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International Journal of Current Advan Urnal of Current Advanced Research International Journal of Current Advanced Research ISSN: O: 2319-6475, ISSN: P: 2319-6505, Impact Factor: 6.614 Available Online at www.journalijcar.org Volume 8; Issue 11 (C); November 2019; Page No.20482-20487 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijcar.2019.20487.4004 Research Article ECOLOGY OF PLATYGASTER DIPLOSISAE (HYMENOPTERA: PLATYGASTERIDAE) AND APROSTOCETUS PROCERAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), PARASITOIDS OF ORSEOLIA ORYZIVORA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) Delphine Ouattara1, Souleymane Nacro2, Kossi Latévi1 and Adama Coulibaly1 1Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Station de Recherche de Farako-Bâ, BP 910 Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso 2Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Centre Régional de Formation et de Recherches Environnementales et Agricoles de Kamboinsé, 04 BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Platygaster diplosisae and Aprostocetus proceraeare two parasitoids associated with the Received 12th August, 2019 rice gall midge Orseolia oryzivora rice. The population of both parasitoids was monitored Received in revised form 23rd in three irrigated rice schemes including Banzon, Karfiguéla and Vallée du Kou, Western September, 2019 Burkina Faso during two consecutive wet cropping seasons 2017 and 2018 and two Accepted 7th September, 2019 consecutive dry cropping seasons 2018 and 2019. The objective of this study was to Published online 28th November, 2019 investigate the ecology of the two parasitoids in the perspective of the development of a biological control strategy. In each irrigated rice scheme, four plots of 500 m² each, spread 50 m apart were randomly selected in farmers’ fields and used for the study. In each plot, a Key words: light trap was implemented along one of the diagonals of the plot. Each light trap consisted Platygaster diplosisae, Aprostocetus procerae, of a yellow plastic round bowl containing soapy water almost at half the bowl and a torch. Paspalum scrobiculatum, Oryza The bowl had a capacity of 4.5 l, a diameter of 28 cm and a height of 10.5 cm. The torch longistaminata, Orseolia bonzii. had 3 batteries of 1.5 V each, 30 cm long and 1 cm diameter. The torches were lit every night at 6 pm and off at 6 amplots and collection was weekly. One hundredrice tillers were randomly removed along the two diagonals of each sampled plot and brought back to the laboratory. The tillers were dissected and the pre-immature populations of O. oryzivora and its associated parasitoids were recorded. Four hundred tillers were randomly removed per month from each of the alternative hosts of O.oryzivora in order to evaluate the monthly gall count, pre-imaginal populations and parasitism associated with O. oryzivora and its cousin, O. bonzii that is hosted by Paspalum scrobiculatum. The results showed that the two parasitoids associated with O. oryziovora can reduce the attacks of the midge by 42% (pupal parasitism) and 30% (larval parasitism) on cultivated rice. By providing hosts for the two parasitoids, Paspalum scrobiculatum and Oryza longistaminata ensured their survival in the absence of cultivated rice. Copyright©2019 Delphine Ouattara et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION The question is how do parasitoids survive between two rainy seasons? Studies conducted in Nigeria and Burkina Faso Two hymenopteran parasitoids are associated with the African reported the presence in the rice environment of alternative rice gall midge (AfRGM), Orseolia oryzivora. These include plants of the genus Oryza that are hots for the AfRGM. So, Platygaster diplosisae Risbec (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) a these plants also harbor the parasitoids of the pest (Williams et gregarious egg and larval parasitoid and Aprotocetus procerae al., 1999, Ba, 2003). Some studies reported the presence of a (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) a solitary parasitoid of the pupa. species of midge, Orseolia bonzii different from O. oryzivora The two parasitoids may account for 70% of the midge and of which Paspalum scrobiculatum, a wild grass is the host. mortality during the wet season (Dakouo et al., 1988, Nacro Orseolia bonzii does not attack cultivated rice but is host for P. et al., 1995). Unfortunately, such a level of parasitism occurs diplosisae and A. procerae (Harris et al., 1999, Ba 2003, Ba et too late to prevent damage from the pest; but that parasitism is al., 2007). The midge of P.scrobiculatum could thus ensure the almost absent during the dry season (Nacro et al., 1995). survival of the parasitoids associated with the AfRGM in inter- season and increase their action against the pest. Such *Corresponding author: Delphine Ouattara information could lead to an integrated pest management Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), strategy involving the management of rice ratoons and wild Station de Recherche de Farako-Bâ, BP 910 Bobo Dioulasso Burkina hosts. Faso International Journal of Current Advanced Research Vol 8, Issue 11(C), pp 20482-20487, November 2019 The present study aims at exploring the ecology of the two Each light trap consisted of a round plastic bowl of parasitoids associated with the AfRGM in the context of yellow color (capacity: 4.5 l, diameter: 28 cm and Burkina Faso. height: 10.5 cm) containing soapy water almost at half the bowl. The bowl was placed on a wooden support at MATERIAL AND METHODS 1 m from the ground, a torch of 3 1.5 V batteries was Material suspended on the bowl. The torches were lit every evening (at dusk). Each morning, the content of each Study site cuvette was removed, sieved and stored in empty bottles Our study was conducted in Western Burkina Faso in the (250 ml) containing alcohol diluted to 70 °. South Sudanese climatic zone. This zone is the most watered Plant material one of the country with an annual rainfall ranging from 900 mm to 1,200 mm. The vegetation is characterized by the Paspalum scrobiculatum Linnaeus: it is a perennial wild presence of woodland savanna, clear forests and gallery forests grass with broad stems bushy from 15 to 100 cm high. along the perennial rivers and valleys with permanent humidity Its inflorescence is a terminal pani-cle carrying (Thiombiano and Kampmann, 2010).The study sites are spikelets. It is found in rice-growing areas on separation irrigated schemes, with two cropping seasons per year, the first bunds or fallow fields. one (dry season) starting in January and ending in May and the Rice ratoons are encountered on rice fields after rice second cropping season (wet season) running from July to harvest of the wet cropping season and at the end of the November. dry season in April. Oryza longistaminata is present in rice ecosystems in The Banzon rice scheme is located in the Hauts-Bassins various habitats (canals, irrigation, bunds and lowlands). region, 65 km from Bobo-Dioulasso between parallels It is a perennial plant that grows thanks to its rhizomes. 4° 30' and 5 ° 30' West longitude and 10° 10' and 12° The plant has a spongy stem up to two meters high. Its 05' latitude North. This scheme includes a total area of inflorescence is an erect panicle with barbed spikelets. 454 ha that are farmed by 632 farmers (Fig. 1). The Oryza sativa: it was used in all 3 rice schemes and the relative humidity varies between 58 and 66.46%. varieties used in-cluded FKR 58N, FKR 60N, FKR 62N Temperatures range from 28.5 to 30.35° C while the and TS2. average annual rainfall is 966.6 mm. Karfiguéla is located at 10°70’ North latitude and 4°8’ Animal material West longitude, 10 km North-West of Banfora in the The biological material included the two parasitoids P. Cascades region, 95 km South of Bobo-Dioulasso, the diplosisae and A. procerae. second largest city of Burkina Faso. About 400 farmers share this irrigated rice scheme of 332 ha. The area is Platygaster diplosisae (Risbec, 1956) is a parasitoid of the egg under cul-tivation since 1977. Irrigation is done from and the larva of O. oryzivora. It belongs to the family the Cascades of the Comoé River. The wet season is Platygasteridae. The black adult, is about 1.17 mm tall. Its characterized by a relatively high monthly rain-fall wings are russet and quite long. Males and females are the between May and September ranging from 957 mm to same size; but males are distinguished from females by the 1226.0 mm. The humidity levels are between 14% and presence of longer hairs on antennas (Hidaka et al., 1988). 88%. Maximum temperatures range from 28.5 to 30.35 -Aprostocetus procerae Risbec is a pupla parasitoid of O. ° C while minimum temperatures range from 20.1°C to oryzivora. It belongs to the super family of Chalcidoidea and 24.8°C. the family of Eulophidae. The adult female measures 2.4 mm. The rice-growing area of the Kou Valley is located 25 It has a black-blue color with testaceous red spots, russet km North-West of Bobo-Dioulasso in the Hauts-Bassins wings and quite long. Males are smaller in size and measure region between the parallels 10° 20' North and 4° 20' 0.8 to 1.4 mm. West longitude. With a total area of 1,260 ha, the Vallée du Kou with total water control is part of a vast plain of METHODS 9,700 ha of which 2,300 ha are under cultivation. This Sampling methods scheme is currently operated by 1,300 farmers (Fig. 1). The relative humidity varies between 56 and 75.3%. Sampling was done monthly to monitor the ecology of the two Temperatures range from 26 to 28.5 ° C.
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