DOCSLIB.ORG

Change in the Agricultural Land Use in West Upolu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Change in the Agricultural Land Use in West Upolu UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII LIBRARY CHANGE IN THE AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN WEST UPOLU WESTERN SAMOA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OP UNIVERSITY OP HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OP MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY SEPTEMBER 1967 By Nevin A. Bryant Thesis Committee: Peter N. D. Pirie, Chairman Robert M. Warner Forrest R. Pitts H^unA 635223 1 We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography. THESIS COMMITTEE TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OP TABLES.................................... lv LIST OP F I G U R E S .................................. vi GLOSSARY OP SAMOAN TERMS ........................ Viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION................. 1 CHAPTER II. THE PATTERN OP VILLAGE AGRICULTURE TODAY................ 8 The Land Tenure S y s t e m .... 8 The Pattern of Land Use ...... 16 CHAPTER III. SAMOAN AGRICULTURE PRIOR TO FOREIGN ADMINISTRATION.......... 28 The Pre-Contact Period .......... 28 Missionaries, Traders, and Wars . 31 CHAPTER IV. ADMINISTRATION RULE PRIOR TO WORLD WAR I I .................... 39 Stability Under German Rule 1900-1914 39 The New Zealand Occupation and Mandate until 1926 ....... 43 The Mau and the Depression 195^1936 ...................... 53 The Period Prior to World War II (1936-1942)............ 57 CHAPTER V. WORLD WAR II AND POSTWAR CHANGE . 60 The United States Armed Forces Occupation .............. 60 Postwar Agricultural Change .... 62 CHAPTER VI. THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND CROP ECOLOGY OP WEST UPOLU ............ 75 Climate.......................... 75 So l i s........... 81 Crop Requirements................ 85 The Yearly Cycle of Planting and H a r v e s t i n g ............... 89 1 1 iii Page The Productive Capacity of Village C r o p s ................. 91 Cropping System .................... 93 CHAPTER VII. POPULATION DYNAMICS IN WEST UPOLU . 96 Migration.......................... 97 Village Population Characteristics. 101 CHAPTER VIII. VILLAGE ECONOMICS .................... 117 The Pattern of W o r k .................. 117 Subsistence Requirements of the Villagers................... 121 Sources of Cash Income ............ 129 Cash Expenditure.................... 135 CHAPTER IX. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES WI1H THE A I G A .................... 142 The Effects of a Growing Population 143 The Effect of Increased Mobility • . 146 The Quest for Eoonomio Independence in the Alga................. 147 CHAPTER X. VILLAGE LAND USE CHANGE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................. 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................... 161 APPENDIX.......................................... 170 iv LIST OF TABLES age Matal Holdings ........................ 17 1954 Village Land U s e ................ 18 Principal Imports 1884 ................ 34 Area In Forests In Districts of West U p o l u .................... .. 64 District Copra Produotion ............ 66 Village Oopra Production .............. 68 Village Banana Production ............ 70 Cacao Acreages In West Upolu ...... 73 Soils of West U p o l u • . set) Soil Types of West Upolu .............. set) Nutrient Uptake of Crops .............. 86 Incidence of Blackpod Disease to Cacao Trees ••••• .............. 87 Productive Capacity of Samoan Crops . 92 Population Increase In West Upolu . 96 Movement to New Zealand .............. 102 Changes In Village Habitation Densities 103 Population Change in West Upolu . • . 104 Wage Workers Living In West Upolu . 105 Village Labor Input to Agriculture . 120 Samoan Food Preferences, Nutritive Value .................... 123 Average Weekly Consumption Per Consumption Unit .................... 127 V Page XXI. Calorie Requirements by Age and Sex .... 128 XXII. Cash Income .................... 130 XXIII. Price Paid to Villagers for Cocoa Pods and C o c o n u t s ................... • . 133 XXIV. Cash Expenditures.................... .. 136 XXV. Household Possessions Survey ........ 139 XXVI. Goods Exchanged at a Church Dedication . 140 XXVII. Goods Given to a Visiting Pastor .......... 140 XXVIII. Ratios Matal : Alga 1926-1966 145 XXIX. Per Capita Crop Averages, 1942, 1954, 1966 ........................ 157 Vi LIST OP FIGURES Page 1. Per Capita Value of Exports 1901-1966 .......... 3 2. Cost of Living Index 1951-1966 ......... 4 3. Location M a p ................................ 5 4. Map of Boundary Disputes Between Villages .... 12 5. Time - Distance in Falease'ela.............. 15 6. Village Alga Holdings of Falelatal ........ (inset) 7. Alienated Land 1 9 2 1 .......................... 37 8. Spread of Bunchytop Disease.................. 71 9. Mean Annual R a i n f a l l ........................ 76 10. Dry Season Rainfall.......... 77 11. Wet Season Rainfall......................... 78 12. Yearly Cycle of Planting and Harvesting by Districts ........................ 90 13* Change in the Infant Mortality R a t e .......... 98 14. Populations in Eaoh Age and Sex Group Who Moved Away 1965-66 100 15. Lefaga: Populations in Each Age and Sex Group. 107 16. Falelatal: Populations in Each Age and Sex G r o u p ...................................... 109 17. Mulifanua: Populations in Each Age and Sex Group .................................... 112 18. A'ana N o r t h ...................................115 19. Settlement Inland in West U p o l u ............. (inset) 20. Crop Acreage Change in Lefaga ............... 152 21. Crop Acreage Change in F a l e l a t a l ............. 153 vii Page 22. Crop Acreage Change In M u l i f a n u a ............ 154- 23. Crop Acreage Change In A'ana N o r t h .......... 155 Appendix a. Price for Copra Paid to Samoans 1900-1966 .... 171 h. Prloe for Cocoa Paid to Samoans 1900-1966 .... 172 c. Price for Bananas Paid to Samoans 1900-1966 . 173 GLOSSARY OP SAMOAN TERMS (Note: the £ in Samoan is pronounced n£) aiga - the extended family group basic to Samoan society; in a village it would inolude all closely related relatives, especially of the male descent group. aiga potopoto - oolleotive term for all the members of a lineage who have the right to be present at, and to take part in, the election of a new matal. ali'i - A ohief, usually the highest, or one of the highest ranking matal in a village. aualuma - the traditional association of the unmarried girls of a village that serve the taupou. 'aumaga - the traditional association of the young un­ titled adult males; the male village work force. fale - a Samoan house. fono - a council of matal. 'ie toga - the Samoan fine mat; a traditional form of currency and instrument of ceremonial exohange. malaga - a journey. matal - the titled head of a Samoan extended family (formally elected and honored as suoh). Mau - the organization which opposed the New Zealand administration between 1927-1936. maumaga - the Samoan villager's taro patoh. olo - a defensible place, usually situated inland. palusami - a Samoan food made from taro leaves and cooo- nut milk. pule - (of land) - control; a form of trust ownership vested in the matal. pulenu'u - a village matal appointed by the village fono to act as the government's representative and to perform local administrative duties. i x sa - a decree prohibiting or restricting social conduct or agricultural production in a village. ta'amu - giant taro (alooasla spp.) taule'ale'a - an untitled man (pi. taulele'a) taupou - the traditional village virgin; usually the daughter of an all1!. tiapula - the crown and stalks of a mature taro out off for replanting. tulafale - an orator, one of the types of matal. umu - The Samoan ground oven; also refers to the small hut that houses the ground oven. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In 1962 Western Samoa became the first of the United Kation3 .trusteeship's Territories In the Pacifio to become self-governing and Independent of its trustee power. With that independence, the new government took upon Itself all of the privileges and responsibilities of managing the country's social and ecunnio welfare. The success of this venture in self-government may well depend on whether the country can continue to develop. Although only nine per­ cent of the local Income for the Western Samoan Government is derived from agricultural export duties levied upon crops produced in the villages, village onsh-crop exports accounted for 56 percent of the national incone in 1965. Despite plans to broaden tho oountry's economic base by 1970, at least 43 percent of the national income must continue to be derived from village exports.^ It has been estimated that 95 peroent of the brnana ex­ ports, 85 peroent of the copra, and 75 peroent of the cocoa exports are currently derived from village production. In 1964 the value of the export duty on these crops mas 4204,097, approximately 4169,501 being contributed by vil­ lagers. Receipts from all Government departments were 42,184,657. (Sources: Tabic 46, "Banana cases Shipped, 1961-1966"; Table 50, "Copra Exported by Weight and. Value, and Countries of Destination, 1961-1965"î Table 51, "Co­ coa Exported by Weight and Value, and Countries of Destina­ tion, 1961-1965"! Table 73* "Statement of Receipts of the Departments and Sections of the Government of Western Samoa, 1962-1967"; In: Western Samoa Statistical Bulletin. 4th Quarter 1966, and Economic Development Programme, 1966- 1970, p.71). 2 By graphing the per capita value of crop exports of Western Samoa from 1901 to the present an interesting trend aonears (see Figure 1.). After World War II there occurred a sharp increase in the volume and value of oron exports commensurate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environmental and Social Management Plan English
    GOVERNMENT OF SAMOA LAND TRANSPORT AUTHORITY Report Enhancing the Climate Resilience of West Coast Road Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) Prepared for: Land Transport Authority (Client) By: Roughton International Ltd in association with PLT Consultants Ltd Reviewed and updated – June 2018 by S Sesega (LTA Safeguards Advisor). June 2018 (Final) Page 0 Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan: West Coast Road Project – Package 1 Revision History Revision Nº Prepared By Description Date 1 Peseta Dr Konelio Tone For internal review 16/11/15 2 Peseta Dr Konelio Tone For internal/external review 25/01/16 3 Sam Sesega For review/update 26/6/2018 4 5 Document Acceptance Action Name Signed Date Prepared by Peseta Dr Konelio Tone Reviewed by Peseta Simon Tone Approved by Richard Hopkins on behalf of Roughton International Ltd in Association with PLT Consultants Ltd Page 1 Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan: West Coast Road Project – Package 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Samoa’s (GOS) Land Transport Authority (LTA) is implementing the Enhancing the Climate Resilience of the West Coast Road Project (CRWCR), which is part of the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). The West Coast Road (WCR) is the country’s main arterial route and is a key infrastructure component of Samoa’s economic corridor that connects the capital and commercial centre of Apia to the Faleolo International Airport and the Mulifanua Wharf linking Upolu to Samoa’s bigger island Savaii. The project is jointly financed by a grant from the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) and by the Government of Samoa (GoS). The project’s development objective is to: (i) Improve the climate resilience of the WCR; and (ii) Enhance local capacity to develop a more climate resilient road network.
    [Show full text]
  • Rarotonga, Samoa & Tonga
    › Rarotonga, Samoa & Tonga Top ExperiencesExperiences › 170ºW 160ºW TOKELAU 'Upolu (New Zealand) 0 200 km 0 120 miles Fale'ula (Islands not to Scale) Penrhyn APIA 10ºS Manono Leulumoega Rakahanga Vailele International Date Line Apolima-uta Cape Mulinu’u Manihiki Solosolo Gateway to the Manono-uta Falefa AMERICAN Pukapuka underworld NORTHERN Mt Fiamoe SAMOA Falelatai Saletele Nassau COOK (960m) Sauniatu (USA) Samamea SAMOA ISLANDS Pulemelei Mound Mt Fito Uafato Lefaga (1028m) Ti'avea Savai'i Polynesia’s largest ancient Suwarrow 'Upolu PAGO Salamumu Samusu PAGO structure Mulivai APIA Poutasi Satitoa Tutuila S O U T H Aitutaki Salani See 'Upolu To Sua Ocean Trench Vavau Enlargement See Tutuila Traditional food, dance P A C I F I C and music Swim this enchanted Enlargement sunken waterhole 0 20 km O C E A N 0 12 miles Vava'u COOK ISLANDS Vava’u SOUTHERN Pola Tutuila Sea kayak in paradise COOK Tal ISLANDS Nu’uuli Falls HA'APAI Secluded deliciously cool GROUP Palmerston swimming hole Vatia Sa'ilele Onenoa Atoll Afono Masefau ’Atiu Aitutaki Manuae Amouli NIUE Mitiaro PAGO PAGO Aua Alofau Aunu'u Delve into hidden Takutea 20ºS limestone caves Fagasa 'Atiu A'asu Matafao Peak Lauli'ituai Aunu'u TONGA Ma'uke Tongatapu Fagamalo (653m) NUKU'ALOFA Ha’apai Rarotonga AVARUA Nu'uuli Swim with humpback A'oloaufou See Tongatapu whales See Rarotonga Poloa Enlargement Enlargement Mt Olotele Tafuna Mangaia Nua (493m) Fagatele Bay Rarotonga Leone Avarua 'Ili'ili Paradise in a submerged Enjoy breakfast at Vailoa Vaitogi volcanic crater Rarotonga AraTapu Punanga
    [Show full text]
  • High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey of Samoa
    EU-SOPAC Project Report 112 Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States SAMOA TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork Undertaken from 27 January to 1 March 2004 October 2008 Western Samoa three-dimensional Digital Elevation Model Prepared by: Jens Krüger and Salesh Kumar SOPAC Secretariat May 2008 PACIFIC ISLANDS APPLIED GEOSCIENCE COMMISSION c/o SOPAC Secretariat Private Mail Bag GPO, Suva FIJI ISLANDS http://www.sopac.org Phone: +679 338 1377 Fax: +679 337 0040 www.sopac.org [email protected] Important Notice This report has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Community; however, the views expressed herein must never be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Community. Samoa: High-Resolution Bathymetry EU EDF-SOPAC Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States – iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Geographic Situation .................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Geological Setting ...................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Previous Bathymetry Compilations............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Samoan Aidscape: Situated Knowledge and Multiple Realities of Japan’S Foreign Aid to Sāmoa
    THE SAMOAN AIDSCAPE: SITUATED KNOWLEDGE AND MULTIPLE REALITIES OF JAPAN’S FOREIGN AID TO SĀMOA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY DECEMBER 2012 By Masami Tsujita Dissertation Committee: Mary G. McDonald, Chairperson Krisnawati Suryanata Murray Chapman John F. Mayer Terence Wesley-Smith © Copyright 2012 By Masami Tsujita ii I would like to dedicate this dissertation to all who work at the forefront of the battle called “development,” believing genuinely that foreign aid can possibly bring better opportunities to people with fewer choices to achieve their life goals and dreams. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is an accumulation of wisdom and support from the people I encountered along the way. My deepest and most humble gratitude extends to my chair and academic advisor of 11 years, Mary G. McDonald. Her patience and consideration, generously given time for intellectual guidance, words of encouragement, and numerous letters of support have sustained me during this long journey. Without Mary as my advisor, I would not have been able to complete this dissertation. I would like to extend my deep appreciation to the rest of my dissertation committee members, Krisnawati Suryanata, Terence Wesley-Smith, Lasei Fepulea‘i John F. Mayer, and Murray Chapman. Thank you, Krisna, for your thought-provoking seminars and insightful comments on my papers. The ways in which you frame the world have greatly helped improved my naïve view of development; Terence, your tangible instructions, constructive critiques, and passion for issues around the development of the Pacific Islands inspired me to study further; John, your openness and reverence for fa‘aSāmoa have been an indispensable source of encouragement for me to continue studying the people and place other than my own; Murray, thank you for your mentoring with detailed instructions to clear confusions and obstacles in becoming a geographer.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing a Holocene Tephrochronology for Western Samoa and Its Implication for the Re-Evaluation of Volcanic Hazards
    ESTABLISHING A HOLOCENE TEPHROCHRONOLOGY FOR WESTERN SAMOA AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE RE-EVALUATION OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS by Aleni Fepuleai A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Copyright © 2016 by Aleni Fepuleai School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific August 2016 DECLARATION Statement by Author I, Aleni Fepuleai, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledge is made in the next. Signature: Date: 01/07/15 Name: Aleni Fepuleai Student ID: s11075361 Statement by Supervisor The research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Mr Aleni Fepuleai. Signature Date: 01/07/15 Name: Dr Eleanor John Designation: Principal Supervisor ABSTRACT Samoan volcanism is tectonically controlled and is generated by tension-stress activities associated with the sharp bend in the Pacific Plate (Northern Terminus) at the Tonga Trench. The Samoan island chain dominated by a mixture of shield and post-erosional volcanism activities. The closed basin structures of volcanoes such as the Crater Lake Lanoto enable the entrapment and retention of a near-complete sedimentary record, itself recording its eruptive history. Crater Lanoto is characterised as a compound monogenetic and short-term volcano. A high proportion of primary tephra components were found in a core extracted from Crater Lake Lanoto show that Crater Lanoto erupted four times (tephra bed-1, 2, 3, and 4).
    [Show full text]
  • Savai'i Volcano
    A Visitor’s Field Guide to Savai’i – Touring Savai’i with a Geologist A Visitor's Field Guide to Savai’i Touring Savai'i with a Geologist Warren Jopling Page 1 A Visitor’s Field Guide to Savai’i – Touring Savai’i with a Geologist ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND THIS ARTICLE Tuapou Warren Jopling is an Australian geologist who retired to Savai'i to grow coffee after a career in oil exploration in Australia, Canada, Brazil and Indonesia. Travels through Central America, the Andes and Iceland followed by 17 years in Indonesia gave him a good understanding of volcanology, a boon to later educational tourism when explaining Savai'i to overseas visitors and student groups. His 2014 report on Samoa's Geological History was published in booklet form by the Samoa Tourism Authority as a Visitor's Guide - a guide summarising the main geological events that built the islands but with little coverage of individual natural attractions. This present article is an abridgement of the 2014 report and focuses on Savai'i. It is in three sections; an explanation of plate movement and hotspot activity for visitors unfamiliar with plate tectonics; a brief summary of Savai'i's geological history then an island tour with some geologic input when describing the main sites. It is for nature lovers who would appreciate some background to sightseeing. Page 1 A Visitor’s Field Guide to Savai’i – Touring Savai’i with a Geologist The Pacific Plate, The Samoan Hotspot, The Samoan Archipelago The Pacific Plate, the largest of the Earth's 16 major plates, is born along the East Pacific Rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Samoa Socio-Economic Atlas 2011
    SAMOA SOCIO-ECONOMIC ATLAS 2011 Copyright (c) Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS) 2011 CONTACTS Telephone: (685) 62000/21373 Samoa Socio Economic ATLAS 2011 Facsimile: (685) 24675 Email: [email protected] by Website: www.sbs.gov.ws Postal Address: Samoa Bureau of Statistics The Census-Surveys and Demography Division of Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS) PO BOX 1151 Apia Samoa National University of Samoa Library CIP entry Samoa socio economic ATLAS 2011 / by The Census-Surveys and Demography Division of Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS). -- Apia, Samoa : Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Government of Samoa, 2011. 76 p. : ill. ; 29 cm. Disclaimer: This publication is a product of the Division of Census-Surveys & Demography, ISBN 978 982 9003 66 9 Samoa Bureau of Statistics. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions 1. Census districts – Samoa – maps. 2. Election districts – Samoa – expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of any funding or census. 3. Election districts – Samoa – statistics. 4. Samoa – census. technical agencies involved in the census. The boundaries and other information I. Census-Surveys and Demography Division of SBS. shown on the maps are only imaginary census boundaries but do not imply any legal status of traditional village and district boundaries. Sam 912.9614 Sam DDC 22. Published by The Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Govt. of Samoa, Apia, Samoa, 2015. Overview Map SAMOA 1 Table of Contents Map 3.4: Tertiary level qualification (Post-secondary certificate, diploma, Overview Map ................................................................................................... 1 degree/higher) by district, 2011 ................................................................... 26 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 Map 3.5: Population 15 years and over with knowledge in traditional tattooing by district, 2011 ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Health & Climate Change
    SAMOA HEALTH & CLIMATE CHANGE COUNTRY PROFILE 2020 Small Island Developing States Initiative CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 3 BACKGROUND 4 CLIMATE HAZARDS RELEVANT FOR HEALTH 7 HEALTH VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE 10 HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 13 HEALTH SECTOR RESPONSE: MEASURING PROGRESS Acknowledgements This document was developed in collaboration with the Government of Samoa and the Ministry of Health. ii Health and Climate Change Country Profile EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Despite producing very little greenhouse gas the health sector is appreciative for the strategic emissions that cause climate change, people living climate change and health framework that resulted in small island developing States (SIDS) are on the from this work. Many of the outcomes of the health front line of climate change impacts. Recognizing component of this project have provided climate the unique and immediate threats faced by small and health baseline data and, more importantly, islands, WHO has responded by introducing the strategic guidance to the work of climate and health. WHO Special Initiative on Climate Change and Health in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The initiative The Climate Adaptation Strategy for Health was launched in November 2017 in collaboration provides a strategic framework to strengthen the with the United Nations Framework Convention on resilience of the health sector, to improve the Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Fijian Presidency capacity of the health sector, risk management of the COP23 in Bonn Germany, with the vision that and response to disasters and climate change. by 2030 all health systems in SIDS will be resilient Furthermore, the strategy aims to support cross- to climate variability and climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnographic Assessment and Overview National Park of American Samoa
    PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report 152 ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT AND OVERVIEW NATIONAL PARK OF AMERICAN SAMOA November 2006 Jocelyn Linnekin1, Terry Hunt, Leslie Lang and Timothy McCormick 1 Email: [email protected]. Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut Beach Hall Room 445, U-2176 354 Mansfield Road Storrs, Connecticut 06269-2176 Ethnographic Assessment and Overview The National Park of American Samoa Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures iii List of Slides v Preface: Study Issues vi Maps vii Key to Maps x I. The Environmental Context 1 Climate and Vegetation 1 The National Park Environments 4 II. Archaeology and Samoan Prehistory 8 Early Settlement 8 Later Inland Settlement 9 Late Prehistoric Period 9 European Contact and the Historical Period 10 Archaeology in the National Park Units 10 III. Research Methodology 15 Documentary Phase 15 Field Research 15 Limitations of the Research 17 IV. Ethnohistory 22 Myths and Legends Relevant to the Park 22 The European Contact Period 25 Western Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Reports 31 V. Agriculture and Domestically Useful Plants 46 Tutuila Unit 46 Ta'u Unit 49 Ofu Unit 51 Summary 52 VI. Marine Resources 53 Tutuila Unit 53 Ta'u Unit 57 Ofu Unit 58 Summary 61 i VII. Medicinal Plants 63 Ofu Unit 63 Ta'u Unit 66 Tutuila Unit 66 Summary 67 VIII. Analysis of Freelist Data 75 Crops and Cultivated Plants 76 Medicinal Plants 81 Fish and Marine Species 84 Animals and Birds 86 Summary of the Freelist Results 88 IX.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 CENSUS Brief No.1
    P O BOX 1151 TELEPHONE: (685)62000/21373 LEVEL 1 & 2 FMFM II, Matagialalua FAX No: (685)24675 GOVERNMENT BUILDING Email: [email protected] APIA Website: www.sbs.gov.ws SAMOA 2016 CENSUS Brief No.1 Revised version Population Snapshot and Household Highlights 30th October 2017 1 | P a g e Foreword This publication is the first of a series of Census 2016 Brief reports to be published from the dataset version 1, of the Population and Housing Census, 2016. It provides a snapshot of the information collected from the Population Questionnaire and some highlights of the Housing Questionnaire. It also provides the final count of the population of Samoa in November 7th 2016 by statistical regions, political districts and villages. Over the past censuses, the Samoa Bureau of Statistics has compiled a standard analytical report that users and mainly students find it complex and too technical for their purposes. We have changed our approach in the 2016 census by compiling smaller reports (Census Brief reports) to be released on a quarterly basis with emphasis on different areas of Samoa’s development as well as demands from users. In doing that, we look forward to working more collaboratively with our stakeholders and technical partners in compiling relevant, focused and more user friendly statistical brief reports for planning, policy-making and program interventions. At the same time, the Bureau is giving the public the opportunity to select their own data of interest from the census database for printing rather than the Bureau printing numerous tabulations which mostly remain unused.
    [Show full text]
  • American Samoa
    Date visited: November 8, 2016 American Samoa Previous (American Revolutionary War) (/entry/American_Revolutionary_War) Next (American civil religion) (/entry/American_civil_religion) American Samoa Amerika Sāmoa / Sāmoa Amelika is an unorganized, American Samoa incorporated territory of the United States (/entry/File:American_samoa_coa.png) (/entry/File:Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Samoa, Muamua Le Atua" (Samoan) "Samoa, Let God Be First" Anthem: The Star­Spangled Banner, Amerika Samoa (/entry/File:LocationAmericanSamoa.png) Capital Pago Pago1 (de facto (/entry/De_facto)), Fagatogo (seat of (/entry/List_of_national_capitals) government) Official languages English, Samoan Government ­ President Barack Obama (/entry/Barack_Obama) (D) ­ Governor Togiola Tulafono (D) ­ Lieutenant Governor Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia (D) Unincorporated territory of the United States (/entry/United_States) ­ Tripartite Convention 1899 ­ Deed of Cession of Tutuila 1900 ­ Deed of Cession of Manu'a 1904 ­ Annexation of Swains Island 1925 Area (/entry/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_area) Date visited: November 8, 2016 199 km² (212th ­ Total (/entry/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_area)) 76.83 sq mi ­ Water (%) 0 Population ­ 2009 estimate 66,432 ­ 2000 census 57,291 326/km² ­ Density 914/sq mi GDP (/entry/Gross_domestic_product) 2007 estimate (PPP) ­ Total $575.3 million ­ Per capita (/entry/Per_capita) Currency (/entry/Currency) US dollar (USD) Internet TLD (/entry/List_of_Internet_top­ .as level_domains) Calling code ++1­684 (/entry/List_of_country_calling_codes) (/entry/United_States), located in the South Pacific Ocean (/entry/Pacific_Ocean) southeast of the sovereign state of Samoa (/entry/Samoa). The native inhabitants of its 70,000 people are descended from seafaring Polynesians (/entry/Polynesia) who populated many islands in the South Pacific. It is a destination spot of many vacationers due to its seasonally sublime climate and miles of clear sandy beaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Power Development Project
    DRAFT Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 49339-001 June 2017 SAM: Solar Power Development Project Prepared by Sun Pacific Energy Ltd This initial environmental is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4 II. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................ 4 III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 5 A. Project Significance ........................................................................................................... 5 B. Site Description .................................................................................................................. 6 C. Project Schedule ................................................................................................................ 7 D. Project Components .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]