Spine width 24.5mm Edited by Edited by

T. T. Moreno, S. Wallis, T. Kojima & W. Gibbons The Geology of Japan Moreno, S. Wallis, T.

Edited by T. Moreno, S. Wallis, T. Kojima & W. Gibbons Kojima

It has been 25 years since publication of the most recent English language summary of the geology of Japan. This book offers an up-to- & W. date comprehensive guide for those interested both in the geology of Gibbons The Geology of Japan the Japanese islands and geological processes of island arcs in general. It contains contributions from over 70 different eminent researchers in their fields and is divided into 12 main chapters: Geological Evolution of Japan: an Overview ; • The • Regional Tectonostratigraphy (consisting of seven separate sections giving full coverage both to the different geographic regions and

different geological ages); Geology of Japan • Ophiolites and Ultramafic Units ; • Granitic Rocks; • Miocene–Holocene Volcanism; • Neogene–Quaternary Sedimentary Successions; • Deep Seismic Structure; • Crustal Earthquakes; • Coastal Geology and Oceanography; • Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources; • Engineering Geology; • Field Geotraverse, Geoparks and Geomuseums (with information on travelling by public transport to see some of the great geological sites of Japan).

Each chapter includes the unique contribution of an extensive aid to the written forms of geology-related names in Japanese.

Front cover: Red Fuji, also known as south wind, clear sky, from the 36 views of Mt Fuji by Hokusai (1760–1849). Image courtesy of S. Wallis.

The Published by The Geological Society Geological Society of London

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Chief Editor Rick Law (USA)

Society Books Editors Jim Griffiths (UK) Dave Hodgson (UK) Phil Leat (UK) Nick Richardson (UK) Daniela Schmidt (UK) Randell Stephenson (UK) Rob Strachan (UK) Mark Whiteman (UK)

Society Books Advisors Ghulam Bhat (India) Marie-Francoise Brunet (France) Martin Hand (Australia) Jasper Knight (South Africa) Mario Parise (Italy) Satish-Kumar (Japan) Marco Vecoli (Saudi Arabia) Gonzalo Veiga (Argentina)

Geological Society books refereeing procedures

The Society makes every effort to ensure that the scientific and production quality of its books matches that of its journals. Since 1997, all book proposals have been refereed by specialist reviewers as well as by the Society’s Books Editorial Committee. If the referees identify weaknesses in the proposal, these must be addressed before the proposal is accepted. Once the book is accepted, the Society Book Editors ensure that the volume editors follow strict guidelines on refereeing and quality control. We insist that individual papers can only be accepted after satisfactory review by two independent referees. The questions on the review forms are similar to those for Journal of the Geological Society. The referees’ forms and comments must be available to the Society’s Book Editors on request. Although many of the books result from meetings, the editors are expected to commission papers that were not presented at the meeting to ensure that the book provides a balanced coverage of the subject. Being accepted for presentation at the meeting does not guarantee inclusion in the book. More information about submitting a proposal and producing a book for the Society can be found on its website: www.geolsoc.org.uk.

It is recommended that reference to all or part of this book should be made in one of the following ways:

Moreno, T., Wallis, S., Kojima, T. & Gibbons, W. (eds) 2016. The Geology of Japan. Geological Society, London.

Saito, Y., Ikehara, K. & Tamura, T. 2016. Coastal geology and oceanography. In: Moreno, T., Wallis, S., Kojima, T. & Gibbons, W. (eds) The Geology of Japan. Geological Society, London, 413–434.

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EDITED BY TERESA MORENO Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain SIMON WALLIS Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan TOMOKO KOJIMA Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Japan and WES GIBBONS WPS, 08870 Sitges, Barcelona, Spain

2016 Published by The Geological Society London

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The Geological Society of London (GSL) was founded in 1807. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe. It was incorporated under Royal Charter in 1825 and is Registered Charity 210161. The Society is the UK national learned and professional society for geology with a worldwide Fellowship (FGS) of over 10 000. The Society has the power to confer Chartered status on suitably qualified Fellows, and about 2000 of the Fellowship carry the title (CGeol). Chartered Geologists may also obtain the equivalent European title, European Geologist (EurGeol). One-fifth of the Society’s fellowship resides outside the UK. To find out more about the Society, log on to www.geolsoc.org.uk. The Geological Society Publishing House (Bath, UK) produces the Society’s international journals and books, and acts as European distributor for selected publications of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), the Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA), the Geological Society of America (GSA), the Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) and the Geologists’ Association (GA). Joint marketing agreements ensure that GSL Fellows may purchase these societies’ publications at a discount. The Society’s online bookshop (accessible from www.geolsoc.org.uk) offers secure book purchasing with your credit or debit card. To find out about joining the Society and benefiting from substantial discounts on publications of GSL and other societies worldwide, consult www. geolsoc.org.uk, or contact the Fellowship Department at: The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG: Tel. þ44 (0)20 7434 9944; Fax þ44 (0)20 7439 8975; E-mail: [email protected]. For information about the Society’s meetings, consult Events on www.geolsoc.org.uk. To find out more about the Society’s Corporate Affiliates Scheme, write to [email protected].

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The publishers make no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. # The Geological Society of London 2016. No reproduction, copy or transmission of all or part of this publication may be made without the prior written permission of the publisher. In the UK, users may clear copying permissions and make payment to The Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS UK, and in the USA to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Other countries may have a local reproduction rights agency for such payments. Full information on the Society’s permissions policy can be found at: www. geolsoc.org.uk/permissions

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Preface vii

Contributors ix Foreword xiii

1. Geological evolution of Japan: an overview A. Taira, Y. Ohara, S. R. Wallis, A. Ishiwatari & Y. Iryu 1

2. Regional tectonostratigraphy

2a. Palaeozoic basement and associated cover M. Ehiro, T. Tsujimori, K. Tsukada & M. Nuramkhaan 25

2b. Pre-Cretaceous accretionary complexes S. Kojima, Y. Hayasaka, Y. Hiroi, A. Matsuoka, H. Sano, Y. Sugamori, 61 N. Suzuki, S. Takemura, T. Tsujimori & T. Uchino

2c. Paired metamorphic belts of SW Japan: the geology of the Sanbagawa and Ryoke metamorphic belts and 101

the Median Tectonic Line S. R. Wallis & T. Okudaira

2d. Cretaceous–Neogene accretionary units: Shimanto Belt G. Kimura, Y. Hashimoto, A. Yamaguchi, 125

Y. Kitamura & K. Ujiie

2e. The Kyushu–Ryukyu Arc K. Miyazaki, M. Ozaki, M. Saito & S. Toshimitsu 139

2f. Izu–Bonin Arc Y. Tatsumi, Y. Tamura, A. R. L. Nichols, O. Ishizuka, N. Takahashi & K. Tani 175

2g. Hokkaido H. Ueda 201

3. Ophiolites and ultramafic rocks A. Ishiwatari, K. Ozawa, S. Arai, S. Ishimaru, N. Abe & M. Takeuchi 223

4. Granitic rocks T. Nakajima, M. Takahashi, T. Imaoka & T. Shimura 251

5. Miocene–Holocene volcanism S. Nakada, T. Yamamoto & F. Maeno 273

6. Neogene–Quaternary sedimentary successions M. Ito, K. Kameo, Y. Satoguchi, F. Masuda, Y. Hiroki, 309

O. Takano, T. Nakajima & N. Suzuki

7. Deep seismic structure A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima & D. Zhao 339

8. Crustal earthquakes S. Toda 371

9. Coastal geology and oceanography Y. Saito, K. Ikehara & T. Tamura 409

10. Mineral and hydrocarbon resources Y. Watanabe, T. Takagi, N. Kaneko & Y. Suzuki 431

11. Engineering geology M. Chigira, Y. Kanaori, Y. Wakizaka, H. Yoshida & Y. Miyata 457

12. Field geotraverse, geoparks and geomuseums W. Gibbons, T. Moreno & T. Kojima 485

Index 509

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The idea of editing a third ‘Geology of’ book developed during an authors on the telephone when my emails became too persistent extended stay in Japan in 2011, financial support for which was gen- to be effective. Tomoko Kojima produced, to my knowledge for erously provided by the Generalitat de Catalunya and by the Japan the first time, the lists of Kanji and Hiragana symbols for geological Society for the Promotion of Science (Project No. S-11019). Wes names. Finding agreement on the naming of geological units, Gibbons and I visited first in the spring and again in the autumn, always controversial in any country, has eluded us at times and working with our colleague Tomoko Kojima at Kumamoto Univer- we have been forced to take a ‘state-of-the-art’ approach that sity on the physicochemical characterization of atmospheric aero- reflects the ongoing situation in the research community. Finally, sols arriving in Japanese airspace from mainland Asia. It became I wish to thank my husband Wes Gibbons for his support and the apparent to us that this time the editorial team would be greatly hours he has put in, applying his by-now considerable experience enhanced by adding geological editors living locally in Japan, of improving English text written by authors writing in what is fluent in Japanese and with a good understanding of the local for them a foreign language. It was he, back in 2011, who first Geoscience community. Simon Wallis and Tomoko Kojima suggested the interesting challenge of organizing a Geology of kindly agreed to join the project, consent was reached with the Geo- Japan book and convinced me that ‘yes we can’ or, as we said in logical Society of London and letters sent to potential senior authors atrocious English here in Spain during the 2010 Football World in late 2011. As is usually the case with major book projects, pro- Cup, ‘impossible is nothing’. gress was slower than initially planned: our senior authors are all research-active and most have additional heavy commitments to Teresa Moreno teaching and administration. Furthermore, as anyone who has ever tried it will know, writing book chapters in one’s ‘spare Barcelona, May 2015 time’ and in a foreign language is never easy. Two chapters (Earth- quakes and Hokkaido) threatened delays that were becoming term- inal and needed drastic action. In the case of Earthquakes, we are The contents of the Geology of Japan reflect the considerable forever indebted to Professor Hiroyuki Tsutsumi of Kyoto Univer- advances in our understanding in Earth Sciences of the Japanese sity for suggesting Professor Shinji Toda at Tohoku University who islands and surrounding seafloor that have been made over the saved the day. We are similarly grateful to Professor Hayato Ueda last 20 years. This is not the first book to review the geology of of Niigata University who joined us at a very late stage in order to Japan; however, our new book has a wider scope covering not produce the Hokkaido chapter. Another special contribution to the only regional geology but also many related topics such as earth- project was made by Professor Yoshiki Saito (senior author of quakes, resource geology and engineering geology. We hope this Chapter 9) who proposed that the book would benefit by the will serve as an entry point for those wishing to study the addition of a chapter on Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary suc- geology of Japan more closely and those who are looking for a cessions, and in this context we greatly appreciate the efforts of Pro- reliable and up-to-date summary. fessor Makoto Ito of Chiba University who agreed at a relatively In preparing the text for this book, one of the problems we faced late stage to join our list of senior authors. is the lack of a clear consensus on how to transcribe Japanese using Arriving in Osaka Kansai airport just two days after the terrible the Roman alphabet. One particular issue is representing the length earthquake and tsunami on the 11 March 2011 was a heart-breaking of vowels: long vowels may be indicated by use of overbars known and horrifying reminder of the relevance of geology to the people of as macrons, additional vowels or inserting the letter ‘h’. In other Japan. The whole country was in shock and mourning, made worse cases, no distinction is made and the correct pronunciation requires by subsequent events at Fukushima, but the deep sense of social additional information such as knowledge of the characters used to solidarity in the struggle to overcome natural disaster was also write the name. Here, we employ a simple system that does not very obvious. Japanese society has always had to live with unu- clutter the text with bars, extra vowels or extraneous h letters that sually frequent extreme events resulting from living on the most would, in any case, be an incomplete solution. A second related complex and active plate boundary system on Earth. This propen- problem is that the pronunciation of the phonetic symbol ‘ん’ sity is further exacerbated by the effects on young mountainous may be closer to the English ‘n’ or ‘m’ depending on the word. and volcanic landforms of a climate prone to typhoons and heavy Some try to reflect this by changing the romanization accordingly. thunderstorms. It is this same tectonic setting and geomorphology, In the face of strong but contradictory opinions from several contri- of course, that makes Japan one of the most interesting places in the buting authors, we soon relinquished the idea of standardizing the world for a geologist to visit, and I hope that the final chapter in this representation of ‘ん’. As a result of this and other similar issues, book will encourage many readers to see it for themselves: the the same geological term may be spelt slightly differently in differ- country is truly amazing. ent chapters. We hope that, with a little forbearance, this should not On behalf of the editorial team, I wish to express my deep thanks be too irritating or cause too much confusion. Japanese phonetic to all contributors and reviewers and for the enormous collective syllabary is unambiguous and, as an aid to overcoming these pro- effort they have made. Once again Angharad Hills at the Geological blems, we have included an extensive list of geological and geo- Society of London has from the beginning been consistently graphical names with the corresponding Japanese script. If helpful, encouraging and supportive, and thanks are also due to necessary, we hope that visitors will take the opportunity to ask Helen Floyd-Walker, and Rick Law, our Series Editor. I would Japanese speakers the correct pronunciation or even try their hand also like thank my ‘task force’ team in Japan, Simon Wallis and at mastering some first steps in written Japanese. Tomoko Kojima, who have indeed more than proved themselves I am grateful to all the authors and reviewers who have contrib- essential to the success of the project, frequently encouraging uted to this book. The reward to all these workers is to see the results

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before others and the satisfaction of knowing they have made a humour to keep things moving in the right direction. Tomoko has lasting contribution to the geological studies of Japan. I have also provided much-needed logistical support and compiled informa- received considerable support and encouragement for this project tion on Japanese geological terms, museums, etc. that help to make from the Geological Society of Japan and in particular the former this book a unique contribution. It has been a long journey – longer and present Presidents, Akira Ishiwatari and Yasufumi Iryu. I am than we expected! The good companionship of my fellow editors also pleased to acknowledge my co-editors, Teresa, Wes and helped to make it a pleasure, but it is also good to reach the Tomoko. Teresa and Wes had the foresight to recognize the need destination. for an up-to-date English language overview of the geology of Simon Wallis Japan. Teresa has maintained a firm but diplomatic hand on the edi- torial rudder, while Wes has provided both wisdom and good Nagoya, May 2015

The editors gratefully acknowledge the work of the referees who gave so much of their time to reviewing the initial manuscripts (listed below in alphabetical order):

Bernard BONIN Universite de Paris-Sud, France Peter BURGESS Royal Holloway, University of London, UK Timothy BYRNE University of Connecticut, USA Moonsup CHO Seoul National University, Korea Anthony EDWARD Centre de Recherche et d’Enseignement de Ge´osciences, France John C EICHELBERGER University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA Masaki ENAMI Nagoya University, Japan Bogdan ENESCU University of Tsukuba, Japan Olivier FABBRI Universite´ de Franche-Comte´, France Jose Ignacio GIL IBARGUCHI Universidad del Pais Vasco, Spain Kathy GILLIS University of Victoria, Canada Richard GOLDFARB United States Geological Survey, USA George HELFFRICH University of Bristol, UK Takeshi IKEDA Kyushu University, Japan Shunso ISHIHARA Geological Survey of Japan (AIST), Japan Laurent JOLIVET Universite´ d’Orle´ans, France Koen de JONG Seoul National University, Korea Kyuichi KANAGAWA Chiba University, Japan Shuichi KODAIRA Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan Jose´ Luis MACI´AS Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Mexico Mauri McSAVENEY GNS Science, New Zealand Yujiro OGAWA University of Tsukuba, Japan Shigeru OTOH University of Toyama, Japan Dave PETLEY Durham University, UK Greg POWER University of Portsmouth, UK Martin REYNERS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand Takeshi SAGIYA Nagoya University, Japan Masayuki SAKAKIBARA Ehime University, Japan Robert J. STERN University of Texas at Dallas, USA Makoto TAKEUCHI Nagoya University, Japan Michael UNDERWOOD University of Missouri, USA Tetsuro URABE The University of Tokyo, Japan Joe WHALEN Natural Resources Canada, Canada Atsushi YAMAJI Kyoto University, Japan

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Natsue ABE Akira ISHIWATARI Research and Development Center for Ocean Drilling Science, Nuclear Regulation Authority, Tokyo, Japan. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology [email protected]. (JAMSTEC), Japan. [email protected]. Osamu ISHIZUKA Shoji ARAI Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan. Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected].

Masahiro CHIGIRA Makoto ITO Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan. [email protected]. Chiba University, Japan. [email protected].

Masayuki EHIRO Koji KAMEO The Tohoku University Museum, Sendai, Japan. [email protected]. Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, ac.jp. Chiba University, Japan. [email protected].

Wes GIBBONS Yuji KANAORI WPS, 08870 Sitges, Spain. [email protected]. Department of Geosphere Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan. Akira HASEGAWA [email protected]. Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Nobuyuki KANEKO [email protected]. Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Yoshitaka HASHIMOTO Tsukuba, Japan. Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan. Gaku KIMURA Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University Yasutaka HAYASAKA of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected]. Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Japan. Yujin KITAMURA [email protected]. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan. [email protected]. Yoshikuni HIROI Department of Earth Sciences, Chiba University, Japan. Satoru KOJIMA [email protected]. Department of Civil Engineering, Gifu University, Japan. [email protected]. Yoshihisa HIROKI Faculty of Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan. Tomoko KOJIMA [email protected]. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan. [email protected]. Ken IKEHARA Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Fukashi MAENO Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected].

Teruyoshi IMAOKA Fujio MASUDA Department of Geology, Yamaguchi University, Japan. Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan. [email protected].

Yasuhumi IRYU Atsushi MATSUOKA Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Japan. Department of Geology, Niigata University, Japan. [email protected] [email protected].

Satoko ISHIMARU Yuichiro MIYATA Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kumamoto Department of Geosphere Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Japan. University, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected].

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Kazuhiro MIYAZAKI Hiroyoshi SANO Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. Kyushu University, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected]. Yasufumi SATOGUCHI Teresa MORENO Lake Biwa Museum, Shiga, Japan. Institute of Environmental Assessment & Water Research [email protected]. (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. [email protected]. Toshiaki SHIMURA Setsuya NAKADA Department of Geology, Yamaguchi University, Japan. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected]. Yoshiaki SUGAMORI Junichi NAKAJIMA Department of Regional Environment, Faculty of Regional Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Sciences, Tottori University, Japan. Technology, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected].

Takashi NAKAJIMA Noritoshi SUZUKI Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Department of Earth Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Geological Museum, University, Sendai, Japan. [email protected]. Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. Noriyuki SUZUKI Takeshi NAKAJIMA Hokkaido University, Japan. [email protected]. Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Geological Museum, Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. Yuichiro SUZUKI Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Alexander R. L. NICHOLS Japan. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Sciences and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan. Asahiko TAIRA Manchuk NURUMKHAAN Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, (JAMSTEC), Japan. [email protected]. Mongolia. [email protected]. Tetsuichi TAKAGI Yasuhiko OHARA Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, National Institute of Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan & Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Japan. Technology, Japan. [email protected]. Masaki TAKAHASHI Takamoto OKUDAIRA Department of Earth System Science, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Japan. [email protected]. Narumi TAKAHASHI Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Masaki OZAKI (JAMSTEC), Japan. [email protected]. Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. Osamu TAKANO [email protected]. Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd, Japan. osamu. [email protected]. Kazuhito OZAWA Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Shizuo TAKEMURA University of Tokyo, Japan. [email protected]. Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Japan. [email protected]. Makoto SAITO Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Miyuki TAKEUCHI Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected].

Yoshiki SAITO Toru TAMURA Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected].

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Yoshihiko TAMURA Kohtaro UJIIE Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, (JAMSTEC), Japan. [email protected]. University of Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. Ken-Ichiro TANI National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. Yasuhiko WAKIZAKA [email protected]. Public Works Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. Yoshiyuki TATSUMI Kobe University, Japan. [email protected]. Simon WALLIS Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate Shinji TODA School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan. International Research Institute of Disaster Science, [email protected]. Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. [email protected]. Yasushi WATANABE Seiichi TOSHIMITSU Faculty of International Resource Sciences, Akita University, Japan. Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. [email protected]. Asuka YAMAGUCHI Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tatsuki TSUJIMORI Tokyo, Chiba, Japan. Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, [email protected]. Japan. [email protected]. Takahiro YAMAMOTO Kazuhiro TSUKADA Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Nagoya University Museum, Nagoya, Japan. tsukada@num. Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. nagoya-u.ac.jp. [email protected].

Takayuki UCHINO Hidekazu YOSHIDA Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Nagoya University Museum, Nagoya, Japan. Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science [email protected]. and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan. [email protected]. Dapeng ZHAO Hayato UEDA Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Volcanic Eruptions, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Japan. [email protected]. [email protected].

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The publication of The Geology of Japan by the Geological Society natural resources and geohazards. These relationships have of London in collaboration with the Geological Society of Japan is a helped form both the physical and cultural landscapes of Japan milestone in the history of our Society. As the present and previous and underpin its present economic prosperity. presidents of the Geological Society of Japan, we would like to The Geological Societies of London and Japan signed a Memor- express our heartfelt congratulations to the four editors and all the andum of Understanding to promote exchange and collaboration authors on the publication of this important book. This will surely between our societies in 2013. This year also marked the 400th become a valuable reference work for geologists working in edu- anniversary of the first official relations between the UK and cation, scientific research and industry in Japan, and we sincerely Japan. We are delighted that publication of The Geology of Japan hope the book will also be widely read by researchers, students will be complete in time for another anniversary: the 125th year and engineers from all over the globe. since the founding of our Society in 1893. This publication fills a The Japanese islands are located in one of the most tectonically 20 year gap since the last English-language book with a similar active regions of the world where four plates converge. The geology title. During this time, our knowledge about the development and of this region stretches back into the Precambrian and reflects the evolution of the Japanese islands has greatly expanded. In particu- long interaction of the area with numerous different plates, many lar, advances in technology have made it possible to survey the of which have ceased to exist. This complex geological history is ocean floor in unprecedented detail, and there has been a leap in reflected in the great variety of geology seen in Japan and the our understanding of the marine geology around Japan. The con- complex geological structure. This variety can be encapsulated by tents of this new book summarize insights into the geology of a sentence commonly found in the Earth Science section of elemen- Japan gained over the last quarter-century and have been expertly tary school science textbooks: ‘the Japanese islands are a mineral crafted to present the latest understanding of the geological devel- display cabinet’. Over the generations, Japanese people have opment and evolution of the Japanese islands and their environs. made use of different mineral resources taken from this mineral We gratefully acknowledge the support of the present and cabinet. One of the most notable is silver; approximately one- former Presidents of the Geological Society of London, Mr David third of the silver circulated worldwide in the sixteenth century is Shilston and Professor David Manning, and the Executive Sec- thought to have been produced in Japan, most of which came retary, Mr Edmund Nickless, for their support in promoting the pub- from Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine. lication of this book and collaboration between our societies. We Japan’s geological setting is also reflected in the constant threat also express our deep appreciation to Professor Simon Wallis for of large-scale geohazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic his devoted management and liaising between the Geological eruptions and landslides. In 1792, one of several lava domes of Societies of London and Japan. Finally, we thank the chief Mt Unzen in Kyushu collapsed causing a mega-tsunami that editor Dr Teresa Moreno who, along with Dr Tomoko Kojima, killed about 15 000 people; this was Japan’s worst-ever volcanic- Professor Simon Wallis and Dr Wes Gibbons, worked tirelessly related disaster. It is also still fresh in our minds that nearly to bring this project to a successful conclusion. 20 000 people were killed by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and its associated tsunami off the Pacific coast. This disaster was a stark reminder to Japanese people of the importance of understanding YASAUFUMI IRYU the Earth with a view both to the ancient record and ongoing geo- President of the Geological Society of Japan logical processes. There is renewed concern in the importance of (June 2014–present) disaster prevention and mitigation from the central government down to the grassroots levels. This publication reviews a wide range of different aspects of the geology of Japan, and we hope AKIRA ISHIWATARI this will help readers to appreciate the close relationships between President of the Geological Society of Japan the Japanese people and the geology of this region, including (June 2012–May 2014)

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