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Diallyl Disulfide Induces Ca Mobilization in Human Colon Cancer

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Diallyl Disulfide Induces Ca Mobilization in Human Colon Cancer Diallyl disulfide induces Ca2+ mobilization in human colon cancer cell line SW480 Chung-Yi Chen • Chien-Fu Huang • Ya-Ting Tseng • Soong-Yu Kuo Abstract Diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the major Keywords Ca2? signaling Á Diallyl disulfide (DADS) Á organosulfur compounds of garlic, is recognized as a group Fura-2 Á Garlic Á SW480 of potential chemopreventive compounds. In this study, we examines the early signaling effects of DADS on human colorectal cancer cells SW480 loaded with Ca2?-sensitive Introduction dye fura-2. It was found that DADS caused an immediate 2? and sustained rise of [Ca ]i in a concentration-dependent Garlic has been commonly used in foodstuff and medicines 2? manner (EC50 = 232 lM). DADS also induced a [Ca ]i for improving health. Laboratory studies in animals and cell elevation when extracellular Ca2? was removed, but the lines indicate that sulfur-containing compounds released magnitude was reduced by 45%. Depletion of intracellular upon processing (cutting or chewing) of Allium vegetable Ca2? stores with 2 lM carbonylcyanide m-chloro- have diverse anti-carcinogenic properties involving multi- phenylhydrazone, a mitochondrial uncoupler, didn’t affect ple cellular events: proliferation, drug metabolism, apop- DADS’s effect. In Ca2?-free medium, the DADS-induced tosis, gene expression, redox status or inter-cellular 2? 2? [Ca ]i rise was abolished by depleting stored Ca with communication (Knowles and Milner 2001; Wu et al. 2001, 1 lM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2? pump 2002). Enhanced dietary intake of garlic is closely related 2? 2? inhibitor). DADS-caused [Ca ]i rise in Ca -containing with reduced cancer incidence (Hussain et al. 1990; Milner medium was not affected by modulation of protein kinase 1996). Diallyl disulfide (DADS), the most prevalent oil C activity. The DADS-induced Ca2? influx was blocked by soluble organosulfur compound (OSC) in processed garlic, nicardipine (10 lM). U73122, an inhibitor of phospholi- inhibits the cancer cell proliferation in various types of 2? pase C, abolished ATP (but not DADS)-induced [Ca ]i human cancers, such as breast cancer (Nakagawa et al. rise. These findings suggest that DADS induced a signifi- 2001), colon cancer (Sundarm and Milner 1996), lung 2? cant rise in [Ca ]i in SW480 colon cancer cells by cancer (Sakamoto et al. 1997), leukemia (Kwon et al. 2002), stimulating both extracellular Ca2? influx and thapsigar- and neuroblastoma (Filomeni et al. 2003). gin-sensitive intracellular Ca2? release via as yet uniden- Recent studies showed that DADS may inhibit the cell tified mechanisms. cycle of cancer cells at G2/M phase and induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway through modulation of the bcl-2 family (Hong et al. 2000; Lin et al. 2006). DADS- C.-Y. Chen Á Y.-T. Tseng Á S.-Y. Kuo (&) induced apoptosis accompanied with an increase in intra- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, 2? cellular-free calcium concentration ([Ca ]i) has been School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, 151 Chinhsueh Rd, Ta-Liao District, reported in various cell culture models including colon Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan cancer cells (Park et al. 2002), mouse–rat hybrid retina e-mail: [email protected] ganglion cells (Lin et al. 2006), neuroblastoma (Karmakar et al. 2007), and glioblastoma (Das et al. 2007). It is sug- C.-F. Huang 2? Department of Biological Science and Technology, gested that an intracellular Ca chelator (BAPTA) can 2? I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan suppress DADS-evoked [Ca ]i elevation and ROS production can prevent caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. The other reagents were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, However, despite the accumulation of data, the molecular MO, USA). mechanism underlying the Ca2? signal is still unexplored. It is known that Ca2? ions serve as a ubiquitous second Cell culture messenger in all eukaryotic cells (Clapham 1995). The 2? resting [Ca ]i is maintained at levels less than 0.1 lM, The SW480 cells were obtained from the American Type about four orders of magnitude lower than in the extra- Culture Collection. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s cellular solution (1–2 mM), but cellular excitation induces modified Eagle’s medium. The media were supplemented 2? a transient [Ca ]i rise up to several mM, or to even higher with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 100 units/ml levels in tiny cellular compartments. These transient fluc- penicillin, and 100 lg/ml streptomycin. Cells were kept at 2? 2? tuations of [Ca ]i (termed ‘‘Ca signal’’) trigger or reg- 37°Cin5%CO2-containing humidified air. ulate various intracellular events. It is well established that 2? 2? cellular Ca overload, or perturbation of intracellular Optical measurements of [Ca ]i 2? [Ca ]i level, may cause cytotoxicity and result in either apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy. Usually, the generation The fluorescence Ca2? indicator fura-2/AM was used as of Ca2? signal is determined by interaction of (1) external ascribed previously (Jan et al. 2005). Trypsinized cells Ca2? entry (2) Ca2? release from intracellular compart- (106/ml) were allowed to recover in the culture medium for ments (Ca2? stores) (3) cytoplasmic Ca2? buffering by 1 h before been loading with 2 lM fura-2/AM for 30 min Ca2? binding proteins, and (4) subsequent Ca2? removal at 25°C in the same medium. The cells were washed and from the cytoplasm due to transmembrane Ca2? efflux or resuspended in Ca2?-containing medium. Cells were trea- sequestration by intracellular Ca2? stores located in ted with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and organelles (Blaustein 1988). 500 lM DADS for the indicated times. Fura-2 fluorescence The effect of DADS on the profile of Ca2? signaling in measurements were performed in a water-jacketed cuvette human colon cancer SW480 cells has been unexplored. (25°C) with continuous stirring; the cuvette contained 1 ml Colorectal cancer is the third most frequent and second of medium and 0.5 million cells. Fluorescence was moni- most lethal in the United States (Jemal et al. 2007). tored with a Shimadzu RF-5301PC spectrofluorophotom- Therefore, there is a need to search more effective che- eter (Kyoto, Japan) by recording excitation signals at 340 motherapeutic agents that can be used to remedy the and 380 nm and emission signal at 510 nm at 1-s intervals. patients who have failed to respond under traditional che- Maximum and minimum fluorescence values were motherapy. This study was performed to elucidate the obtained by adding 0.1% Triton X-100 and 10 mM EGTA 2? 2? molecular mechanism of Ca in DADS-affected human sequentially at the end of each experiment. [Ca ]i was colorectal tumorigenesis. Using fura-2 as a fluorescent calculated as described previously assuming a Kd of 155 Ca2? indicator, we report for the first time that DADS nM (Grynkiewicz et al. 1985). 2? 2? induced a significant and prolonged [Ca ]i increase and Ca -containing medium contains (mM): NaCl, 140; cytotoxicity in human colorectal cancer cells. The con- KCl, 5; MgCl2, 1; CaCl2, 2; HEPES, 5; D-glucose, 5; pH centration–response relationship, the Ca2? sources of the 7.4. In Ca2?-free medium, 2 mM Ca2? was substituted Ca2? signal, and the role of protein kinase A/C in the signal with 0.1 mM EGTA. have been investigated. Statistics Materials and methods All data are reported as means ± SEM of several separate experiments. Data were analyzed by analysis of variances Chemical reagents (ANOVA). Multiple comparisons between group means were determined by using Student’s t test, and a P value of The reagents for cell culture were from Gibco (Gaithers- \0.05 was considered statistically significant. burg, MD, USA). Fura-2/AM was from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). U73122 (1-(6-((17b-3- methoxyestra- 1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione) Results and U73343 (1-(6-((17b-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien- 2? 17-yl)amino)hexyl)-2,5-pyrrolidine-dione) were from Bio- Effect of DADS on [Ca ]i in colorectal cancer cells mol (Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA). Diallyl disulfide (DADS) was purchased from Fluka Chemical Co., dis- DADS at concentrations between 0 and 500 lM increased 2? solved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at -20°C. [Ca ]i in a concentration-dependent manner in the 2? 150 Fig. 1 Effects of DADS on [Ca ]i in SW480 colon cancer cells. c A a The concentration-dependent effects of DADS on intracellular Ca2? 2? content in Ca containing medium. The concentration of DADS was [DADS] (µM) indicated. The experiments were performed in Ca2?-containing medium. DADS was added at 30 s and was present throughout the measurement of 250 s. b The concentration-dependent effects of 100 500 DADS on intracellular Ca2? content in Ca2? free medium. The 400 concentration of DADS was indicated. c Dose–response plots of (nM) i 300 2? 2? filled ] 200 DADS-induced [Ca ]i increases in Ca -containing medium ( 2+ circles) and Ca2?-free medium (open circles). The data are presented 2? [Ca 50 as the percentage of control which is the net [Ca ]i increase induced 2? 100 by 500 lM DADS in Ca -containing medium. Data are mean ± 50 SEM of five experiments. *P \ 0.05 compared to open circles DADS presence of extracellular Ca2?. Figure 1a shows typical 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 recordings of the [Ca2?] increase induced by 0–500 lM i Time (sec) DADS. At a concentration of 1 lM, DADS had no effect 2? (i.e., equivalent to baseline, 0 lM). The [Ca ]i induced by 150 B 0–500 lM comprised an immediate rise and a sustained phase within 250 s.
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