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'Lllillill~I[Ii~~~~~~~~~ UNSW LIBRARY 'll lilli ll~i[ii~~~~~~~~~ fT32o· ~o9s9j I Form 1 WAIVER THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES DECLARATION RELATING TO DISPOSITION OF THESIS This is to certify that l... ....f.kJ?..g . ~.t:'. ~ .. ~.'9. ......J?. .. :.. .'f ..Ul~.qJ\ .. being a candidate for the degree of.. ..... H ......~~~ .... >. .. ~.~ ................am fully aware of the policy of the University relating to the retention and use of higher degree theses, namely that the University retains the copies of any thesis submitted for examination, "and is free to allow the thesis to be consulted or borrowed. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act (1968) the University may issue the thesis in whole or in part, in photostat or microfilm or other copying medium." In the light of these provisions I grant the University Librarian permission to publish, or to authorise the publication of my thesis, in whole or in part, as he deems fit. I also authorize the publication by University Microfilms of a 600 word abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International (D.A.I.) . Signature Witness .... v Date......... 2.~ ... J. .. ~~~ .. JJ..~.Q .............................. .. THE INFLUEI\UE OF HISTORY ON TRANSPORT IN THE PHILIPPINES FLOREM}I 0 D.. FIANZA (B.A .. SLU Philippines) Thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales for the degree of Master of Engineering Science in the School of Transport and Highways 1980 u·NIVERS-ITY OF N.S.W. 7 7 2 58 11. DEC. 8 1 --=-L18 R A....:...:R:_;;_;_Y __ I, the undersigned, certify that the work described in this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS · i ABSTRACT ii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v COMMON ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Situation 1 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Scope and Limitations 4 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 7 2.1 Background 7 2.2 The Law Making Process 10 2.2.1 Spanish Period 12 2.2.3 American Period 13 2.2.4 After Independence 15 CHAPTER 3. ROAD TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT 18 3.1 Background 18 3.2 Early Development 21 3-3 Early American and Pre War Development 23 3-4 Post War Development 24 3-5 The Buses (PUB) 30 3.6 The Jeepneys (PUJ) 35 3.7 The Taxi Service (TX) 37 3.8 Trucks for Hire (TH) 37 3-9 The Tricycle 38 Page CHAPTER 4 GROWTH OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS 41 4.1 Background 41 4.2 Pre-spanish Settlements 46 4-3 Spanish Settlements 47 4.4 American Period 51 4.5 Present Trends 52 CHAPTER 5 TRANSPORT AGENCIES AND REGULATIONS 57 5-1 Present Situation 57 5.2 Public Service Regulations 59 5.3 Transport Agencies 61 5-4 The Board of Transportation 61 5.5 Functions of the Board of Transportation 63 5.6 The Franchise System 66 CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION OF TRANSPORT ISSUES 70 6.1 Background 70 6.2 The Board of Transportation 74 6.3 The Absence of a Transport Policy 76 6.4 Lack of Technical Skills 78 6.5 Effect of the Present Franchising System 79 6.6 Effects of Presidential Decree No. 101 82 CHAPTER 7 COJ\'CLUSIONS AND COMMENTARIES 86 REFERENCES R-1 APPENDIX A SOURCES OF DATA A-1 APPENDIX B PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 101 B-1 APPENDIX C SUMMARIES OF THE MORE RELEVANT ROAD AND AND TRANSPORT LAWS C-1 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Philippine government particularly the Philippine Constabulary for providing the opportunity for the undertaking of this study. The writer also wishes to acknowledge the generosity of the Australian government for the scholarship grant and to the help and assistance provided by the personnel of the Australian Development Assistance Bureau. The author is further indebted to the following persons who willingly gave their valuable time and effort throughout this project. In particular, to Dr. John Black, who acted as supervisor throughout the period of the study, the author expresses his appre­ ciation for all his invaluable advice and assistance. To Professor W.R. Blunden, Head of the School of Transport and Highways for his vnluable help and guidance. To MG F.V. Ramos for his generosity in many forms, the author is eternally grateful. To Miss Aurora C. Samson for her painstaking effort in typing this thesis, the author expresses his profound gratitude. ii ABSTRACT Transport in the Philippines has always played a very important role in the nation's economy. With the government's determined effort to industrialize, large investments are being poured into transport deve­ lopment to support this process of economic development. There are however, many transport problems and over the years, these problems have developed into a complex situation. Although there are problems in the other transport modes such as rail, air and water, it is in the public road transport sector that the problems are more pronounced and confused. The reasons are many and varied. Colonization is one important factor. Many of the prevalent transport issues today are deeply rooted to the country's colonial history and in order to have a better and clearer understanding of ~he present complicated transport situation, it is necessary to consider the historical context of trans­ port development, urban growth and government policies that have influenced transport growth. This study therefore is an overview of the country's history as it relates to the transport issues and problems today. It is organized into two broad parts: the first portion presents an introductory chapter of the prevailing transport situation and the reason that prompted this study. The study then proceeds to give a general information on the Philippines with respect to its geography, political development and the law making process designed to provide a better understanding on the evolution of laws and political si~ation by which the country is governed. This is followed by tracing the development of road transport from the period of Spanish colonization to the present. It shows the shift in the dominance of the different transport modes from water, rail and then road. iii The growth of urban settlements is then presented. Thi~ includes the different Spanish and American colonial economic and political poli­ cies that contributed to the pattern of dispersions which in turn influenced some of the transport problems today. The different transport agencies are then taken together with how the present public service regulatory system originated. The last portion of this study then discusses the important trans­ port issues and problems within the context of the history outlined. iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title 1 Map of the Philippines showing 13 Regional Subdivisions 8 2 Map of the Philippines showing extent of internal penetration as of 1899 20 3 Growth of Motor Vehicles, 1961-1978 25 4 Growth of Highway Kilometrage, 1910-1977 5 Map of the Philippines showing existing primary roads, major seaports and airports, 197 5 27 6 The J eepney 7 The Tricycle 39 8 Map of the Philippines showing existing urban settlements, 1975 43 9 Population Growth and Projections 44 10 Density Map of the Philippines 45 11 Town Plan as Decreed by King Philip II in 1573 49 12 Transport Agencies and Functions 62 13 BOT Organizational Chart 64 14 Functional Chart Specialized Regulatory Boards 65 v LIST OF TABLES Table Title 1 Traffic by Modes as of 1974 29 2 Projected Traffic by Mode, 1980 29 3 Projected Traffic by Mode, 1985 29 4 Highway Development Program Investment Requirement, 1978-1982 30 5 Growth of Applicants 84 vi COMMON ABBREVIATIONS LOI Letter of Instructions PD Presidential Decrees RA Republic Act CA Commonwealth Act PNR Philippine National Railways MMTC Metro Manila Transport Corporation PUB Public Utility Bus PUJ Public Utility Jeepney AC Auto Calesa .TH Truck for Hire TX Taxi BOT Board of Transportation BP Batasang Pambansa (Parliament) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Situation The growth of any nation is intimately linked to the develop- ment and growth of its transportation system. The importance of trans- port to the maintenance of a sound and strong national economy can hardly be overemphasized (Haefele, 1969). Indeed, transportation has often been referred to as 11 the arteries and veins" of the body of any national economy (Yoshpe and Brown, 1961). The Philippines is no exception. The country with its peculiar geography of 7,100 islands stretching over an archipelago of 1,851 kilometers depends heavily on transport for the maintenance of its economy. With the government's determined effort to industralize, large investments (see Table 5) are being poured into transport develop- ment to support this process of economic development. The decades after the Second World War have been characterized by a very high rate of population growth and a large migration' of people from the rural areas to the cities. This is best demonstrated in the case of Metro Manila, which covers only about one per cent of the coun- try's land area but contains 15 per cent of its people. From a popula- tion of about 1.5 million in 1948, it has grown to approximately 7.2 million people today. Transport in and through the city has become a problem of national importance to such an extent that the government policies relating to transport tend to thiru{ that it is the only trans- portation problem deserving attention in the country and that by solving this, all the other problems would be solved. It is obvious that the 2. vast concentration of people in a small area has put a strain on the existing institutions and social facilities resulting in many maladjust­ ments, social as well as physical.
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