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On the Migration of Certain Birds in Tokyo and Vicinity (II)

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On the Migration of Certain Birds in Tokyo and Vicinity (II) 112 On the Migration of Certain Birds in Tokyo and Vicinity (II). By Nagamichi Kuroda, D. Sc. IV. The Limi coline Birds. Many of the Japanese waders belong to a kind of •g bi ds of passage •h and they do not breed in our country, except some species which remain to breed. They journey in rather regular during their spring and autumn migrations and visiting to Japan in a confined season only. For instance, such as mongolian plover, turnstone, eastern curlew, eastern bar-tailed godwit, asiatic wandering tattler, eastern little stint, etc. A few species only remain as the winter residents•\eastern Kentish plover, eastern dunlin, woodcock, etc. And, the eastern grey plover and the eastern Kentish plover are a kind of permanent residents at the muth of the Rokugo River, between Tokyo and Yokohama. The migrations of these birds are usually constant, though they differ in each other in the detailed points, even in the same species. The date of migration is not perfectly same in yearly. The result is probably due to the factors such as, temperature, phenomena of the atomosphere and relation of food, etc. In the early season of the arrival in autumn, the temperature is average 113 high, while in that of spring is average low in the mouth of the river . It is certain that the migration is related to the temperature . From my observations, the migration of these birds do not differ greatly from other coasts of Tokyo Bay. The migration season is rather same between same species of Japan and North America on the same latitude. The relation between breeding grounds and their migrations of various species is probably constant. I have observed or collected the following waders at the mouth of Rokugo River and its neighbourhood, during the years 1908-1922: 1. Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). 2. Squatarola squatarola hypomelaeua (Pallas). 3. Pluvialis apricarius fulvus (Gmelin). 4. Charadrius leschenaultii Lesson. 5. Cirreadrius mongolus mongolus Pallas. 6. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin. 7. Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus Linnaeus. 8. Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus Swinhoe. 9. Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). 10. Numenius arquata orientalis Brehm. 11. Numenius cyanopus Vieillot. 12. Numenius phaeopus varieatus (Scopoli). 13. Limosa lapponica baueri Naumann. 14. Limosa limosa melanuroides Gould. 15. Tringa erythropus (Pallas). 16. Trsnga totanus eurhinus (Oberholser). 17. Tringa ochropus Linnaeus. 18. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieillot) 19. Tringa hypoleucos (Linnaeus). 20. Terekia cinerea (Guldenstadt). 21. Pseudoglottis guttifer (Nordmann). 22. Glottis nebularius (Gunnerus). 23. Crocethia alba (Pallas). 25 Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus). 25. Pisobia minuta ruficollis (Pallas). 26. Pisobia acuminata (Horsfield). 114 27. Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). 28. Erolia alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). 29. Limicola faclinellus sibirica Dresser 30. Capella gallinago raddei (Buturlin). 31. Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. 1. Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). Lapwing. The lapwing is one of the rare species at the mouth of the river. I have only seen three times in a small flock during the winter and the spring. I can only express the following results: Table no. 20. 2. Squatarola squatarola hypomelaena (Pallas). Esatern Grey Plover. The plover is one of the common species at the mouth of the river. The collection and observation of the species were made by me during the years 1909-1918. The autumn or fall migration takes place at the end of July 28. vii. 1915; 20. vii, 1916; appeared) and gradually increases in number at the middle of August to the early part in September. In the last month many young in the first plumage reach from their breeding ground. The ma- ximum number of the plover is observed during early to the middle of Sep- tember. At the end of September the number begins to decrease and almost disappear at the November. Or, the maximum number is observed at the end of October and many birds remain even in the middle of Novem- ber. These phenomena are probably due to the degree of temperature. In general, however, in afterwards of the middle of November the plover decreases in number and some ten or more birds only remain during the whole winter. For instance, on the 27th of Oct., 1917, the plover was observed about 40-50 in number; on the 18th of Nov. of the year, they 115 greatly decreased, and only was counted to 5-6; the same number (six) of birds was seen during the winter to the 27th of March, 1918. This observation clearly shows that thse individuals remain during the winter. The spring migration begins at the early part in April (12. iv. 1918, increased) and the maximum mumber is observed from the middle of April to the whole May. Then the bird begins to decrease in number from the middle of June or even from early June. The most of the birds disappear from the end of June to the early part of July. From the above results, I come to the conclusion as follows: Table no. 21 The bird is almost absent during early July to the end of the same month. At this time the bird is undoubtedly in its northern breeding ground. The bird in breeding plumage is appeared after the middle of April and not in the early date of spring arrival. The bird in breeding plumage remains till the middle of June. At early in June many birds in the second year arrive from the southern winter home. I observed many birds in breeding plumage on June 18, 1917 and May 9, 1918, but on June 7, 1918, there were no black-bellied bird. This can be proved that after the adult bird in breeding plumage already started from the mouth of the river to the north, then the second year ones arrive from the south. The maximum number of the plover in a flock at the mouth of the river is at the most 50-60. 3. Pluvialis apricarius fulvus(Gmelin). Eastern Golden Plover. The plover is one of the rather rare birds at the mouth of the river. The following table shows the results of the collection and observation during the years 1913, 1916-1918. 116 Table. no. 22 From the above table the plover arrives at the mouth of the river in small number in the autumn migration (from early October to the end of the same month). I had not observed it in the November and in the whole winter. At the spring migration it arrives in rather small number than autumn. The plover is generally seen in the rice field, so that in the mouth of the river is probably an exceptional case. 4. Charadrius leschenaultii Lesson. Geoffroy's Sand Plover. The species is one of the southern birds. I collected a young in the first plumage at this mouth of the river, 11. x. 1916. This is an exceptional case that the plover appears such a northern latitude. 5. Charadrius mongolus monglus Pallas. Mongolian Plover. It is one of the common birds at the mouth of the river. As observed by me at that spot during 1910-1918, the fall arrival takes place after the middle of July. In 1916 I have observed as early as July 20, some birds of the form and collected a few specimens. It increases in number of young at early in September to the middle of October. Toward the end of October the number begins to decrease; and early in November the bird is almost absent. I have never observed this bird during the winter month. The spring arrival takes place afther the early part in April (11. iv. 1912; 12. iv. 1925; a few bird appeard) and the maximum number of the 117 adult in breeding plumage is observed from April to early May (9. v. 1918; observed), then the bird begins to decrease in number from early in May and wholly absent during whole June to before the middle of July During the season the plover is not present at this mouth of the river, it is undoubtedly in its northern breeding ground. Table no. 23 shows the results of the above observation on both migrations: Table no. 23 The number of the plover in a flock at the mouth of the river is at the most 40. 6. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin. Little Ringed Plover. This plover is usually a resident, but frequently migrates in a short distance. I have never observed it during the past nine years at this mouth of the river, while in the spring of 1918, some ten adults, were seen, but not bred there. In the autumn of the same year, I could not met with them. The following table shows the collection and observation of the plover: Table no. 24 7. Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus Linnaeus. Kentish Plover. The plover is an European bird (Hartert and Jakson), only migrates into the eastern Asia, including Japan, as a rare winter visitor. I collected many individuals of the species, among which I found only one example 118 ( 22. iii. 1917; collected) belongs to the typical European subspecies. An- other specimen now in the Science College Museum, Tokyo Imperial University, collected at Sunamura, near Tokyo, is probably belong to the present form. 8. Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus Swinhoe. Eastern Kentish Plover. This is one of the common plovers at the mouth of the river, during the years 1908-1918. It is generally a winter resident, while some of the examples are permanent residents. The fall arrival takes place after the middle of June (18. vf. 1931; appeared) to July and gradually increases in number from early August to October. At the end of June, some very young in the first plumage were observed. A flock of the plover is always constant in its maximum number from October to next March or even before the middle of April.
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