li. J.T H$g 19 ,t-/s' f z allls; .D g i{ H o"llp o :'gE t 5 € 5E o 3 Foreword Western Samoa faces a challenging decade. It has this reason Cabinet recommended that the mem- become increasingly apparent that our natural bership of the NEMS Task Team include key gov- resources are deteriorating due to the pr',essures we ernment and non-governmental agencies. The are placing upon them. As the resources dererior- Chairmanship andexecutive task were the respon- ate, other problems arise. For example, our forests sibility of the newly formed Division of Environ- are being cleared at a rapid rate for agricultural use ment and Conservation, Department of Lands, and for their timber; among the consequences are Survevs and Environment. The document prG los of water quality and supply, and loss of bio- duced as the result of the Thsk Team's deliberations diversigv. was reviewed by a public meeting. We iilso know that there is no miracle solution. This documentisjust a beginning, aframework Like many Pacific Island nations, we have no min- for the preparation of detailed policies and educa- eral or oil deposits that will provide the ready cash rional effors that will guide the government and to repair enr"ironmental damage, or provide for the Samoan people towards a more sustainable increasing aspirations. 'Ihe natural resources that future. are under threat are the same resources that we will The National Environment and Development need to provide for our future health, welfare and Management Strategies could not have been com- econornic development. pletedwithout the financial assistance extended by The move towards sustainable development the United Nations Development Programme and will require a commitment from all of us: as indi- the collaborative assistance of the South Pacific l'iduals, as members of communities, and as mem- Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP). bers of government and non-govenrmental The Government gratefrrlly acknowledges the as. agencies. It will require a fundamental change in sistance of those organisadons. our attitude to our environment a realisatiotr In embracing the concept of sustainable devel- that there are limits ro rhe seemingly- abundanr opment, the Government is only too aware of the resources of our islands. difficulties inherent in its implementation. It would There are many things that need to be done. therefore welcome the continuing support of its Th e Governrnen t of Weste r:n Samoa recogn ises that development partners in the international com- it has the responsibility ro lead the wayby reviewing munity as it pursues sustainable development its policies and legislation, and ensuring that its through the implementation of the National environmental efforts are soundly based and well Environment and Development Management coordinated. For this reason the Government sup Strategies. ported the establishment of a National Environ- mental Management Strategies Thsk Team, and Cabinet was pleased ro approve the National Environment and Development Management Strategies (NEMS), as set our in Part 2 of this publication, in February 1993. Environmenal problems often have complex Honourable Tofilau Eti Alesana causes and require interdisciplinary solutions. For fuime Ministn of Westem Sanwa Contents Map $We*ern Sarnoo iv Forcword v Adtnowfedgemems ix /Llecsoge frrom UNDP rt /Vlessoge ftom SPREP xii Acranryms xiii Erecr.nlre rr.rmmaty xlv Pan t lhe Vfestern Sornoqn 3cttiag I I The settlng 3 1.1 Location and size 3 lg Qiqrate 5 1.3 Land resoirrces 5 t.8,I Creology,gemoqphotoryaridlalrlduse s 1.3,2 '!ryater 6 tr.3.$ Flora 6 1.3.4 I'iurna 7 1.3,5 Consenation strategies g 1.4 Macirrc r€sources I l.a.I ltfangroves 10 il.*.2 Coral sands I0 1..4.$ Subnistence futrilrg IA [.44 Oonrmercial fishing IA 1.4.5 Tiutles l0 1.5 People lt 1.6 Culnrre, hiorory,and govefirrnent I I 1.7 Urbal,l and rural ,lssues l'z I.Z.l Wasrc man4gFrnent Iz 1.7.? 'Clirnate change Ij 1.8 The ecsnqrnr 13 1.9 Csndusions fJ vi Contents Port 2 Notionol Environment and Development Monogement Strotegies 15 2 Introduction 17 2.1 Local environmental progress 17 2.2 The need for NEMS in Westem Samoa T8 2.3 Principles for NEMS 18 2.4 Regional National Environmental Management Strategies (NEMS) Project 20 Framework for NEMS 22 3.1 Approach 22 3.2 Goals 22 3.3 Scope 24 3.4 Stmcture of the report 25 The process of chonge 25 4.1 General 25 4.2 Public awareness 26 4.3 Agenda setting 27 4-4 Community action 28 Current stotus of the local environment 29 5.1 Population issues 29 5.2 Water supply J0 5.3 Fisheries 31 5.4 Waste management 32 5.5 Forestry 33 5.6 Land use 34 5.7 Biodiversity 35 5.8 Atmosphere 35 5.9 Climate change and greenhouse effect 36 5.10 Samoan culture 38 5.11 Human resolrrces 38 5.12 Economic growth 39 Strotegies Notionol policy objectives ond octivities 40 6.1 General 40 6.2 ManaEJement of population dynamics and trends 41 6.3 Protection of the quality and supply of fresh water 42 6.4 Protection of the sea and marine resources 43 6.5 Management of waste 45 6.6 Combating deforestation 48 6.7 Development of appropriate land use practices 49 6.8 Conservation of biodiversity 50 vlt 6ontents 6.9 Protection of the atmosphere 5I 6.10 Planning for climate change 52 6.11 Preservation of traditional arts, culture and history 53 6.12 Development of human resources 54 6.13 Promoring sustainable economic growth i5 7 Implementotion rtructur€s 57 7.7 Policy formularion 57 7.2 Policy presentarion 59 7.3 Policy implementation 60 7.4 Evaluation 60 7.5 Overall coordinarion 61 Part 3 Progromme prcfiles 53 References 98 Tobles 5.1 Population structure, 197L1986 29 5.2 Population vital statistics for the intercensal period, 1982-1986 i0 5.3 Local funding for water supply 31 5.4 Land ownership 34 c.5 [,and use capabiliry J5 9.O Education Department budger, l98l-lg8g 39 7.7 NEMS Policy Committees 58 7.2 NEMSlmplementingAgencies 60 Figures 1.1 Land ownership 4 t.2 Important conservation areas 8 3.1 Environmental awareness poster 2J 5.1 Population growth projections 30 5.2 Remaining foresr areas 33 5.3 Estimate of land use, 1991 34 5.4 Iky lowland sites identified by Park et al. J7 6.1 Educational material 45 6.2 Detail, educational posrer 45 Notes The units of currency of Western Samoa are the 'tala' (dollar) and the 'sene' (cent). All currency amounts in Parts I and. 2 are in Western Samoan 'tala'unless orherwise specified. Currency zrmounts in Part 3 (Programme profiles) are in United States dollars ($US). A financial )rear spans the period I July to 3gJune.