112

On the Migration of Certain Birds in and Vicinity (II).

By

Nagamichi Kuroda, D. Sc.

IV. The Limi coline Birds.

Many of the Japanese waders belong to a kind of •g bi ds of passage •h and they do not breed in our country, except some species which remain to breed. They journey in rather regular during their spring and autumn migrations and visiting to in a confined season only. For instance, such as mongolian plover, turnstone, eastern curlew, eastern bar-tailed godwit, asiatic wandering tattler, eastern little stint, etc. A few species only remain as the winter residents•\eastern Kentish plover, eastern dunlin, woodcock, etc. And, the eastern grey plover and the eastern

Kentish plover are a kind of permanent residents at the muth of the

Rokugo River, between Tokyo and . The migrations of these birds are usually constant, though they differ in each other in the detailed points, even in the same species. The date of migration is not perfectly same in yearly. The result is probably due to the factors such as, temperature, phenomena of the atomosphere and relation of food, etc.

In the early season of the arrival in autumn, the temperature is average 113

high, while in that of spring is average low in the mouth of the river . It is certain that the migration is related to the temperature . From my observations, the migration of these birds do not differ greatly from other coasts of . The migration season is rather same between same species of Japan and North America on the same latitude. The relation between breeding grounds and their migrations of various species is probably constant. I have observed or collected the following waders at the mouth of Rokugo River and its neighbourhood, during the years 1908-1922:

1. Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). 2. Squatarola squatarola hypomelaeua (Pallas). 3. Pluvialis apricarius fulvus (Gmelin). 4. Charadrius leschenaultii Lesson. 5. Cirreadrius mongolus mongolus Pallas. 6. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin. 7. Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus Linnaeus. 8. Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus Swinhoe. 9. Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). 10. Numenius arquata orientalis Brehm. 11. Numenius cyanopus Vieillot. 12. Numenius phaeopus varieatus (Scopoli). 13. Limosa lapponica baueri Naumann. 14. Limosa limosa melanuroides Gould. 15. Tringa erythropus (Pallas). 16. Trsnga totanus eurhinus (Oberholser). 17. Tringa ochropus Linnaeus. 18. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieillot) 19. Tringa hypoleucos (Linnaeus). 20. Terekia cinerea (Guldenstadt). 21. Pseudoglottis guttifer (Nordmann). 22. Glottis nebularius (Gunnerus). 23. Crocethia alba (Pallas). 25 Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus). 25. Pisobia minuta ruficollis (Pallas). 26. Pisobia acuminata (Horsfield). 114

27. Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). 28. Erolia alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). 29. Limicola faclinellus sibirica Dresser 30. Capella gallinago raddei (Buturlin). 31. Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus.

1. Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). Lapwing.

The lapwing is one of the rare species at the mouth of the river. I

have only seen three times in a small flock during the winter and the spring. I can only express the following results:

Table no. 20.

2. Squatarola squatarola hypomelaena (Pallas).

Esatern Grey Plover. The plover is one of the common species at the mouth of the river. The collection and observation of the species were made by me during the years 1909-1918. The autumn or fall migration takes place at the end of July 28. vii. 1915; 20. vii, 1916; appeared) and gradually increases in number at the middle of August to the early part in September. In the last month many young in the first plumage reach from their breeding ground. The ma- ximum number of the plover is observed during early to the middle of Sep- tember. At the end of September the number begins to decrease and almost disappear at the November. Or, the maximum number is observed at the end of October and many birds remain even in the middle of Novem- ber. These phenomena are probably due to the degree of temperature. In general, however, in afterwards of the middle of November the plover decreases in number and some ten or more birds only remain during the whole winter. For instance, on the 27th of Oct., 1917, the plover was observed about 40-50 in number; on the 18th of Nov. of the year, they 115 greatly decreased, and only was counted to 5-6; the same number (six) of birds was seen during the winter to the 27th of March, 1918. This observation clearly shows that thse individuals remain during the winter.

The spring migration begins at the early part in April (12. iv. 1918, increased) and the maximum mumber is observed from the middle of April to the whole May. Then the bird begins to decrease in number from the middle of June or even from early June. The most of the birds disappear from the end of June to the early part of July. From the above results, I come to the conclusion as follows:

Table no. 21

The bird is almost absent during early July to the end of the same month. At this time the bird is undoubtedly in its northern breeding ground. The bird in breeding plumage is appeared after the middle of April and not in the early date of spring arrival. The bird in breeding plumage remains till the middle of June. At early in June many birds in the second year arrive from the southern winter home. I observed many birds in breeding plumage on June 18, 1917 and May 9, 1918, but on June

7, 1918, there were no black-bellied bird. This can be proved that after the adult bird in breeding plumage already started from the mouth of the river to the north, then the second year ones arrive from the south.

The maximum number of the plover in a flock at the mouth of the river is at the most 50-60.

3. Pluvialis apricarius fulvus(Gmelin).

Eastern Golden Plover.

The plover is one of the rather rare birds at the mouth of the river.

The following table shows the results of the collection and observation during the years 1913, 1916-1918. 116

Table. no. 22

From the above table the plover arrives at the mouth of the river in small number in the autumn migration (from early October to the end of the same month). I had not observed it in the November and in the whole winter. At the spring migration it arrives in rather small number than autumn. The plover is generally seen in the rice field, so that in the mouth of the river is probably an exceptional case.

4. Charadrius leschenaultii Lesson.

Geoffroy's Sand Plover.

The species is one of the southern birds. I collected a young in the first plumage at this mouth of the river, 11. x. 1916. This is an exceptional case that the plover appears such a northern latitude.

5. Charadrius mongolus monglus Pallas.

Mongolian Plover.

It is one of the common birds at the mouth of the river. As observed by me at that spot during 1910-1918, the fall arrival takes place after the middle of July. In 1916 I have observed as early as July 20, some birds of the form and collected a few specimens. It increases in number of young at early in September to the middle of October. Toward the end of October the number begins to decrease; and early in November the bird is almost absent. I have never observed this bird during the winter month. The spring arrival takes place afther the early part in April (11. iv. 1912; 12. iv. 1925; a few bird appeard) and the maximum number of the 117 adult in breeding plumage is observed from April to early May (9. v. 1918; observed), then the bird begins to decrease in number from early in May and wholly absent during whole June to before the middle of July During the season the plover is not present at this mouth of the river, it is undoubtedly in its northern breeding ground. Table no. 23 shows the results of the above observation on both migrations:

Table no. 23

The number of the plover in a flock at the mouth of the river is at the most 40.

6. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin.

Little Ringed Plover.

This plover is usually a resident, but frequently migrates in a short distance. I have never observed it during the past nine years at this mouth of the river, while in the spring of 1918, some ten adults, were seen, but not bred there. In the autumn of the same year, I could not met with them. The following table shows the collection and observation of the plover: Table no. 24

7. Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus Linnaeus.

Kentish Plover.

The plover is an European bird (Hartert and Jakson), only migrates into the eastern Asia, including Japan, as a rare winter visitor. I collected many individuals of the species, among which I found only one example 118

( 22. iii. 1917; collected) belongs to the typical European subspecies. An- other specimen now in the Science College Museum, Tokyo Imperial

University, collected at Sunamura, near Tokyo, is probably belong to the

present form.

8. Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus Swinhoe.

Eastern Kentish Plover.

This is one of the common plovers at the mouth of the river, during the years 1908-1918. It is generally a winter resident, while some of the examples are permanent residents. The fall arrival takes place after the middle of June (18. vf. 1931; appeared) to July and gradually increases in number from early August to October. At the end of June, some very young in the first plumage were observed. A flock of the plover is always constant in its maximum number from October to next March or even before the middle of April. The spring arrival begins after the middle of April (18. iv. 1918; observed); the plover begins to decrease in number and in some year, it was wholly disappeared in early in May (9, v. 1918; observed) or usually after the middle of the same month (18. v. 1913; observed). But a few bird remain in the season.

Table no. 25.

In May the plover is almost not present in this spot. It means that the bird in its breeding ground. For instance, it breeds at the mouth of , near Shizuoka, Prov. Suruga (a downy young was obtained and preserved in Ogawa collection in the Science College Museum, Tokyo) and on Ishigakijima, S. Riu Kiu Islands (Bangs), where it is probably a resident. It is often or rarely breed on gravelly place on the upper course of the Rokugo or . During the winter, the plover at the mouth of the river is uncountable in number, but it seems that the number , is from some hundred to even 119

some thousand. At that time, it usually intermingles with a flock of the eastern dunlin.

9. Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). Turnstone. The turnstone is one of the common visitors to the mouth of the river, during 1913-1918. The fall arrival takes place at the end of July (28. vii. 1915; 31. vii. 1916; collected) and gradually increases in number of the young in first

plumage. The maximum number is obseaved during the end of Angust till early in September or after the middle of the same month (20. ix. 1914; observed). The number already begins to decrease at early in September (7. ix. 1917; observed), but it decreases strikingly at the end of Septem- ber (25. ix. 1917; 25. ix. 1918; observed) and almost disappears at the October, except some young remain till the end of the same month (24. x. 1916; observed). It is not present from November to the middle of April. The spring arrival begins after the middle of April (18. iv. 1918; observed) and increases in number of the adults in breeding plumage (in the middle of May). The decrease in number begins at the end of May to early June (11. vi. 1918; observed. In the last month the turnstone remains in a few number or wholly disappears. At the season the bird is in its northern breeding ground. From the above observations, I come to the conclusion as follows: Table no.26.

The number of the turnstone in a flock at the mouth of the river is at

most 50.

10. Numenius arquata orientalis Brehm.

Eastern Curlew. The curlew is one of the rare autumn and spring migrants at the mouth of the river. In some years ago (1916 and 1918), the curlew was not appeared. 120

The autumn arrival takes place at the end of August (30. viii. 1915; collected) to after the middle of September (18. ix. 1917; observed). It disappears from early October (about Oct. 10th) to the whole winter. The spring arrival takes place rather early. It begins after the middle of March (20. iii. 1891; collected at Haneda near the Rokugo River) to after the middle of June (18. vi. 1917; observed). It decreases in number from the end of June. In July it was not observed. It migrates to south very early in autumn, so that it arrives back to the mouth of the river also very early in spring. Table no.27

The number of the curlew in a flock at the mouth of the river is at most 10 which are usually intermingled with the Australian curlew.

11. Numenius cyanopus Vieillot. Australian Curlew.

This curlew is rather common visitor to the mouth of the river than the foregoing species. The collection and observation of the species at this river were made by me during 1915-1918. The fall arrival takes place at the end of August (30. viii. 1915; collected) and increases in number of young in the first plumage from after the middle of September to early in October. In early October (11. x. 1916; no curlew observed) the bird usually wholly disappears. As exceptional cases, this curlew still remains till after the middle of October (18. x. 1917; 18. x. 1918; observed and collected) or even to the end of the same month. Some supposed wounded individuals remain in the winter. The spring arrival probably takes place at early in May (or in April?) (one specimen was collected at Gyotoku, near Tokyo, 12. v.). The maxi- mum number of the curlew is observed from early to the middle of June (6. vi. 1917; 18. vi. 1917; observed). At the end of June, it begins to decrease and in July, the bird wholly disappears. The species migrates to south rather late in autum than the preceding curlew. 121

Table no.28

The maximum number of this curlew at the mouth of the river is not more than 20.

12. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli).

Eastern Whimbrel. The whimbrel is not uncommon bird at the mouth of the river during the years 1913-1918. The fall arrival takes place at after the middle of August or in early September (7. ix. 1914; 7. ix. 1917; collected or observed) and increases in number of young in the first year from after of the middle of September to the end of the same month or even to the early part in October. The decrease in number begins from after the middle of October (18. x. 1918; observed) or more usually from the 10th of October. As an exceptional case, the whimbrel still remains at the end of the same month (30. x. 1917; an example observed). From November to the whole winter, the bird was not observed. The spring arrival takes place after the middle of April (18. iv. 1918; two birds observed. From May to the middle June (18. vi. 1913; collected) the adults are rather less in number than the autumn. The number begins to decrease from the end of June. In July, none of the whimbrels are observed. The species migrates to south later in autumn than the preceding two species of curlews.

Table no.29.

A flock of the whimbrel at the mouth of the river is usually counted from 20 to 30 in number, but frequently it makes a large flock of some one hundred or more. A small group of the bird intermingles with a large flock of the eastern bar-tailed godwit or with a small group of the Aus- 122

tralian curlew, while a large flock of the whimbrel not intermingles with other species.

13. Limosa lapponica baueri Naumann. Eastern Bar-tailed Godwit. The godwit is a very common species during the both autum and spring migrations at the mouth of the rivier during 1908-1918. The fall arrival takes place at the end of August. The greatest number of the bird is observed from early in September (7. ix. 1914; collected) to the middle of the same month, or even to before the middle of October. At this season, the most of the godwits at the mouth of the Rokugo River consist of a large flock of young of the form. The decrease in number usually begins from the end of October (29. x. 1917; about two hundred examples observed), but in years 1916-1918, many birds still remain till the end of the same month. Some young birds only remain even to early in November (1. xi. 1908; collected; 12. xi. 1917; two birds observed). It is always absent from the middle of November to the next March. The spring arrival takes place before the middle of April (12. iv. 1818; observed) and increases in number during May distinctly smaller number than autumn). The decreas in number begins from the end of May (9. v. 1918; observed) but usually from early in June (7. vi. 1918; an example observed) to early in July (6. vii. 1913; observed and collected). The bird in the last month is probably an exceptional case. From after early July to, the end of Angust, the godwit is not wholly observed. The autumn arrival of the form takes place so later and the start from this place to south also begins so later than those of the eastern whimbrel.

Table no.30.

In autumn, a large flock (about 200-300) of the godwit with young are not rarely observed. 123

14. Limosa limosa melanuroides Gould.

Eastern Black-tailed Godwit. This godwit is usually not a common wader at the mouth of the river, while sometimes it makes a tolerable flock. The fall arrival takes place at early in August or more usually at early in September (7. ix. 1914: collected) and comparatively increases in number at the middle of September 17. ix. 1915; observed and collected). The bird remains till before the middle of October (11. x. 1916; one speci- men collected) while a specimen was obtained at the mouth of the Yoro River, near Goi Station opposit side of the Rokugo River, 24. x. 1916. The godwit is absent from November to the whole winter. It is said that the godwit migrates to the coasts of Japan in spring (Seebohm, 1890), but unfortunately, I could not observed or collected it in the season. Table no.31.

It arrives to the mouth of the river generally in very small group usually in a few, but sometimes 10 or rarely a tolerable number) with a flock of the eastern bar-tailed godwit. 15. Tringa erythropus (Pallas) Spotted Redshank. , Thi species is one of the migrants at the mouth of the river. I collected and observed the species in spring of the years 1913 and 1918. None of the bird was seen and collected during the autumn migration. Some examples, however, obtained at Gyotoku and Yoro River near Goi coast in autumn (Oct. 22 and 24). It seems probable that the bird also arrives to the Rokugo River in autumn. Seebohm (1890) stated that the bird in winter visitor to Japan, but I am inclined to think that his opinion seems to be an error or only correct in far more southern localities of Japan. The spring arrival takes place so early as the case of the eastern curlew. It arrives at the end of March (27. iii. 1918; obtained) from its southern winter home and gradually increases in number at the middle of 124

April. It decreases from the end of April to the middle of May (18. v. 1918; an example collected. Table no.32.

This bird, like the preceding species, often does not migrates to this river in spring, but it is not only seen at the mouth of the river but often observed in rice fields in the same place. It makes usually a small flock, but sometimes in 30-40 in number.

16. Tringa totanus eurhinus (Oberholser). Eastern Redshank. The redshank is one of the rare visitors to Japan. I have collected only 3 specimens at the mouth of the river. Some examples were obtained at Gyotoku. 4. ix. 1883 (the specimens preserved in the Science College Museum, Tokyo) and also near Yokohama. The autumn arrival probably takes place from end of September and the bird remains till early in October. The early date of spring arrival is not clearly shown. but the redshank remains till early June. Table no.33.

17. Tringa ochropus Linnaeus. Green Sandpiper. I have obtained a specimon at Haneda, on one of the deltas of the Rokugo River,27. i. 1914. Some examples were collected at Gyotoku in autumn (14. ix. 1883). It is probable that the sandpiper rarely arrives to the coasts of Tokyo Bay in autumn and remains during the winter. 18. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieillot). Asiatic Wandering Tattler.

The tattler is one of the very common migrants at the mouth of the 125

river in both migrations. The collection and observation of the form have done during 1913-1922. The fall arrival takes place at the end of July (24. vii. 1913; 26. vii. 1915; 31. vii. 1916; collected) to early in August and gradually increases in number of young in the first plumage. The maximum number is observed during the end of August to the middle of Septmber. It begins to decrease from after the middle of September to the end of the same month and becomes absent at early in October (7. x. 1916; none of the tattler was seen), but sometimes a few bird remains till after the middle of October (18. x. 1918; a bird observed). In exceptionally, a solitary example was seen even in after the middle of November (18. xi. 1917; only a call note was heard). The tattler is wholly absent during the winter month. The spring arrival takes place at the end of April (24. iv. 1918; observed). The maximum number is shown from early in May to after the middle of June (18. vi. 1913; 18. vi. 1917; collected). It decreases from the end of June and it is not observed from the end of the same month to the end of July.

Table no.34.

In the mouth of the river, the number of the tattler in autumn and spring (less than in autumn in number) is usually more than one hundred, though it is less than those of the eastern Kentish plover and the eastern dunlin in winter. I have collected more than one hundred specimens of the tattler during the above seasons, but none of the typical example of T. incana incana colud not obtained. The latter form, incana, however, was collected and recorded by Viscount Matsudaira from the Province of Sagami. 126

19. Tringa hypoleucos (Linnaeus). Common Sandpiper. The sandpiper is one of the common birds of the mouth of the river, excepting the winrer month. The collection and observation of the species have done during years 1913-1922. The fall arrival takes place at the end of July (26.vii.1915; 31.vii. 1916; collected) and the maximum number is observed usually from August to September, but it varries according to years. A small number of the bird is seen till after the middle of October (18.x.1918; observed) or even to the end of the same month (30.x.1917; only a voice was heard). Some examples were obtained at Uranogo, Sagami, Tokyo Bay, in Nowmber and December. None of the sandpiper, however, was seen at the mouth of the Rokugo river in winter. The spring arrival takes place very early: it arrives here at after the middle of March (21.iii.1913; collected) or at the end of April (29. iv.1918; observed). It can observe during the months, May-after the middle of June (18.vi.1913; 18.vi.1917), while it usually wholly dis- appears from after the middle of June to the middle of July. In 1918, the sandpiper exceptionally remained till the end of June (29.vi.) and early in July (9.vii.).

Table no. 35.

This sandpiper is usually seen in solitary in the daytime as already mentioned by many authors. I, however, observed that the species makes a small flock of 5-6 or very rarely about 25 (31.vii.1916; observed) in the twilight time at the mouth of the river. It breeds in Japan.

20. Terekia cinerea (Guldenstadt). Terek Sandpiper.

The sandpiper is one of the rare migrants at the mouth of the river. I have collected and observed during the years, 1914, 1917-1918. 127

The fall arrival probably takes place at the middle of September, though two specimens were obtained at Gyotoku in August (22.viii.), and remains till the end of October. In spring, I have not yet observed it at the mouth of the river.

Eable no. 36.

The species sometimes intermingled with a large flock of the asiatic wandering tattler or it makes a small flock of itself and feeding its food among marshy places near the mouth of the river (8.x.1918; observed).

21. Pseudoglottis guttifer (Nordmann). Nordmann's Greenshank. A young bird of the species was obtained at the mouth of the river (23.ix.1915) from a small flock of the eastern Knot (Tringa tenui- rostris). This is undoubtedly an accidental straggler (Kuroda,Zool.Mag., Tokyo,Vol.XXVII,p.600,1915).

22. Glottis nebularius (Gunnerus). Greenshank. The greenshank is a rather uncommon migrant at the mouth of the river, during years 1914-1922. The fall arrival takes place at early in September (9.ix.1914; collected) though some examples were obtained at Gyotoku in August(6. viii.). It remains usually at the middle or the end of October (30.x.1917; 26.x.1918), but sometimes even to early in November (4.xi.1918; obser- ved). In spring, I have seen it at early May (9.v.1918) only. It is probable that the spring migration form the south to the north is so later than that of the others. 128

23. Crocethia. alba (Pallas). Sanderling.

This is one of the rare visitors at the mouth of the river. The fall arrival takes plcae at the end of August and remains till the end of Septem- ber.

Table no. 37.

Viscount Matsudaira also stated that the sandering arrived at Ku- genuma, coast, of Prov. Sagami, 25. ix. 1914 and it became wholly absent on the 30th of the same moth (•gTori•h,Vol.I,p.77).

I could not obiained this bird in its spring migration. Owston col- lected the specimens of the bird near Yokohama in spring (1.v.1890 and

11.v.1890). Snow also obtained the specimens at the same place in May.

The sandering is usually intermingled with a flock of the eastern dunlin.

24. Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus). Spoon-billed Sandpiper. The spoon-billed sandpiper is one of the most rare migrants at the mouth of the river. I collected three examples at the same place, 11. x. 1916., and I have another speeimen from Uraga, Prov. Sagami in January (?). A specimen was collected at Gyotoku, 17. ix. 1887, and some examples also from Yo- kohama in October. There is no record of the occurrence of this species in spring along the coasts of Tokyo Bay. It intermingled with a flock of the eastern dunlin and of the eastern little stint when it was collected.

25. Pisobia minuta rufficollis (Pallas). Eastern Little Stint.

The stint is not uncommon bird at the mouth of the river on both migrations, during 1910-1922. 129

The fall arrival takes place at the end of July (26.-28.vii.1915; collected). The maximum number of young is observed from after the middle of September to early in October. The number begins to decrease from after the middle of October to the end of the same month (26.x. 1910; 24.x.1916; 27.x.1917; collected or observed) and finally disappears. I could not obtained the bird in November at the mouth of the Rokugo river, though some young examples were captured by me at Kanazawa, Prov. Musashi. Tokyo Bay, 2. xi. 1916, and Trurumi R., 6. xi. 1910. The spring arrival takes place before the middle of April (12.iv.1915; collected). Many adults in reddish necked plumage are observed in May. It decreases in number at the end of June (24.vi.1913; collected). The number in its spring migration is ususally less than that of the autumn.

Table no. 38.

The stint usually mingles with a flock of the eastern dunlin or it

makes its own flock of 20-30.

26. Pisobia acuminata (Horsfield). Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper.

I have collected only five examples of the species at the mouth of the river, 12. x. 1921. I have no other record of the species near Tokyo,

though Seebohm 1890 reported a fine series from Yokohama.

27. Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). Eastern Knot. The knot is not a very common migrant at the mouth of the river, during 1914-1918. The fall migration takes place at early in September and some indi- viduals remain till early in October. Some examples were obtained at Gyotoku in Aug. 23. The spring arrival probly begins at the end of April with some doubt (24.iv.1918; observed?). There is no record of this knot occurred in 130 spring along the coasts of Tokyo Bay. Blakiston and Pryer (1882) also stated that the species was not uncommon near Yokohama in autumn (1880). Table no. 39.

The maxium number of the knot at the mouth of the river is at most 10.

28. Erolia alpina sakhalina (Vicillot). Eastern Dunlin. The dunlin is a common winter resident at the mouth of the river, during years 1908-1922. The fall arrival takes place at the end of September (27.ix.1914; 23. ix.1915; collected) or at early in October (1.x.1916; observed). The maximum number of the dunlin is observed from the middle of October to the end of April (27.iv.1918; collected) of the next year as winter resi- ents. Some individuals still remain till after the middle of May (18.v.d 1913; an adult example collected), but this is undoubtedly an accidental remainder. The spring start from this mouth of the river to the northern breeding ground begins at early in Mav or the middle of May in every yaer. An example of the dunlin was obtained by me on the July 26, 1915, but this is probably an accidental visitor or a wounded bird which failed to make the return journey. The breeding season of the dunlin is probably from the end of May to the end of August.

Table no. 40.

During the winter, the dunlin at the mouth of the river is very nume- rous (probably some hundred) in number like that of the eastern Kentish 131

plover, but it always somewhat less than the latter plover. It intermin- gles with a flock of the eastern Kentish plover or it makes a flocke of itself. 29. Limicola falcincllus sibirica Dresser. Eastern Broad-billed Sandpiper.

The wader is one of the very rare autumn migrants at the mouth of the river. The fall arrival takes place at the end of August and the wader remains till early in October.

I could not obtained or observed this bird in spring. We have no record of this wader occuring in spring along the coasts of Tokyo Bay.

Table no. 41.

The sandpiper is usually seen in one or two or 4-5 with a flock of the eastern dunlin, or rarely it makes a small flock (about 10 in number) of itself.

30. Capella gallinago raddei (Buturlin). Eastern Common Snipe. The snipe is said to be formerly in abundant among rice-fields around the neighbourhood of the mouth of the river in autumn and spring migra- tions. In recent times it becomes very few visitors in both migrations, and I could not obtained even a specimen. The autumn arrival probably takes place at the end of August, as in the other localities. The snipe starts here to south in the late autumn as usuall. The spring arrival probably takes place at the end of March and it remains untill after the middle of April (18.iv.1918; observed) or at the end of the same month (21.iv.1918; observed) and probaly even to early in May, as in the other localities. In very rare cases, some individuals seem remain to breed in Hondo, Japan. 132

31. Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus.

Woodcock.

The woodcock arrives to my villa at Hancda, one of the largest deltas of the Rokugo river, in rather regular manner yearly.

The fall arrival takes place it early in November or at the middle of

December and it remains untill the middle of March of the following year, but not breeds. It starts here at the middle of March.

In Tokyo, the woodcock arrives at early in November.

The following table shows the results of the collection and observation of the bird at Haneda:

Table no. 42.

The maximum number of the bird at Haneda is at most 7-8 only.

The following waders were rccorded from the other coasts of Tokyo

Bay, excepting the mouth of Rokugo River. 1. Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth). Susaki, Tokyo; Yokohama 2. Charadrius placidus Gray. Near Chiba; Yoro River, Prov. Kazusa; Yokohama. 3. Haematopus ostralegus osculans Swinhoe. Yokohama. 4. Numenius minutus Gould. Gyotoku, Shimosa; Yokohama. 5. Macrorhamphus semipalmatus Blyth. Yokohama. 6. Glottis stagnatilis (Bechstein) Near Yokohama 133

7. Tringa glareola Linnaeus. Yokohama. 8. Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus). Gyotoku, Shimosa; Yokohama. 9. Pisobia minutilla subminuta (Middendorff). Yokohama. 10. Pisobia temminckii (Leisler). Near Tokyo. 11. Erolia testacea (Pallas). Gyotoku, Prov. Shimosa. 12. Calidris canutus rogersi (Mathews). Near Tokyo; Yokohama. 13. Capella megala (Swinhoe). Gyotoku, Shimosa; Yokohama 14. Capella hardwicklii (Gray). Gyotoku, Shimosa; Yokohama. 15 Capella solitaria (Hodgson). Yokohama. 16. Lymnocryptes minima (Brunnich). Yokohama. 17. Rostratula bengbalensis benghalensis (Linnaeus). Goi, Prov. Kazusa; Gyotoku, Prov. Shimosa; Yokohama. 18. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). Uraga, Prov. Sagami. 19. Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). Mouth of Tsurumi River., Prov. Musashi; Yokohama.

Thus, the 50 species and subspecies of waders. including those of 31

which are recorded by me from Rokugo River, are hitherto known several parts of the coasts of Tokyo Bay.

V. Some Rails, Doves, and Owls.

I have observed or obtained the following migratory birds in Tokyo and its neighbourhood as follows: Rails: 1 Porzana pusilla pusilla (Pallas). 134

2. Porzana fusca erythrothorax (Temminck •• Schlegel).

3. Rallus aquaticus indicus Blyth.

4. Gallinula chloropus indicus Blyth.

5. Fulica atra atra Linnaeus.

Doves:

1. Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Latham).

Sphenocercus sieboldii siebboldii 2. (Temminck).

Owls:

1. Ninox scutulata scntulata (Raffles).

Otus bakkamoena semitorques 2. (Temminck •• Schlegel).

3. Asio otus otus (Linnaeus).

Rails.

1. Porzana pusilla pusilla (Pallas). Pallas' Crake. The crake is a very rare migrant at Haneda. I have a record of the bird occurred at the locality, 26 v. 1918. This example shows that the bird is a summer visitor to the place Seebohm (1890) stated that the crake is a resident in all the Japanese Islands. To but so far as my knowledge goes, this bird is a migrant at Haneda. He reported it from Yokohama and Ogawa (1908) also noted it from the same place.

2. Porzana fusca erythrothorax (Temm.•• Schleg.).

Japanese Ruddy Crake.

The ruddy crake is a summer visitor to the field at Haneda. The bird appears to occur in Tokyo and Haneda in May 9. v. 1918, 30. v. 1920, 1. v. 1923, observed or collected at Haneda; 21. v. 1921, obtained an example at Akasaka in Tokyo) and it wholly disappears at the middle of

October? It breeds from carly in June to the middle of August, and makes its nest, in the rice-field or its neighbourhood with graminaceous plants growing there or very exceptionally on the very lower branches of small pine-trees. Its eggs, from 4-6 in a clutch, are creamy white or some- times tinged with pinkish, spotted and blotched with reddish brown surface markings and dull purple shell blotches which are measure about 30•~12 mm. Seebohm (1890) and Ogawa (1908) reported it from Yokohama. 135

3. Rallus aquaticus indicus Blyth.

Eastern Water-Bail.

The rail is essentially a winter visitor to Haneda. I have a record of the bird in its autumn migration (20. x. 1923; observed). It remains there till after the middle of April (19. iv. 1920: observed).

Pryer collection from Yokohama contained 10 examples of the bird

Seebohm, 1890).

4. Gallinula chloropus indicus Blyth.

Indian Water-hen.

The water-hen is a resident at Haneda, though it is much more

abundant from the end of March to the end of September, and it is less

abundant or nearly absent in winter (probably young birds remain in

winter). It breeds from early in May to the end of June and makes its

nest with aquatic plants among the same herbage. Its eggs, 6 to 10 in

number, are clay-yellow tinged with rusty, spotted with violet-grey shell markings and reddish brown surface spots, and measure about 43•~31mm.

5. Fulica atra atra Linnaeus.

Common Coot.

The coot is a very rare winter visitor to the pond at Haneda. I have

obtained 3 examples, one of them in November (27. xi. 1907) and two

other specimmens in January (3. i. 1915).

Two examples were collected at Yokohama (Seebohm, 1890).

Doves.

1. Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Latham). Eastern Turtle-Dove. The turtle-dove is a regular visitor to the Tokyo city. I have observed it at Akasaka, Tokyo in its migrations as under:

Table no. 43. 136

From the above observations I come to the conelusion that the dove arrives to Akasaka at early in October or early in November and remains till early in May of the following year. I saw once an old nest on a cherry tree in my garden at Akasaka. This example is probably a rare case that the dove bred in the garden. At Haneda, it arrives also in October (5. x. 1923; observed) and remains during the winter. Seebohm (1890) and Ogawa (1908) reported it from Yokohama.

2. Sphenocercus sieboldii sieboldii (Temminck). Japanese Green Pigeon.

An example of the green pigeon occurred on the shore at Haneda, 4. x. 1918. Anotner bird was seen at. Akasaka, Tokyo, 29. x. 1918. From these facts it is clear that the pigeon occurs at those places in autumn in its way of the migration. Several examples were obtained by Pryer from Yokohama (Seebohm, 1890). Owls. 1. Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles). Brown Owlet. The owlet is essentially a summer visitor to the Tokyo city and its neighbourhood, where it is not uncommon . The following shows the dates of the autumn and spring arrivals at Akasaka:

Table no. 44.

From the above table it is clear that the bird arrives on the middle of May or early in June (or rarely early July) and remains till the end of September. Its call-note, whoo-who, whoo-who, is a hoot and usually heard 137

from eveing to midnight in early summer, although in cool weather it is not heard. To cite an instance, in May 22-23, 1915 the note was not heard when the thermometer registered only 15•‹-17•Ž.; but on the following day, it was immediately heard, when the temperature was

20•‹-22•Ž. It breeds in hollow trees at Akasaka in June (Kuroda, Dobutsu- gaku Zasshi, 1914, p. 487). The eggs, 3 in number, are pure white,

nearly spherical in shape, and measure about 36•~31mm.

At Haneda, it was observed on September 18, 1910 and May 22, 1920.

Both Seebohm (1890) and Ogawa (1908) reported it from Yokohama.

2. Otus bakkamoena semitorques (Temm.•• Schl.).

Feathered-toed Scops Owl.

This scops owl is essentially a winter visitor to the Tokyo city and its neighbourhood, where it is not uncommon.

Table no. 45.

From the above table I can state that it arrives to Tokyo and Haneda at early October or end of the same month and remains till the middle of March. Both Seebohm (1890) and Ogawa (1908) reported it from Yokohama.

3. Asio otus otus (Linnaeus). Long-eared Owl.

This owl is a very rare winter visitor to the deltas of the mouth of

Rokugo River and Haneda. It arrives to these places in winter and stays till next spring. I have obtained two specimens at Haneda, viz.,

15. iii. 1916 and 20. ii. 1917. An example was captured at Zoshigaya,

suburb of Tokyo city. 138

Several specimens were reeorded from Yokohama by Seebohm 1890) and Ogawa (1908).

VI. Some Passerine Birds.

I have colleeted or observed the following passerine birds in Tokyo and at Haneda in their migrationf:

1. Motacilla cinerea caspica (S.G. Gmelin).

2. Motacilla alba lugeus Kittlitz.

3. Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii Sarudny.

4. Microscolis amaurotis amaurotis (Temminck).

5. Zanthopygia narcissina narcissina (Temmnick).

6. Cynanoptila cyanomelana cyanomelana (Temminck).

7. Alseonax latirostris latirostris (Raffles).

8. Tchitrea atrocaudata atrocaudata (Eyton).

9. Turdus eunomus Temminck.

10. Turdus chrysolaus Temminck.

11. Turdus pallidus Gmelin.

12. Oreocincla dauma aurea (Holandre).

13. Phoenicurus auroreus auroreus (Pallas).

14. Calliope calliope calliope (Pallas).

15. Ianthia cyanura cyanura (Pallas).

16. Acrocephalus stentoreus orientalis (Temm.•• Schl.).

17. Acrocephalus bistrigiceps Swinhoe.

18. Horeites cantans cantans (Temm.•• Schl.).

19. Acanthopneuste borealis borealis (Blasius).

20. Acanthopneuste borealis xanthodryas (Swinhoe).

21. Acanthopneuste occipitalis coronata (Temm .•• Schl).

22. Regulus regulus japonensis Blakiston.

23. Troglodytes troglodytes fumigatus Temminck.

24. Hirundo rustics gutturalis Scopoli.

25. Hirundo daurica nipalensis Hodgson.

26. Bombycilla japonica (Siebold)

27. Lanius bucephalus Temminck •• Schlegel.

28. Lanius trigrinus Drapiez.

29. Parus major minor Temm.•• Schl.

30. Parus ater insularis Hellmayr. 139

31. Aegithalos caudatus trivirgatus (Temm.•• Schl.).

32. Cyanopica cyauus japonica Parrot.

33. Garrulus glandarius japonicus Schlegel.

34. Spodoipsar cineraceus (Temminck.

35. Sturnia philippensis (Forster).

36. Zosterops palpebrosa japonica Temminck •• Schlegel.

37. Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus Temm.•• Schl.

38. Carduelis spinus (Linnaeus.

39. Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus.

40. Chloris sinca kawarahiba (Temminck).

41. Chloris sinica minor (Temminck •• Schlegel).

42. Emberiza fucata fucata Pallas

43. Emberiza cioides ciopsis Bonaparte.

44. Emberiza spodocephala personata Temminck.

45. Emberiza rustica Pallas.

46. Emberiza schoeniclus pyrrhulinus Swinhoe.

1. Motacilla cinerea caspica (S.G. Gmelin). Eastern Grey Wagtail.

The wagtail is a common autum visitor to the Tokyo city every year.

The following table shows the observation of the bird at Akasaka in

Tokyo.

Table no. 46.

The autumn arrival takas place from the middle of Sep:cmber or the end of the same month at Akasaka. It starts from Akasaka at the middle 140

of April. Mr. Ogawa (1902) reported that the bird arrives at the central

Tokyo early in September (10.ix.1902) and according to his observation

at Hongo, Tokyo, the bird arrives early or middle of September and

remains there till next April (Uchida •• Nibe, •gChorui no Watari oyobi

Hanshokuki•h, 1918 pp. 48-49).

From the above observations we learn that this wagtail starts from

Tokyo to the mountainous breeding place in April and Tokyo is indeed its

winter home.

At Haneda I have seen it in a group on October 3, 1918. This is also

the autumn arrival to the place.

Seehohm (1890) reported it from Yokohama.

2. Motacilla alba lugens Kittlitz.*

amtschatkan Wagtail.K

The wagtail is rather rare in Tokyo. I have observed it once at Aka-

saka, Tokyo in September 28, 1917. The example shows the autumn

arrival of the bird in Tokyo. Mr. Ogawa and Messrs. Uchida and Nibe

did not reported the wagtail from Tokyo. while Mr. Momiyama (1918 has

mentioned it from there.

I have rarely seen the bird at Haneda and Seebohm (1890) reported

it winter examples from Yokohama.

This wagtail breeds in Prov. Mutsu in northern Hondo, Japan!

3. Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii Sarudny.

Eastern Tree-Pipit.

The pipit is a rare winter visitor to Tokyo. I observed it in small

group at Akasaka, Tokyo in November (16. ix. 1912) and December

(8. xii.1912, 2, xii. 1919 28. xii. 1923). It _??_requently occurs to my villa

at Haneda. The following is records of the pipit appeared in the place:

* Mr.Ogawa (1900) reported that Motacilla alba grandis occurred in Tokyo on October 8, 1900, and Mr Momiyama (1918) also noted it from Tokyo although have never seen it in Tokyo. I 141

Table no. 47.

From the above results it follows that the bird is essentially a winter visitor. The arrival takes place from middle of November and stays there till early in March. Mr. Momiyama (1918) once reported it from Kyobashi, Tokyo and both Seebohm (1890) and Mr. Ogawa (1908) mentioned it from Yokohama.* 4. Microscelis amaurotis amaurotis (Temminck). Brown-eared Bulbul. The bulbul is a common regular migrant in Tokyo and its neighbourhood. My observations at Akasaka in Tokyo and at Haneda are as follows:

Table no. 48.

* Mr . Ogawa noted Alauda arvensis japonica from Kanda in Tokyo, in the middle of October, 1897 (Zool. Mag. Tokyo, XII, p. 410, 1900), but I have never seen this lark in Toky. 142

From the above table it follows that the bulbul arrives in Tokyo and its neighbourhood from early in October (rarely at the end of September) or the middle of the same month and starts at the middle of April or end of the same month (very exceptionally early in May). Mr. Ogawa (1900) observed a flock of the birds at Kanda in Tokyo at early in October, 1897. He 1900) also mentioned that the bird arrived first at Hongo in Tokyo on September 27, 1900 and last stayed at the same place on April 9, 1901 (Ogawa, 1901). The migration dates of the bird in Tokyo reported by Messrs. Uchida and_??_ibe(1918) almost entirely agree with the results of my own observa- tion, except that the bird arrives in Tokyo at the end of September. 5. Zanthopygia narcissina narcissina (Temminck). Narcissus Flycatcher. The flycatcher is a rather regular autumn visitor to Akasaka, Tokyo. The following table shows the results of observation of the bird at the place. Table no. 49. 143

The flycatcher arrives first to Akasasa on the after the middle of September, though mostly arrives from the end of the same month to early in October and wholly disappears at the end of October. It stays at Akasaka in Tokyo for only a month. I do not know any case in spring arrival in Tokyo, but it was observed at Haneda in autumn (8. x. 1921 and 28. ix. 1923) and spring (early in May, 1922 and 10. iii. 1924). Accoring to Mr. Momiyama (1918) it rarely arrives to Kyobashi, Tokyo in April or May and in the middle or end of April, in its vicinity of Tokv.

6. Cyanoptila cyanomelana cyanomelana (Temminck). Japanese Blue Flycatcher.

I have obtained a female of the bird at Haneda, April 23, 1911. This is no doubt a straggler on its way in spring migration.

7. Alseonax latirostris latirostris (Raffles). Brown Flycatcher.

I observed a young bird in spotted pulmage at Akasaka, Tokyo, on July 12, 1909. It is probably a summer visitor to breed in its vicinity of Tokyo. At Haneda once observed an individual on October 3, 1918. This as probably a summer resident (rare) which stays to autumn.

8. Tchitrea atrocaudata atrocaudata (Eyton). Japanese Paradise Flycatcher.

My observations on the fine bird in my garden at Akasaka in Tokyo are as follows:

Table no. 50.

It is a rare summer or autumn visitor to the Tokyo city. Mrs.

Kondo also reported this bird from Hongo, Tokyo (•g Tori •h, II, no. 7ƒÁ 144

1918, p. 131). It is said that it frequently breeds in the Tokyo and its suburbs.

9. Turdus eunomus Temminck.

Dusky Thrush.

The thrush is a common winter visitor to Tokyo and its vicinity.

Table no. 51.

It arrives to Tokyo and its vicinity from early November (or rarely in October) to the end of January in the following year and stays till the end of Aprfl or early in May, nearly as in Messrs. Uchida and Nibe (1918) reported. Sometimes a large flock of the bird would arrived at Akasaka, but more often in very small numbers in Tokyo especially in winter.

10. Turdus chrysolaus Temminck.

Japanese Brown Thrush.

This thrush breeds in the mountainous parts of Japan and migrates to Tokyo city and its neighbourhood regulary, though not numerous. My observations of the thrush at Akasaka, Tokyo and Haneda are as follows: 145

Table no. 52

From the above table it follows that it is a regular visitor to Akasaka and Haneda, and its autumn arrival lasts from the end of October to early in November (or sometimes to December) and it remains till early in May or possibly the end of the same month as exceptional cases. Messrs. Uchida and Nibe did not repot the migration of the bird from Tokyo.

11. Trudus pallidus Gmelin.

Pale Thrush.

This thrush is undoubtedly a rare visitor to Tokyo though it is much abundant in Northern Kiusiu in autumn. I obtained a specimen at Aka- saka on Feb. 8, 1910. A doubtful observation on the bird is reported by Mr. Momiyama (1918) from Tsukiji. Tokyo.

12. Oreocincla dauma aurea (Holandre). White's Ground-Thrush.

I obtained a specimen of the thrush at Aksaaka, on Feb. 9, 1917.

This is the first record of the bird which occurred in Tokyo. It seems to be a very rare winter visitor to the place.

13. Phoenicurus auroreus auroeus (Pallas). Daurian Redstart.

The redstart is a winter visitor in small numbers to Tokyo. My obseration on the bird at Akasaka is as follows: 146

Table no. 53.

The bird arrives at early in November and unually disappears at the end of January, though it wholly disappeared on December 15, 1919. The bird remains at Akaaska for only a month or two in winter. It first arrives at Haneda early in November in 1918, being the same with the date in Tokyo.

14. Luscinia calliope calliope (Pallas). Siberian Ruby-throrted Robin.

I have two male specimens from Akasaka in Tokyo. They are tabula- ted as follows:

Table no. 54.

The two birds came in my house for a light and were secured by my

The migration of the robin from its northern haunt to the southern winter home begins probably early in October at night! But it only passes through the Tokyo city and it was not observed this in daytime. Seebohm (1890) reported an example of the robin from Yokohama, obtained by Pryer.

15. Ianthia cyauura cyanura (Pallas). Siberian Blue-tail.

The species is a winter visitor to Tokyo in small numbers and always in solitary. I have obtained it at Akasaka, 20. xii. 1919.

Mr.Momiyama (1918) reported it also from Tokyo in winter. Seebo- hm's word (1890) on the bird is right:•g•cin the more southerly islands of

Japan it is a resident, breeding on the mountains and wintering in the 147

plains. There are twelve examples in the Pryer collection from Yoko- hama.•h

16. Acrocephalus stentorcus orientalis (Temm. Schl.). Eastern Great Reed-Warbler

The reed-warbler is a very common summer visitor to the vicinity of Tokyo and also rarely appears in Tokyo city. Following table shows the results of my observation on this bird at Haneda:

Table no. 55.

The bird arrives there in regularly at the end of April (sometimes at early in April) and disappears at early in September or exceptionally at

the end of August. Some young birds remain till eary October: It remains there regularly more than four months.

It breeds at Haneda. Its nest, which is suspended from reeds or small

bamboos, is deep cup-shaped, finely constructed of fine roots and grasses.

Its eggs 4 to 5 in number, are deposited late in May or in June, and are ashy white tinged with green and marked with brown and blackish brown spots and blotches, and measure about 22•~16mm. The singing season of the bird is immediately finished, at middle of July, when its breeding season was over.

17. Acrocephalus bistigiceps Swinhoe. Schrenk's Reed-Warbler.

The reed-warbler is also a summer visitor, though very small numbers, to Haneda. 148

Table no. 56.

The migration data of the bird are not clearly known, but it seems to arrive from the southern home to the locality at the end of May or early in Jnne. It is undoubtedly breed there. I have no record of the bird in autumn.

18. Horeites cantans contans (Temm. & Schl.). Japanese Bush-Warbler.

The warbler is a regular and common autumn visitor to Tokyo city and its vicinity. My observation on the bird at Akasaka and Haneda is as follows:

Table no. 57.

From the above table it follows that the warbler regularly visits to these places from the late October to rarely in early November and it remains till the middle or end of April. Mr. Ogawa (1900) mentioned that it arrived at Hongo, Tokyo in early Novemer, 1897 and the date of first arrival of the bird at the same place was October 30, 1900. 149

19. Acanthopneuste borealis borealis (Blasius). Arctic Willow-Warbler.

The warbler is an autumn visitor to Akasaka in Tokyo. The dates of arrival in autumn are as follows:

Table no. 58.

The warbler appears to come to Tokyo at the late in September or more usually from early or middle of October and wholly disappears in

November! It remains in Tokyo in a very short time on its way to south.

Mr. Momiyama (1918) also stated that it remains about 10 days only at Kyobashi, Tokyo, on its migration.

20. Acanthopneuste borealis xanthodryas (Swinhoe). Swinhoe's Willow-Warbler.

It migrates in a very small numbers in spring to Tokyo and its vicinity. I have an exampl from Hanead, 21. iv. 1912. Mr. Momiyama (1918) mentioned it from Kyobashi in Tokyo and wrote that it arrives to the place later that the preceding subspecies, borealis, but rather many in number. But in my opinion, Momiyama's statement seems to be not hold good, and it is a raer visitor than the preceding form and the number is no doubt very few.

21. Acanthopneuste occipitalis coronata (Temminck). Temminck's Crowned Willow-Warbler.

The warbler is no doubt a rare visitor to Tokyo (1. x. 1917; obtained) and Haneda (9. ix. 1908; obtainec). These dates indicate that the bird arrives to these places rarely in autumn. 150

Seebohm (1890) reported some examples of the bird which were col- lected by Pryer from Yokohama.

22. Regulus regulus japonensis Blakiston. Japanese Goldcrest.

The goldcrest is a rather rare visitor to Tokyo and its vicinity.

Table no. 59.

The autumn arrival probably takes place from tne end of October in

Tokyo and early in November at Haneda. The spring arrival seems to

begin at the middle of March in Haneda.

23. Troglodytes troglodytes fumigatus Temminck.

Japanese Wren.

The wren is a very rare visitor to Haneda. I have obtained a specimen at the 7th of February, 1915. This is probably a winter resident around the neighburhood of Tokyo. Messrs. Uchida and Nibe (1918) repoted the bird from Kanagawa, Prov. Musashi, as it arrives there in October in autumn and starts there in March. Mr. Momiyama (1918) also noted it from Tokyo as a small number during from early winter to early spring.

24. Hirundo rustica gutturalis (Scopoli). Eastern Chimney-Swallow.

Thv swallow ia a common summer resident in all the islands of

Japan. My observation on the migration of the bird at Akasaka and

Haneda are as follows: 151

Table no. 60.

From the above results I come to the conclusion that the swallow arrives to these places after the middle of March or more usually at early in April and sometimes so later in the middle of the later month. It starts from Haneda at late in September and some young remain till late in October or probably even in early November. Mr. Ogawa (1902) observed three final remainders of the swallow at Hongo, Tokyo, on the 19th of September, 1902. Mr. Momiyama (1918) mentioned that it is a very common bird in Tokyo from April to October. It common breeds in Tokyo from April to August.

25. Hirundo daurica nipalensis (Hodgson). Mosque-Swallow.

It is a summer vfsitor to Hondo and the southern islands of Japan. In the latter islands it is much more abundant than in Tokyo. My obser- vation of the swallow at Akasaka in Tokyo is as follows:

Table no. 61.

It is undoubtedly arrive to Tokyo at early in June and probably disappears at the end of September or probably remains till October. It 152

had bred at Kojimachi,Tokyo in June, but in the present time it wholly disappears, because the wall in its breeding plcae were all newly painted. Messrs. Uchida and Nibe (1918)discussed on the dates of migration of the two swallows,gulturulis and nipalensis,in very details from records of many parts of Japan. It is regreted that these gentlemen undoubtedly overlookedthe dates of migration of these two swallowsand they concluded that the latter swallow, nipalensis,is probably the earlier visitor to Japan than in the former swallow,gutturolis. This statement seems to me to be an error. I (1918) have already published my opinion that nipalensisis always a later visitor than in gutturalisin Tokyo and Fukuoka, N. Kiusiu. Mr. Momiyama informed me that he observed a group of nipalensis(about 30-40 examples) in Kyoto on the 9th of November, 1918 and none of the example of gutluraliswas seen. Mr. Enomoto (1919) also reported on the migration of swallows in during some years and he carefully mentioned the two species in their dates of migration He observed the first arrival of gutturalis at early in March and the final remainder of the bird was seen till the end of October. He added that he saw the first arrival of nipalensisfrom the end of April to early in May and the final remainder of the latter bird at the middle of November or at the end of the same month in small numbers or sometimes even at early in December. Mr. Ue (1919)reported the migration dates of two swallowsat Yasaka, Prefect. Oita, Kiusiu. He mentioned the dates of the first arrival of gutturalisin seven years as follows: early in March (10. iii. 1909 and 11. iii. 1914), middle of the same month (19. iii. 1911 and 17. iii. 1913),and end of the same month (25. iii. 1908, 23. iii. 1912 and 22. iii. 1915). He stated that the dates of the first arrival of nipalensiswere always much later than in the former bird, though he has not given its dates, and the dates of start in autumn was also always much later than in gutturalis. Mr. Kanetsune (1920) also gave the dates of migration of the two species of swallowsat Sazanami, Prov. Nagato, after the year of 1900. He observed the first arrival of gutturalisat the end of March in every year and he saw the final remainder of the same bird usually at the end of September or rarely in October while in nipalensis hesaw the first arrival usually from the end of 153

April to early in May or very rarely at early in April, and he observed the final remainder of the same swallow at early in October or the middle of the same month. From above observations it follows that these statements are almost entirely agree with my opinion already mentioned above. The dates of migration of nipalensis in Japan are always constantly later in both spring and autumn than in those of gutturalis in the same country. 26. Bombycilla japonica (Siebold). Japanese Waxwing. The waxwing is a spring visitor to the Tokyo city and its neigh-

bourhood. My obsevation on the bird at Akasaka in Tokyo is as follows: Table no. 62.

The waxwing arrives at Tokyo and its vicinity from the end of March or early in April or rarely in the end of the same month. It remains only from twenty days to more than a month according to the quantity of food. It is probably the accidental visitor which arrived at Haneda in winter, 25. i. 1918 (see above table). Mr. Momiyama's observation (1918) on the migration of the bird in Tokyo is the same result with mine. Seebohm (1890) stated that the Japanese Waxwing is a winter visitor to Japan. This statement is

probably correct in the southern parts of Japan only (?). I have examples of the birds from the moumtains of Kiso in winter, December, 1915, where it is common in late autumn and winter.

27. Lanius bucephalus Temm. & Schl. Bull-headed Shrike.

The shrike is a common resident during the autumn and winter in

Tokyo in small numbers. The dates of migration observed by me at Akasaka is as follows: 154

Table no. 63.

The shrike is a regular autumn visitor to Akasaka at the end of September and remains undoubtedly in the end of February or till the end of March. Frequently it stays in Tokyo for breeding. I saw it in my garden at Akasaka in June 17,1922 and July 24,1909, and I have also- seen several examples of young which were taken from nests in Tokyo. At Haneda the shrike is a permanent resident and breeds there regularly. Mr. Ogawa (1900) reported the bird at Kanda in Tokyo at the end of October, 1897, where it was much common and he (1900) noted the supposed first arrival of the bird at Komagome, Hongo, Tokyo, 30. ix. 1900. He (1902) also mentioned the first arrival of the bird at Juniso suburb of Tokyo,12.ix.1902. Messrs. Uchida and Nibe (1918) mentioned that the shrike arrives in Tokyo at the end of September, but the authors did not write on its spring migration.

28. Lanius tigrinus Drapiez.

Thick-billed Shrike. I have only three records of the shrike occurred in the vicinity of

Tokyo. Table no. 64.

These dates indicate that the shrike is a rare summer (or autumn) visitor or breeder (?) to these places. Seebohm (1890) reported a specimen from Yokohama. 155

29. Parus major minor Temm. &Schl.*

Japanese Great Tit. The tit is a permanent resident in Tokyo and breeds in May at Akasaka. But it seems probable that it is a winter resident at Haneda as shown from the following table:

Table no.65.

It arrives at Haneda at early in September or October but more usually at the end of the latter month and remains till early March.

30. Parus ater insularis Hellmayr. Japanese Cole Tit. I observed a group of the tit in my garden at Akasaka in Tokyo, 14. ix.1911. It shows that it rarely migrates to Tokyo in autumn. Mr. Momiyama (1918) reported that it frequently appears at Kyobashi, Tokyo in autumn and sometimes intermingles with a group of P. major minor.

31. Aegithalos caudatus trivirgatus (Temm. & Schl.). Japanese Long-tailed Tit. I have not observed it in Tokyo city, though I have once seen a small flock at Mejiro, suburb of Tokyo. Mr. Momiyama (1918) noted it from Kyobashi in Tokyo in autumn. 32. Cyanopica cyanus japonica Parrot. Japanese Blue Magpie.

In former times, this bird was said to be very abundant in Tokyo and its vicinity. But in recent times it is wholly absent in the Tokyo city. In 1919, a pair of the magpie appeared at Haneda in spring and finaly bred

* I saw an example of Parus varius carius at Haneda but it seems to me to be an escaped cage bird. 156 there. I have once more observed it in the same place in April (22.iv. 1923). This species is now not uncommon at Goi coast, near Chiba, along the coast of Tokyo Bay. It breeds there from the middle of May to June. The nest is placed on small pine tree near coast. The migration of the bird at Goi is said to be constant. It arrives there at April and disappears at the end of September, though in 1917, it remained during winter. 33. Garrulus glandarius japonicus Schlegel. Japanese Jay. The jay rarely migrates to Tokyo. It appears in a group to Haneda, though only remains a day and passes through there.

Table no. 66.

It is undoubtedly an autumn visitor to the locality. I thinck it seems to make a short journey from one place (breeding ground) to the other.

34 Spodiopsar cineraceus (Temminck). Grey S_??_arling. This starling is, as a rule, a migrant and not a permanent resident

though in some individuals with young remain in Tokyo in summer. The migration dates of the bird at tkasaka in Tokyo are as follows:

Table no. 67.

A small number of the starling arrives at Akasaka at the middle or the end of September and it increases in a great number (some thou- sand) at early in October, and it remains during whole winter and decreases from the end of March. But some pairs remain to breed in many parts of Tokyo. At Akasaka, I observed that it bred at the end of March, 1918. 157

Mr. Ogawa (1900) reported a great number of the bird was seen at Hongo, Tokyo,18.ix.1900 and he (1902) stated that the first arrival of the starling at Hongo, Tokyo on the 2nd of September, 1902. He (1902) also observed it Akasaka on the 19th of September, 1902. He (1902) then concluded that the most of the starling in Tokyo is migrants, because it is much less in number from spring to summer. Messrs. Uchida and Nibe (1918) stated that it arrives to Tokyo at the end of September. On the contray, Mr. Momiyama (1918) mentioned it as a common resident in Tokyo and much more abundant in summer. Mr. Momiyama, however, apparently overlooked the migration of the starling. Because adult birds of the species in summer in Tokyo are undoubtedly much less in number while the young of the year are much numerous than the adult birds in the same season. But in antumn many adults and young are intermingled and make an enormous flock, more than the summer flock, and visit to Tokyo city from their breeding ground. At Haneda the autumn arrivals of the species is not so differ from those in Tokyo, though somewhat earlier than in the latter city.

35. Sturnia philippensis (Forster). Red-cheeked Starling.

This fine starling is a regular spring or summer visitor to Tokyo and

its vicinity. 158

The starling arrives at Akasaka at the middle or the end of July and

remains till early in October. But sometimes it arrives in a very small

number (2-3) at the end of April (30.iv.1920) or early in May (11.v.1915).

In the latter cases, the bird remained only 10 days (30.iv.•\9.v.1920) but

not so many months, and probably starts to their breeding place (Central parts of Hondo; Prov. Shinano, etc.). After the breeding season seems to be finished a large flock of the bird arrives at Tokyo and Haneda, In the latter locality, it is also frequently seen before its breeding season (see above table).

In Mr. Momiyama's opinion (1918) this starling probably breeds in

Tokyo city. But I think that it is only an imagination, because I have no record of the bird bred in Tokyo, though it certainly breeds in Central

Hondo. Seebohm (1890). however, considers that it breeds in Eastern

Siberia and Mongolia.

36. Zosteropd palpebrosa japonica Temm. & Schl. Japanese White-eye.

The white-eye is an autumn visitor to Tokyo, though some examples are probably residents and certainly breed. The records of the bird at

Akasaka in Tokyo are as follows:

Table no. 69.

The bird arrives at Tokyo from the end of September to the middle of October. in a small group and remains till the end of April. The breeding season of the bird at Akasaka begins from the end of April. The nestlings were seen in May 8, 1915 and the adults and young birds were also observed in June (7.vi.1918) and July (18.vii.and 19.vii,1917). At Haneda it is a migrant and I saw it in spring (18.iv.1918) and autumn (5.x.1922ond 5.x.1923). 159

37. Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus Temm. & Schl.* Eastern Hawfinch.

The hawfinch is a rather regular winter visitor to Tokyo and its

eighbourhood, though very few in numbers. m

Table no. 70.

It arrives at Akasaka at early in November and remains during winter and starts there from the end of March to the end of April, according to years. At Haneda, it is also a winter bird. The hawfinch is usually seen one or two individuals, though some- times it makes a small group (5-6) in my garden at Akasaka (end of April, 1920). Mr. Momiyama (1918) also reported it from Kyobashi, Tokyo in autumn and winter in very small numbers.

38. Carduelis spinus (Linnaeus).•õ

Siskin.

The siskin is a rare spring visitor to Haneda. I collected six speci- mens at the same locality,10.iv.1910.

The bird seems to be not a visitor to the Tokyo city.

39. Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus. Brambling.

The brambling is a winter visitor to Tokyo and its vicinity.

* Mr . Momiyama (1918) reported Eophona personata personata, from Kyo- bashi, but it seems to me to be an escaped cage bird. Pyrrhula pyrrula griseiventris was reported •õ by Mr. Momiyama (1918) from Kyobashi and I also obtained it Akasaka (17.ii.1912), but these exrmples seem to me to be escaped cage birds. 160

Table no. 71.

It arrives at Haneda at early in October and remains till the end of

March or early in April. 40. Chloris sinica kawarahiba (Temminck). Japanese Greater Greenfinch.

This greenfinch is not a breeding bird in Hondo, Japan. It rarely ob- served at Haneda in very few numbers.

Table no. 72.

It is undoubtedly a winter visitor to Japan and remains till the early

part of April and starts to its breeding ground (Kamtschatka and

Kuriles).

Seebohm (1890) stated that •g The Japanese Greenfinch is only known from the islands whose name it bears, it is by no means a common bird•h and he reported two examples from Yokohama. It is rather common on

Okinawajima (January,1922) and Yakushima (April,1922). 41. Chloris sinica minor (Temm.& Schl.). Japanese Lesser Greenfinch.

This greenfinch is a very common bird and it breeds in many parts of Japan proper. It is rather uncommon in Tokyo but very common at

Haneda. 161

Table no. 72. 162

From the above table I come to the conclusion that the bird is a breeding bird in Tokyo and only seen in spring and summer in small numbers. But it is a common resident at Haneda, though in some months (Aug.and September) it is much less in number while it increases in spring. It also breeds in Haneda from the middle of April to June.

Mr. Momiyama (1918) reported it rare in Kyobashi and Nihonbashi but it is not uncommon in Yanaka where it was bred.

It also probably breeds on Quelpart Island, south of Korea (Kuroda and Mori, •g Tori •h, Vol. II, no. 7, p. 87). 42. Emberiza fucata fucata (Pallas). Grey-headed Bunting. It is a winter visitor to Haneda. I hav collected it as follows: Table no. 73.

The bunting is a commomn bird around the vicinity of Tokyo though in small numbers and never appears in Tokyo itself.

Seebohm (1918) also writes: •g The Grey-headed Bunting is a common winter visitor to the plains near Yokohama, retiring to the mountains and to Yezzo to breed.•h

43. Emberiza cioides ciopsis Bonaparte. Bonaparte's Japanese Bunting. The bunting is probably a resident at Haneda, though it is less abundant in late summer (August and September). It seems probable that some examples remain to breed and the others are migrants which seem to make a short journey from its haunt. I obtained it at Haneda as follows: Table no. 74. 163

Table no. 74 (cont.).

It breeds there from April to June. I obtained young of the bird at Haneda in May (16. v, 1912) and June (4. vi. 1911). It sometimes visits Tokyo city. I saw an example in my garden in late spring (22. iv. 1912) and early summer (3. vi. 1923). Ma. Momiyama (1918) reported it from Kyobashi in two or three times. The bird is rather commonly seen around the suburb of the city in autumn. Mr. Ogawa (1902) saw the first arrival of the bird in the vicinity of Juniso near Shinjiku on the 12th of Septpmber, 1902.

44. Emberiza spodocephala personata Temminck. Temminck's Japrnese Bunting.

The bunting is a very common and regular autumn visitor to Tokyo and its vicinity. I have observed it at Akasaka, Tokoy and Haneda.

Table no. 75. 164

Table no. 75 (cont.).

At Akasaka this bird arrives between end of October and the early part of December, and remains usually to the end of April, and rarely till the beginning of May. At Haneda it has also nearly the same period of dates as shown from the above table. Mr. Ogawa (1901) mentioned that he saw a group of the bird at Hongo Tokyo, 2. xi. 1900 and he observed only 4-5 individuals in the next spring, 28. iii. 1901. Mr. Moyiyama (1918) also reported it from Kyobashi.

45. Emberiza rustica Pallas.

Rustic Bunting.

The bunting is essentially a winter visitor to Haneda. I have ob- tained 11 examples at the locality in the following dates:

Table no. 76. 165

It seems probable that the bunting reaches to Haneda from the early part in January to early in Fubruary and retires there in April. Seebohm (1890) noted some examples from the neighbourhood of Yokohama.

46. Embcriza schoeniclus pyrrhulinus Swinhoe.

Eastern Reed-Bunting.

The reed-bunting is a winter vistor to Haneda. I have obtained it there as follows:

Table no. 77.

It seems probale that the reed-bunting arrives at Haneda at the

middle of February and probably remains till the early part in April.

Seebohm (1890) mentioned it as follows: •gThe Reed-Bunting is said

to be only a summer vissitor to Yezzo, and to the mountains in the more southerly Japanese Islands, descending to the plains in winter.•h I also

agiee with Seebohm's statement. 166

VII. Literature cited.

Blakiston & Pryer: A Catalogue of the Birds of Japan. Ibis, 1878, pp- 209-250.

Blakiston & Pryer: Birds of Japan. Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, 1882, pp- 84-186. Enomoto,Y.: Migration and Habits of Swallows in Shikoku. •gTori •h

Vol. II, no. 8, 1919, p. 156, 157. (In Japanese.) Kanetsune, Y.: Notes on Chelidon rustica gutturalis and C. daurica nipalen-

Tori •h, Vol. II, no. 9, pp. 242, 243. (In Japanese.) sis. •g Kondo, T.: On some Birds at Hongo, Tokyo. •gTori•h, Vol. II, no. 7, p.

131, 1918. (In Japanese.) Kuroda, N.: Notes on Birds at the Duck-Decoy Pond, Haneda near

Tokyo. 1908. Author's edition. (In Japanese.)•\

,-.: A List of Birds in my Garden at Akasaka, Tokyo. Saiensu•h (Science), Vol. II, no. 2, 1912, pp. 233-239. (In Japanese.)•\•g

,-.: A Hand-List of the Birds of Haneda and Tsurumi. 1913. Author's edition.•\

,-.: On the Migration of some Ducks at the Duck-Decoy Pond, Haneda, •gTori•h, Vol. I, no. 1, 1915, pp. 7-11. (In Japanese.)•\

,-.: On the Breeding of Chelidon daurica, nipalensis. •gTori•h, Vol. II, no. 7, pp. 124-126, 1918, figs. 16 & 17. (In Japanese.)

.: On the Migration of some Waders •\,- at the Mouth of the Rokugo River. Published by the Ornithological Society of Japan, 1919.

(In Japanese.) Momiyama, T.: The Birds of Tokyo City. •gTori•h, Vol. II, no. 6, 1918,

pp. 54-58. (In Japanese.) Ogawa, M.: Notes on Birds [Tokyo]. •gDobutsugaku Zasshi•h, Vol. XII, 1900, pp. 409-410. (In Japanese.)•\

,-.: Notes on Birds [Tokyo]. •gDobutsugaku Zasshi•h, Vol. XIII, 1901, pp. 138-139. (In Japanese.)•\

,-.: Birds of Tokyo in September. •gDobutsugaku Zasshi•h, Vol. XIV, 1902, pp. 378-384. (In Japanese.)•\

,-.: A Hand-List of the Birds of Japan. Annot. Zool. Japou., 1908, pp. 337-413. Seebohm, H.: The Birds of the Japanese Empire. 1890.

Uchida, S. & Nibe, T.: On the Migration and Breeding Season of Birds. Published by the Tokyo Zoological Society, 1918. (In Japanese.)