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JICA's Approach of Climate Change and Adaptation

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JICA’s Approach of Climate Change and Adaptation Towards wise management of water and land We are twins in Asia What is JICA ? Japan International Cooperation Agency Official Development Assistance (ODA) Reform: New JICA start in Oct. 08 GrantGrant Aid Aid MOFA GrantGrant NewNew Technical bilateral Technical bilateral AssistanceAssistance JICAJICA assistanceassistance JICA October, ODAODA YenYen loansloans 2008 - JBIC multilateralmultilateral internationalinternational assistanceassistance organizationsorganizations Contents 1. Cool Earth 50 and Cool Earth Partnership 2. Adaptation strategy for Climate Change in Water Sector inside Japan 3. JICA’s Approach on Climate Change 4. JICA’s support to adaptation measures in highly vulnerable countries, regions, and areas ¾ Nepal: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) ¾ Tuvalu: Project Formulation in Climate Change ¾ Philippines: Water and land management ¾ Kenya: Community-based adaptation ¾ Capacity Development 1. Cool Earth 50 and Cool Earth Partnership 1.Cool Earth 50 and Cool Earth Partnership -Halving Global Emissions by 2050- MOFA 1.Cool Earth 50 and Cool Earth Partnership -Providing support on a scale of US$ 10 bill.- MOFA 1.Cool Earth 50 and Cool Earth Partnership -Supporting efforts to reduce emissions while achieving growth Up to US$ 2 billion Developing Transfer Japanese Up to US$ 8billion technology and Assistance for adaptation & countries Assistance for promote GHGs improved access to clean energy (according to mitigation policy dialogue) emission reductions at global level Grant aid Vulnerable (e.g.) Improving energy “Cool Earth countries efficiency of power ODA loan” Technical generation (US$4.5billion) Assistance Assistance through International Contribution international organizations (Note 1) Eligible countries organizations to ODA loan Adaptation, and improved Other public funds Projects Private sector activities access to clean energy. and funds To promote sustainable JBIC development Encourage private finance and promote NEXI (e.g.) technology transfer Forest conservation, (Note 1) Japan will also make efforts NEDO to create a new multilateral fund together disaster management, (Note 2) etc. rural electrification by solar Other funds with US and UK, and call on other donors to join it. and small hydro (Note 2) New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization 2. Adaptation Strategy in water sector for Climate Change in Japan 1. Present conditions Japan is vulnerable to climate change in Japan Kinki Region: Osaka Kanto Region: Tokyo A y S Ikebukuro a h s i e n Station n Ueno R a i k Station v a iver S e Kameido aki R u R Kanz Ka r n m da i Amagasaki Ri Station v vei d r e Shin-Osaka Station r Station Tokyo a Shinjuku Kinsicyo R Old Edo River Edo Old Station i Station Station v e r Ara River Shibuya Osaka Station Neya River Shibu Station ya Ri Yodo River M ver Osaka Castle e Hirano gu ro Tennouji Station River R Toneiv River er Elevation Elevation 3m – 4m 3m – 4m 1m – 3m 1m – 3m 0m – 1m 0m – 1m About 50% of population and about 75% of property -1m – 0m -1m – -1m – 0m -1m – on about 10% of land lower than water levels in rivers Water Area Water Area during flooding 2. Impacts of Climate change prediction models heavy rains 気候変動の予測を行うモデルResolution of climate change prediction modelsの解像度は年々進歩 has been improved year by year. ＩＰＣＣ１次報告書（１９９０）IPCC First Assessment Report (1990): Horizontal水平解像度 resolution 約of about500km 500 km ＩＰＣＣ２次報告書（１９９６）IPCC Second Assessment Report (1996): Horizontal resolution of about 250水平解像度 km 約250km IPCCＩＰＣＣ３次報告書（２００１） Third Assessment Report (2001): Horizontal水平解像度 resolution of 約 about180km 180 km ＩＰＣＣ４次報告書（２００７）IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007): Horizontal resolution of about 110水平解像度 km 約110km GCM20GCM20 and RCM20:、RCM20 Horizontal resolution of about 20 km ※メッシュの大きさを表現したもので、実際のメッシュ箇所とは関係ないMesh sizes are simply indicated regardless of actual mesh locations. 水平解像度 約20km Prediction model 河川局作成in this study 2. Impacts of Estimation of increased rainfall by region heavy rains Future rainfall amounts were projected as a median value in each region of Average rainfall in 2080-2099 period Average rainfall in 1979-1998 period ② The above equation was obtained based on the ① maximum daily precipitation in the year at each survey point identified in GCM20 (A1B scenario). ① Hokkaido 1.24 ④ ② Tohoku 1.22 ③ ③ Kanto 1.11 ⑧ ⑤ ④ Hokuriku 1.14 ⑥ ⑤ Chubu 1.06 ⑨ ⑥ Kinki 1.07 ⑦ ⑩ Legend Southern Kii ⑦ 1.13 ⑪ 1.20∼1.25 ⑧ San-in 1.11 1.15∼1.20 ⑨ Setouchi 1.10 1.10∼1.15 Southern 1.05∼1.10 ⑩ Shikoku 1.11 1.00∼1.05 ⑪ Kyushu 1.07 2. Impacts of Declining safety level against floods heavy rains Return period of flood is declining by increasing rainfall. 【Image of declining return period】 Maximum daily rainfall 1.2 return period × current future 1/100 current data projected data 1/ 50 RainfallRainfall probabilityprobability sheetssheets r rainfall 2. Impacts of Declining safety level against floods heavy rains Impact for flood safety level after 100 years 1/200 （CurrentTarge ）1/150（CurrentTarge ） 1/100（ CurrentTarge ） t t Region Future floodt safety level（annual exceedance probability） Flood safetylevel Number of Number of Number of 200 river system river system river system 175 Hokkaido － － 1/40～1/70 2 1/25～1/50 8 Tohoku － － 1/22～1/55 5 1/27～1/40 5 150 Kanto 1/90～1/120 3 1/60～1/75 2 1/50 1 125 Hokuriku － － 1/50～1/90 5 1/40～1/46 4 100 Cyubu 1/90～1/145 2 1/80～1/99 4 1/60～1/70 3 75 Kinki 1/120 1 － － － － 50 Southern Kii － － 1/57 1 1/30 1 25 Saninn － － 1/83 1 1/39～ 1/63 5 0 計 北 東 関 北 中 近 紀 山 瀬 四 九 Kinki Kanto Hokuriku Cyubu Hokkaido Tohoku Saninn Southern Kii Southern Setouchi Kyuusyuu Current Target Current Setouchi 1/100 1 1/82～1/86 3 1/44～ 1/65 3 画 海 北 東 陸 部 畿 伊 陰 戸 Shikoku 国Southern 州 Southern Shikoku － － 1/56 1 1/41～ 1/51 3 道 ③ ② ① 南 内 南 ① ③ Kyusyu － － 1/90～ 1/100 4 1/60～ 1/90 14 ② 部 ① 部 All Japan 1/90～1/145 7 1/22～ 1/100 28 1/25～ 1/90 47 ① Flood safetylevel Flood safetylevel 150 100 125 75 100 75 50 50 25 25 0 Kinki 0 Kanto 計 関 Cyubu 近 紀 瀬 四 九 北 東 Hokuriku 北 中 山 Saninn Shikoku Southern 計 関 近 紀 九 Hokkaido 北 東 北 中 山 瀬 四 Tohoku Southern Kii Southern Kyuusyuu Setouchi Current Target Current Kinki Kanto Cyubu Hokuriku Saninn Shikoku Southern Hokkaido Tohoku Southern Kii Southern Kyuusyuu Setouchi Current Target Current 画 海 北 東 陸 部 畿 伊 陰 戸 国 州 画 海 北 東 陸 部 畿 伊 陰 戸 国 州 道 ⑤ ② ⑤ ④ 南 ① 内 南 ④ 道 ⑤ ① ④ ③ 南 ⑤ 内 南 ⑭ ① ③ ② ⑧ 部 ⑤ ③ 部 ② ④ 部 ③ 部 ⑤ ① ③ ⑤ ③ ① ④ ⑧ ① ③ ① ③ ① ① ⑭ ⑤ ② ① ④ ※ Circled number is number of calculated river system 2. Impacts of Changes of peak flood runoff heavy rains Future rainfall: ×1.0 ∼1.5 Peak runoff : ×1.0 ∼1.7 計画降雨量の増加と基本高水のピーク流量の変化 Design Rainfall ×1.0 ×1.1 ×1.2 ×1.3 ×1.5 Ishikari石狩川 Riv. Design target Level Basin Area Peak Runoff of Design Flood (Hokkaido)(北海道） １／１５０ 12,697ｋｍ2 18,000 m3／s 20,500 23,000 25,600 30,700 北上川 Kitakami Riv. １／１５０ 7,070ｋｍ2 13,600 m3／s (Tohoku)（東北） 15,700 17,800 19,900 24,000 Tone利根川 Riv. About 21,000 m3／s １／２００ 5,114ｋｍ2 23,600 25,900 27,900 31,800 (Kanto)（関東） (Calculated by 1/200) 黒部川 Kurobe Riv. １／１００ ｋｍ2 7,200 m3／s (Hokuriku)（北陸） 667 8,100 8,900 9,700 11,300 Izumo雲出川 Riv. 2 3 (Cyubu)（中部） １／１００ 541ｋｍ 8,000 m ／s 9,000 9,900 10,900 12,800 紀の川 Kinokawa Riv. １／１５０ 2 3／ (Kinki)（近畿） 1,574ｋｍ 16,000 m s 17,600 19,700 21,600 25,400 Oota太田川 Riv. (Cyugoku)（中国） １／２００ 1,505ｋｍ2 12,000 m3／s 13,100 14,700 16,300 19,400 Naga那賀川 Riv. (Shikoku)（四国） １／１００ 765ｋｍ2 11,200 m3／s 12,800 14,500 16,100 19,300 Kase嘉瀬川 Riv. 2 3 (Kyusyu)（九州） １／１００ 225.5ｋｍ 3,400 m ／s 3,800 4,100 4,500 5,300 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 3. Impacts of More frequent and serious droughts droughts After 100 years, rainfall decrease in March - June Reduction of river flow in periods requiring most irrigation water, during surface soil puddling in paddy fields, may deteriorate water use for rice farming. Legend ≧ 1.4 1.2- 1.4 1.0 - 1.2 0.8- 1.0 < 0.8 Comparison between present Spring (March through June) conditions(1979 to 1998) and future rainfall(2080 to 2099) in Class A rivers Source: Water Resources in Japan 2007, Land and Water Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport More frequent and serious droughts 3. Impacts of Snow fall pattern will change droughts In the upper Tone River (i) earlier snow melt and (ii) reduction of -snow cover will decrease snowfall changes in river flow rate, and -reduction of river flow rate (iii) earlier surface soil puddling in paddy fields in early spring is expected to change annual water demand pattern, and to have serious impacts on water use. ChangeChange inin snowsnow covercover inin 100100 years (Fujiwara) (ii) Reduction of (i) Earlier discharge due to 300 years (Fujiwara) earlier snow melt 平均Average river flow rate 250 将来Future Reduction of river flow during 200 surface soil puddling in paddy 積 fields 雪 150 /sec) 深 3 Future Present現況 （cm ）100 将来 Snow cover cover (cm)Snow 50 River flow (m 0 (iii) Insufficient river flow for large amounts 10月1日Oct 11月1日Nov 12月1日Dec Jan 1月1日Feb 2月1日 3月1日Mar 4月1日Apr May 5月1日 1 of irrigation *Prepared by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport based on Regional Climatic Model (RCM) 20, a global warming January April Surface soil July October prediction model, developed by Japan Meteorological Agency.
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    PHYLOGENY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SUPERFAMILY COBITOIDEA (CYPRINOIDEI, Title CYPRINIFORMES) Author(s) SAWADA, Yukio Citation MEMOIRS OF THE FACULTY OF FISHERIES HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 28(2), 65-223 Issue Date 1982-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/21871 Type bulletin (article) File Information 28(2)_P65-223.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP PHYLOGENY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SUPERFAMILY COBITOIDEA (CYPRINOIDEI, CYPRINIFORMES) By Yukio SAWADA Laboratory of Marine Zoology, Faculty of Fisheries, Bokkaido University Contents page I. Introduction .......................................................... 65 II. Materials and Methods ............... • • . • . • . • • . • . 67 m. Acknowledgements...................................................... 70 IV. Methodology ....................................•....•.........•••.... 71 1. Systematic methodology . • • . • • . • • • . 71 1) The determinlttion of polarity in the morphocline . • . 72 2) The elimination of convergence and parallelism from phylogeny ........ 76 2. Zoogeographical methodology . 76 V. Comparative Osteology and Discussion 1. Cranium.............................................................. 78 2. Mandibular arch ...................................................... 101 3. Hyoid arch .......................................................... 108 4. Branchial apparatus ...................................•..••......••.. 113 5. Suspensorium.......................................................... 120 6. Pectoral
  • Watershed/Urban Regeneration in Accord with Nature （（自然共生型流域圏・都市の再生）自然共生型流域圏・都市の再生） 1

    Watershed/Urban Regeneration in Accord with Nature （（自然共生型流域圏・都市の再生）自然共生型流域圏・都市の再生） 1

    Watershed/Urban Regeneration 場所：大韓民國 建設交通部 國際會議室 in Accord with Nature 日時：２００２．５．１０ １４：００ （（自然共生型流域圏・都市再生）自然共生型流域圏・都市再生） 2002.5.10 場所：大韓民國 仁川大學校 Director, Environmental Department, 韓國水資源學會 學術發表會 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM), 日時：２００２．５．１１ １０：３０ Ministry of Land, infrastructure and Transportation(MLIT), Katsuhide YOSHIKAWA Dr.Eng. （（吉川勝秀）吉川勝秀） Ⅰ.The Relationship between Water, Rives, Nature and Man & Civilization （（水、川、自然と人、文明との係わり）水、川、自然と人、文明との係わり） 1.A Look at the Cites and Rivers Ⅰ 1. A Look at the Cites and 1)Japan Rivers 2)World 2.Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow （（都市と川を眺める）都市と川を眺める） Ⅱ.Watershed/Urban Regeneration in Accord with Nature （（自然共生型流域圏・都市の再生）自然共生型流域圏・都市の再生） 1. Adopted as a National R&D Initiative 2. Examples of Outcome Population (Thousand) 日本の人口急増 Tokyo; Sumida River（（隅田川）隅田川） in a certain era Rapid Japan Increase France England years • In the year 1900 The population as same as France and U.K. • In the year 2000 2 times more than France and England (around 1970 when water quality deteriorated) Land subsidence →Flood barrier for high tide （（地盤沈下地盤沈下 Scenery of present Sumida River in Tokyo →高潮堤防） （（隅田川の現況）隅田川の現況） -Urban Renewal and Super-Levee & River Walk Construction- Tokyo; Nihon-bashi River（（日本橋川）日本橋川） -symbolic river of Tokyo in 400 years/ discussion of digging highway- Tents of the open air life people in the river walkway （（リバー・ウォークの野リバー・ウォークの野 外生活者のテント） Highway of the riverside （（河畔の高速道路）河畔の高速道路） 1956 before the Tokyo Olympic （（オリンピック前の橋）オリンピック前の橋） Even with the Nihon-bashi River.….