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Roman Empire THE STUDENTS ROMA , Dhananjayarao Gadgil Libl ------1': 11111111111111111111111111111111111111 ,j GIPE-PUNE:00163 A HISTOhx ROMAN EMPIRE FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO THE DEATH OF MARCUS AURELIUS. (27 B.C.-ISO A.D.} By J. B. BURY, M.A., PROPBSSOB OJ' IlODBBN HJSTORY, TRINITY COLLEGE. DUBLIN. SEOOND EDITION, REVISED. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1896. LONDON: PRINTED BY WJLLlAIl CLOWES AND SONS; t.UIITED, BTAKFOBD STREET AND CIIAlUNG CROss.. PREFACE. IQI IT is well known that for the period of Roman history, which is of all its periods perhaps the most important-the first two centuries of the Empire-there exists no English handbook suitable for use in Universities and Schools. The consequence of this want in our educational course is that the knowledge of Roman history possessed by students, who are otherwise men of considerable attainments in classical literature, comes to a sudden end at the Battle of Actium. At least, their systematic knowledge ends there; of the subsequent history they know only isolated facts gathered at haphazard from Horace, J uvenal and Tacitus.. This much-felt need will, it is hoped, be met by the present volume, which bridges the gap between the Student's ROlne and the Student's Gibbon. This work has been written directly from the original sources. But it is almost unnecessary t(} say that the author is under deep obligations to many modern guides. He is indebted above all to Mommsen's Romiscl.es Staats­ recht, and to the fifth volume of the same historian's ROlniscl.e GescMchte. He must also acknowledge the constant aid which he has aerived from Merivale's History of tl.e Romans under the Empire, Schiller's Gescltichte der rQmiscl.en Kaiserzeit, and Herzog's Gescltichte und System der romiscl.en Staatsverfassung. Dnruy's History of Rome has been occasionally useful. The lesser and more special books which" have been consulted with adv:antage are too numerous to mention. Gardthausen's (~s yet incomplete) work on AuguBtus, Lehmann's monograph on Claudius iv PREFACE. (with invaluable genealogical tables),. Schiller's large monograph on Nero, De la Berge and Dierauer on Trajan, Diirr on the journeys of Hadrian, Lacour-Gayet on Antoninus Pius,: Hirschfeld's Untersuchungen auj dem Gebiete der riimischen Verwaltung8geschicl~te are the most important. The assistance derived from XenopoI's paper on Trajan's Dacian wars in the Revue historique (xxxi., 1886) must be specially acknowledged. Of editions, the ]}[onumentum Anc'!Jranum by Mommsen, the Annals of Tacitus by Mr. Furneaux, the Correspondence qf Pliny and Trajan and Plutarch's Lives oj Galba and Otlto by Mr. Hardy, the Satires qf Juvenal by Mr Mayor, the Epigrams oj Martial by Friedlander, have been most helpful. The author has also had the advantage of the learning of -Mr. L. C. Purser, whose great kindness in reading the proof-sheets with minute care cannot be sufficiently acknowledged. It is hoped that the ooncluding chapter on Roman Life and J[anners will be found useful. It is compiled from the materials furnished in Friedlander's Sittenge8cl~icltte, various articles in the new edition of Sir W. Smith's lJic­ tionary oj Greek and Roman Antiquities, and Mayor's Juvenal. It has been thought advisable to make copious quotations from, and references to, Horace, Juvenal, and Martial a special feature of this chapter, in order to bring the study of those authors more innnediately in touch with the period to which they belong. The constitutional theory and history of the Principate hav~ been investigated with such striking results in recent years by the elaborate researches of Mommsen and his school in Germany, that the author felt himself called upon to treat this side of imperial history as f!llly as the compass of a handbook seemed to admit. It is a subjeot whioh cannot be otherwise than difficult; but in order to read the history of the Empire intelligently, it is indispen­ sable to master at the outset the constitutional principles, to which Chapters II. and III. are devoted. TABLE OF CONTENTS. lei CRAP. PAQB 31-27 B.O. I. FROM TUE BATTLE OF AClTlUM TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE PRINOIPATE 1 27 B.o.-14 A.D. II. THE PRINCIPATE. 12 27 B.0.-180 A.D. III. THE JOINT GOVERNMENT OF TUB PRINCEPS AND SENATE • 27 27 D.c.-14 A.D. IV. THE FAMILY OF AUGUSTUS AND HIS PLANS TO FOUND A DYNASTY • 45 27 B.o.-14 A.D. V. ADMINISTRATION OF AUGUSTUS IN ROME AND ITALY. ORGANISATION OF THE Aalaiy 59 27 B.o.-14 A.D. VI. PROVINOIAL ADMINISTRATION UNDER AUGUSTUS. THE WEdTERN PROVINOES 74 27 B.c.-14 A.D. VII. PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION (colltinued). THE EASTBRN. PROVINCES AND EGYPT 102 27 B.c.-4 A.D. VIIL ROME AND P ARTHIA 25-22 B.C. EXPEDITIONS TO ARABIA ANI 117 ETHIOPIA 12 B.o.-H A.D. IX. TUE WINNING AND LOSING OF GERMANY. DEATH OF AUGUSTUS 124 27 B.c.-14 A.D. X. ROME UNDER AUGUSTUS. HIS BUILD- INGS 141 41 B.o.-14 A.D. XI. LITERATURE OF TUE AUGUSTAN AGE 149 14-37 A.D.· XII. THE PRlNOIPATE OF TIBERIUS 164 14-37 A.D. XIII. THE PBINOIPATE OF TIBERIUS (con- tinued) 188 37-41 A.D. XIV. TUB PRINCIPATE OF GAlUS (CALIGULA). 2H 41-54 A.D. XV. THE PRINCIPATE OF CLAUDIUS 230 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. CIL\l'. PAG:& 43-61 A.D. XVI. THE CONQUEST OF BRITAIN 258 54-68 A.D. XVII. THE PBINCIPATE OF NElI8. 273 41--66 A.D. XVIII. THE W ABS FOR Al1MENIA, UNDER CLAUDIUS AND NERO. 305 68-69 A.D. XIX. THE PBINCIPATE OF GALEA, AND THE Y EAB OF THE FOUR EMPERORS 324 69-70 A.D. XX. REBELLIONS IN GERMANY AND JUDEA 351 XXI. THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS,] 69-79 A.D. VESPASIAN, • 374 79-81 A.D. TITUS, 81-96 A.D. AND DOMITIAN 69-96 A.D. XXII. BRITAIN AND GERMANY UNDER THE} FLAVIANS 397 85-89 A.D.- DACIAN WAR 96-98 A.D. XXIII. NERVA } 98-117 A.D. AND TRAJAN 412 101-106 A.D. THE CONQUEST OF DACIA 98-117 A.D. XXIV. TRMAN'S PRINCIPATE (coIlU"tled). ADMINISTRATION AND EASTERN CONQUESTS 433 37-117 A.D. XXV. LITERATURE FROM THE DEATH OF TIBERIUS TO TRMAN. 457 117-138 A.D. XXVI. THE PBINCIPATE OF HADRIAN 489 138-161 A.D. XXVII. THE PRINCIPATE OF ANTONINUS Pros 522 161-180A.V. XXVIII. THE PBINCIPATE OF MARCUS AURELIUS. 533 138-180 A.D. XXIX. LITERATURE UNDER HADRIAN AND THB ANTONINES. 551 27 B.c.-180 .1..1>. XXX. To ROMAN WORLD UNDER THE EUPIRE. POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION AND ART 562 27 B.c.-180 A.D. XXXI. ROMAN LIFE AND MANNERS • 591 INnEs, • 627 LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS. Map of the Western Provincea of the Roman Empire to lace page 88 II "' Eastern n "',. " "" lOS Plan of Rome. • . .• . page 1 H PI aD of the Battle of Loeus Castorum.. to lace page 835 Map to iIIuBtmte the DaciaD campaigns of Trojau .. 422 Map of the RomaD Wall, with the principal stations page 502 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAG-I: Augustus {from the bust in the British Museum) . 1 Temple of Mars Ultor (89 it appears at the preaent day) 11 Augustus croWDed (from the Vienna eameo). • . 12 Agrippa . • . • . • . • 26 Head of Livia (found at Pompeii, now in the Museum at Naples) 27 Ooin of AUgustu8 • . • . H Livia, w88ling the Palla 45 Julia. 45 Ooin: Marcellus. 55 .AJoch of Augnstns at Rimini • 59 Ooin of Gaius and Lucius C_ 78 Arob of Augustus at Aosta. • 74 Ooin: Altar of Rome and Augustus at Lugndunum • 101 Triumph of Tiberiua (from the Sainte Chapelle cruDOO). • 102 Trophies of Augustus. • • . • • . 116 Ooius oommemOl1lUng recovery of standards from the Parthians. 117 Ooin of Augnstua ana ArtavaSdes. • . • . 123 So-called Arch of Drusus 124 (loin of Drusus • . 140 Ancient Rome (Restoration) .' HI Head of Mmoen88 • . US Tomb of Virgil. 149 Digentia, Horace's Sabine farm 168 Head of Tiberiua • 164 View of Brunduaium. • • . • 187 Parthian WarriOI'll, from Trojan's Oolumn . • 188 Agrippina, so-called: wife of Germanicus (from statue in the Capitol) . • • • . • • • • 218 Cameo: Gains and Drusilla (from the cameo in the Biblioth~ue N ationale, Paris). • 214 Antonia 'from the Louvre) • 229 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Claudius (from the statue in the Vatican) . P230 Bust of Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus (from the bust in the Capitol) • . • 257 Messalina (from the bust in the Capitol) 258 Apotheosis of Germanicns . • • . 272 Nero (from the bust in the British Museum, bronght from Athens). .. 273 Coin of Popprea. .. 302 Aquec!uct of Nemausus . •. 304 Coin struck by Nero to commemorate snccesses of Corbul0305 Coin of Arsaces 323 Coin: Galba . • . 324 Otho (from the bnst in the British Museum) 330 Vitellius (from a bust in Vienna). 349 Arch of Titus . 351 Coin: Jndrea Capta 373 Colosseum. 374 Titus (from the British Museum) . 382 Domitian (from the statue at Munich) . 384 Vespasian (from the Museum at Naples) 397 Roman Arch at Lincoln . 411 Nerva (from the Vatican) . 412 Trajan's Column. 431 Figures from Trajan's Column . • . 432 Trajan (from the bust in the British Museum). 433 Relief from Trajan's Column . 449 Trajan gives a king to the Partbians . 455 Adventus Coin of Hadrian. .. 456 Nero Citharoodus (from the statue in the Capitol).. 457 Seneca (so called) (from a bust in the museum at Naples) 488 Hadrian (from a bust in the British ;Museum) . 489 Sabins.- . .. 521 Antoninus Pius (from a bust in the British Museum) 522 COfI8eCTatio of Antoninus and Faustina . 532 l\Iarcus Aurelius (from the Louvre) .
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