M16-PAGFIC MAGAZINE January-March, 1936

CONTENTS

THE PHILIPPINES: 13 articles with 40 illustrations

Philippine Commonwealth University of Washington Filipino Inauguration Alumni ILDEPONZO REDADTRINI, Filipino drama- Outlined from material received from the tist Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines Filipinos in the Territory of Hawaii Business Conditions in the Philippines CAYETANO LIGOT, former Labor Com- LEOPOLDO R. AGUINALDO, President, missioner Chamber of Commerce English Language in the Philippines Economic Outlook in the Philippines KILMER 0. MOE, formerly with the Philip- pines Bureau of Education DON GONZALO PUYAT, President and General Manager Gonzalo Puyat & Sons, Personal Impressions of the Philippines Inc. EARL CARROLL, Manager, Hawaiian Agency, Insular Life Assurance Co. of The Philippines of Today Manila GREGOR 10 N I EVA, Secretary, Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines Kapuripuri (Filipinos in Hawaii) ROMAN R. CARIAGA, Research Fellow of Who Are the Filipinos? Anthropology, University of Hawaii FELIX M. KEESING, Anthropologist, Uni- Some Sources of Philippine Culture versity of Hawaii ALBERT W. HERRE, Stanford University, The Philippines for the Filipinos California MABLE LANE MOE, formerly with the Native Filipino Sports and Games Philippines Bureau of Education MAZIMINO VELASCO, Amateur Sportsman

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flay. W11 1LR F. Id'Ith... President FititwARD K. Binna,.ss, Treasurer 1)it. Mout, Vice-President WAILTR F. DILLINGHAM, Chairman Finance Cor11111i1t,..e ShistAiltts t R. FARWINtili, ,N. Vice-Presi- DR. I'ul:uf to e G. Ks-ttLISti, Cha dent. Chairrmin Executive Committee. i rman Pan- Pacific Rese.irch Institution A.\ Y. SA ii wxrri . Se;:retary Mu ii \ Director RESIDENT BOARD OF TRUSTEES pf N. (re. I;overn,,, ft N . Furl '.' to, oot. K11,1,- ss. \ 111., Old (.. CHAN.: 11, ,, C.. ;1„,i r Lfr, Professor of l'hotostt 1,,cr • 1,o or of Cl at I I roivhfsity of 11,1\ aii \\ 11 I 11 L C. T1,1 /..1\ (L\11, ( ilv and (''1,010 \ ti tnty 11. / I r AA 11.1,1”, ..1.1\1111._1, I r ,1,1 f Massa;; I 11 / I 1,111, IL, "It. l'oldw I uston Hon I)m. I, \ \ 11,,t \ Coodoutoe. Irhoihno U. \\ I 111.11.1 LLI, 11 for rou• don P 1,tti litNt. Cif ItT \Vat dt I, 1 /11.I I 11.1-111:11, PIN L- 1.1(1111, 001,1! 1■..1111, -. sol ), it , „ 1 sold 11\1 /1,11 IAVre, C1.11,11-11 I 1 UGII ,1111,.1 1..1. Or C. ri,NNt',, P.A., lent, N1111, Ilt, C \ (I N C.L11,111 1,,i- \ 1,, IS C.,. LI NICV N1 \VIII, P. I /1 ,1,,oN, 01.11111,111, 11:1, o o Al iL1 l'T \ 111I(/, (2011SIli (.1 licral '1'5/ (' nc,e \ R.1 tit': I,. A . I I: .., , 1f 11/ , I ni ,n I ruHt Co., Ltd. \ I . ■ P. Cti i t 1:, \ llonolitlo 01;10 1 ILL,1111-1 R. I IL I - 1 oh, 111110. ftresi,hatt, I lonolttlu \\ (fitri`t',n :AS"„ ' SIn - I..111N1111, lobs C. T.ANN. AIP. .\.i t tr. !, r -If 1,,amellan, ha 1 \SLI•AN, 1,1 1;, I 1,11. 111.1( tl 1", k 1.1 Lry. 11.,..1L.L11111- 1-',11111C/a . 1,111111 ,t of I ,'r Ill( 11 r1 1'111 I', illy 1.1 IL,. aii 11 LLIr I o, 1 ,t.o 1, us, rua r 1 01(1.1 \II I 1 ‘1, 1'1 .11111, \I. II 1,1,1., LIIN IL

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Philippine Commonwealth Inauguration Outlined from data and photographs received from the Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines

OVEMBER 15, 1935, marked Upon a tribal civilization Ameri- the latest and greatest step can instructors have built a modern taken by the United States of democratic system of government mod- N of America toward eventual eled after that of the United States freedom for the Philippines which was with results considered worthy of prac- promised in 1898, and which establishes tical trial for the next ten years. the autonomous Commonwealth under Ably, splendidly and sincerely have Filipino control of local affairs for ten the people of the Philippines expressed years as further preparation for inde- their appreciation of American guid- pendent nationhood, scheduled for July ance toward complete political control 4, 1946. of their own country. So far, through It is not necessary here to recall de- intelligent cooperation, two peoples tails of history connected with transfer with a single ideal have achieved re- of the Philippines from Spanish to sults without parallel in all history. American ownership further than to re- Eventual freedom for the Philippines member that Spain was paid 20-million is not an afterthought prompted by gold dollars for them, with Puerto Rico events. It was planned from the start. and Guam, under the treaty of Decem- It is, therefore, safe to say that the ber 10, 1898, and later an additional American people will be satisfied with a $100,000 for certain small islands of the return on the investment in the form of Philippine group not covered by the a consummation devoutly wished r a treaty. nation full-fledged and sturdy. Simple bookkeeping shows that the Under the new Commonwealth the people of America made an investment Filipinos have their own chief executive, in a political ideal the first cost of which a unicameral National Assembly of 98 was destined to appear as a drop in the members representing every district, bucket measured by subsequent costs in and complete control of their judiciary. cash, to say nothing of human energy Foreign affairs, national defense and and devotion put forth by thousands general responsibility for stability re- of Americans who have labored for main in the hands of the United States. more than 30 years in this field 6,000 To discharge that responsibility the miles from the western rim of their homeland. (Continued on page 4) 2 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

MANUEL L. QUEZON First President of the Philippines

REETING: It is a high honor certain that this will also be the atti- and a source of genuine grati- tude of the Filipino people when their fication for me to be able to country finally becomes an indepen- G greet all Pan-Pacific coun- dent Republic ten years hence. tries and the heads of their govern- As President of the Commonwealth ments through the "Mid-Pacific Mag- of the Philippines, it will always be my azine." The Philippines, upon joining aim to safeguard the interests of the the ranks of autonomous countries in country by pursuing a policy of peace, the Pacific area, is animated by a sin- harmony and cooperation, so that the cere desire to collaborate with them entire Pacific region may justify the in the task of maintaining peace name that has been given to it. among the Pacific nations and pro- MANUEL L. QUEZON, moting their common interests. I am President of the Philippines. MRS. MANUEL L. QUEZON First Lady of the Land

REETING: I consider it a rare sibilities that have been laid upon all privilege to greet through the our people. They are anxious to work "Mid-Pacific Magazine" the not only for the interests of their G womanhood of the Pacific country but to cooperate with their countries. In so far as the Philippines sisters in the other Pacific nations in is concerned, our women are fully con- the vital task of promoting the peace scious of the new situation which has and welfare of the Pacific region. been created and the greater respon- AURORA A. QUEZON. REETING: Now that the Phil- ippines is at the threshold of her full independence, we feel we can look into the future not only with confidence in matters that con- cern our own country, but also in readiness to cooperate with all in the common task of assuring the welfare of, and promoting a real spirit of peace, cooperation and comradeship among, Pacific countries. S. OSMENA, Vice-President.

tors point to success than otherwise, in my opinion. In any event Filipinos and Americans are faced with a practical job and they should to- gether bend their efforts to attain success. The most cordial good will has existed between the two peoples and their leaders in the two and a half years I have been here. Finances are in the best position in Philip- pines history. The budget has been balanced for three consecutive years and there is now a SERGIO OSMENA surplus in current funds of some $7,000,000. Vice-President of the Philippines Then the United States is turning over $13,000,000 immediately as the first proceeds of the 1934 federal coconut oil excise tax. In the last two or three years the idea of financial stability seems to have become in- (Continued from page 1) grained and all the Filipino leaders are pledged to economy. Any new government will be lost office of United States High Commis- unless this policy is followed. sioner was created, filled by Frank Social and health conditions are splendid, the Murphy, Governor General for the past best in this part of the world. The 10-year period of preparation under the two and a half years. Remarkably effi- commonwealth is to the best interests of both cient, highly esteemed by the Filipino the Philippines and the United States as it gives people and their leaders, Frank Murphy opportunity for adjustments on a firm founda- enters upon his new duties with hearty tion. While I believe the Filipinos are politically popular approval. prepared, economic preparation for indepen- Speaking of the task ahead of the dence has not kept pace and the situation must new government, the High Commission- be corrected without delay. er expressed to The Associated Press Nothing could be more vital to the Philip- pines than the reciprocal trade conference to be on November 14, 1935, a summary of held at Washington probably early next year the views extended and elaborated in instead of at the end of the transition period, his official address during inauguration as contemplated in the Tydings-McDuffie inde- ceremonies the next day. He said: pendence act. The sooner the trade relationship is moved on The Commonwealth starts under the best aus- to a firm and durable basis the sooner there will pices ever enjoyed by a dependent government be economic security, permitting long-range entering into nationhood. The United States planning. remains sovereign and retains all the obligations The conference must put Philippine-American of sovereignty. These will have to be met with trade on an absolutely fair and mutually advan- kindness and understanding, never forgetting tageous basis, and this must be done without the responsibilities we have to meet here are delay. g rave. My attitude is neither one of pessimism or Mr. Murphy is understood to be con- rosy optimism. The road ahead while realistic vinced the United States must with- and stern is not all discouraging and more fac- draw completely from the Philippines REETING: I cheerfully indorse the efforts of those working for G the progress and welfare of all Pacific womanhood, and should only be too glad to be able to perform my modest share in this task that ought to become common for all women of Pacific countries. ESPERANZA L. OSMENA.

upon the arrival of complete independ- ence, and not arrange for naval bases as permitted in the Tydings-McDuffie act, He declined to commit himself upon such specific problems facing the com- monwealth at the outset as financing the Filipino defense forces General Doug- las MacArthur is to train, keeping order among the Moros, and the problem of MRS. SERGIO OSMENA Japanese economic penetration. Manuel L. Quezon, first president of this solemn hour. President McKinley's cher- the Philippines, ably set forth in his ished hope has been fulfilled—the Filipinos look graceful inaugural address to the people back with gratitude to the day when Destiny their privileges and responsibilities un- placed their land under the beneficent guidance der the new order. More than 300,000 of the people of the United States. It is fitting that high dignitaries of the Ameri- filled all available space in front of the can Government should attend these ceremonies. Legislative Building, heard their presi- We are thankful to them for their presence here. dent clearly through loud-speakers The President of the United States, His Excel- placed conveniently on lamp posts and lency, Franklin D. Roosevelt, ever solicitous of in trees throughout the adjacent park. our freedom and welfare, has sent to us, as his personal representative, the Secretary of War, American officials and their ladies, rep- Honorable George H. Dern, whose friendship resentatives of foreign nations, the cler- for our people has proven most valuable in the gy, other distinguished guests, were past. Vice-President Garner, Speaker Byrns, seated comfortably in a grand stand distinguished members of the Senate with their floor leader, Senator Robinson, and no less dis- improvised at the main entrance of the tinguished members of the House of Represen- building. The president's address fol- tatives, have traveled ten thousand miles to wit- lows in full: ness this historic event. I feel that by their Fellow-Countrymen: In the exercise of your presence the whole American Nation is here constitutional prerogative you have elected me today to rejoice with us in the fulfillment of to the presidency of the Commonwealth. I am America's pledge generously given that the Fili- profoundly grateful for this new expression of pino people are to become free and independent. your confidence, and God helping me I shall not It is my hope that the ties of friendship and fail you. affection which bind the Philippines to America The event which is now taking place in our will remain unbroken and grow stronger after midst transcends in importance the mere induc- the severance of our political relations with her. tion into office of your Chief Executive. We In behalf of the Filipino people, I express are bringing into being a new nation. We are deep appreciation to Honorable Frank Murphy, inaugurating its government. We are seeing our last Governor-General, for his just and the fruition of our age-old striving for liberty. efficient administration and for the valuable as- We are witnessing the final stage in the fulfill- sistance he has rendered us in the difficult task ment of the noblest undertaking ever attempted of laying the constitutional foundations of our by any nation in its dealing with a subject new government. people. And how well this task has been per- As we enter upon the threshhold of indepen- formed is attested to by the blessings which dent nationhood, let us pause for a moment to from fourteen million people go to America in pay tribute to the memory of Rizal and Boni-

a 011 01 W E 2 f.cD 2' c -15 0.2., 0.2 a 3 42 tn 24 a 522 ° i E4 E ai -5 4) 'CI cg 0N C0 „,E ,..C o to 24 E 2 — O ei 2 g ° x 0% 5 o c 2 o+t 5 .•••• C .47. 11) 5 -=.> C c - ayi 0 0D -0 09 4) t a23 Et ° -C 12. 6 01 C 4 O. 1/1 '24 a 5 .... .c .2 s- -0 2 •Ei -•° 0. 2 • 0 > a.muza. FRANK MURPHY U. S. High Commissioner; Last Governor- General of the Philippines

MRS. MARGUERITE MURPHY TEAHAN The High Commissioner's Sister; last American facio and all the heroes of our sacred cause in First Lady of the Land. Here presented in deep acknowledgment of their patriotic devotion native Filipino dress and supreme sacrifice. Fellow countrymen, the government which we are inaugurating today is only a means to an end. It is an instrumentality placed in our hands to prepare ourselves fully for the respon- sibilities of complete independence. It is essen- for law and the constituted authority. Wide- tial that this last step be taken with full con- spread public disorder and lawlessness may sciousness of its significance and the great op- cause the downfall of constitutional government portunities that it affords to us. and lead to American intervention. Even after Under the Commonwealth our life may not independence, if we should prove ourselves in- be one of ease and comfort, but rather of hard- capable of protecting life, liberty and property ship and sacrifice. We shall face the problems of nationals and foreigners, we shall be exposed which lie in our path, sparing neither time nor to the danger of intervention by foreign powers. effort in solving them. We shall built a govern- No one need have any misgivings as to the ment that will be just, honest, efficient and attitude of the Government toward lawless in- strong so that the foundations of the coming dividuals or subversive movements. They shall Republic may be firm and enduring—a govern- be dealt with firmly. Sufficient armed forces will ment, indeed, that must satisfy not only the be maintained at all times to quell and suppress passing needs of the hour but also the exacting any rebellion against the authority of this Gov- demands of the future. We do not have to tear ernment or the sovereignty of the United States. down the existing institutions in order to give There can be no progress except under the way to a statelier structure. There will be no auspices of peace. Without peace and public violent changes from the established order of order it will be impossible to promote education, things, except such as may be absolutely neces- improve the condition of the masses, protect the sary to carry into effect the innovations con- poor and ignorant against exploitation, and templated by the Constitution. A new edifice otherwise insure the enjoyment of life, liberty shall arise, not out of the ashes of the past, and property. I appeal, therefore, to every Fili- but out of the standing materials of the living pino to give the Government his loyal support present. so that tranquility may reign supreme in our Reverence for law as the expression of the beloved land. popular will is the starting point in a democ- Our Constitution establishes an independent racy. The maintenance of peace and public judiciary by providing for security of tenure order is the joint obligation of the government and compensation of our judges. But indepen- and the citizen. I have an abiding faith in the dence is not the only objective of a good judi- good sense of the people and in their respect ciary. Equally, if not more important, is its N -0 - -9 o t, r2 fa .5 c o • 0. DI a) _11 a) o _ • rn 0 in — c 2 •I. O c m m '8 0 0% -C c"" 0 0 01Z,' 0 E ° g, 47!' 20. ;30 g r SO. JOHN NANCE GARNER Vice-President of the United States —Associated Press photo.

GEORGE HENRY DERN U. S. Secretary of War integrity which will depend upon the judicious selection of its members. The administration of justice cannot be expected to rise higher than the moral and intellectual standards of the men who dispense it. To bulwark the fortification of an orderly and just government, it shall be my task to appoint to the bench only men of proven honesty, character, learning and ability, so that every one may feel when he appears before the courts of justice that he will be pro- tected in his rights, and that no man in this country from the Chief Executive to the last citizen is above the law. We are living today amidst the storm and stress of one of the most tragic epochs of his- tory. Acute unemployment and economic dis- tress threaten the stability of governments the world over. The very foundations of civilized society are shaken. The common man alone can save humanity from disaster. It is our duty to prove to him that under a republican system of government he can have every opportunity to attain his happiness and that of his family. Pro- tection to labor, especially to working women and minors, just regulation of the relations be- tween labor and capital in industry and agricul- ture, solicitous regard on the part of the govern- ment for the well-being of the masses, are the means to bring about the needed economic and social equilibrium between the component ele- ments of society. A government draws the breath of life from its finances, and it must balance its income and expenditures as any other going business con- cern if it expects to survive. It is my duty, then, to see that the Government of the Com- monwealth live within its means and that it stand four-square on a well-balanced budget. GEN. DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, U.S.A. The larger expenditures which the grave re- Military Adviser to the President of the sponsibilities ahead of us will entail, including Philippines.—U.S.A. Signal Corps photo. national defense, must be borne by taxation. So Section of the inaugural platform (upper long as we are able to meet those responsibili- right in relation to center view page 6). ties from our present income we will not impose Top photo shows, seated, second row, left to new taxes. But we are among the least taxed right: Earl M. Thacker representing the people in the world and, therefore, when neces- Governor of Hawaii; Maj. Gen. Frank Mc- sity arises, we should be willing to accept the Intyre, U.S.A., retired; Brig. Gen. Creed F. burden of increased taxation. Liberty and inde- Cox, U.S.A., Chief of Bureau of Insular pendence can be possessed only by those who Affairs; Mons. William Piani, Apostolic are ready to pay the price in life or fortune. Delegate from His Holiness Pope Pius XI, To enable us more adequately to meet the and the Most Reverend Michael J. O'Do- new responsibilities of the Commonwealth and herty, Archbishop of Manila. Below, part to raise the living conditions of our people, we of same section showing some of the must increase the wealth of the Nation by giv- ladies of the U. S. Congressional party. ing greater impetus to economic development, improving our methods of agriculture, diversi- fying our crops, creating new industries, and conscience, and vocational efficiency; the safe- fostering our domestic and foreign commerce. guarding of the health and vigor of the race; I trust that the forthcoming trade conference the conservation and development of our natural between representatives of the United States resources—these and other matters of equal im- and the Philippines will result in a more just port are touched upon at length in the platform and beneficial commercial relation between the of the Coalition and in my speech of acceptance two countries. of my nomination, and it is unnecessary for me The establishment of an economical, simple to reiterate my views regarding them. Having and efficient government; the maintenance of an been elected on the virtuality of that platform independent civil service; the implantation of and the policies enunciated by me in the course an adequate system of public instruction to de- of the presidential campaign, I renew my pledge velop moral character, personal discipline, civic faithfully to carry them into execution. Legislative Building, Manila, with troops pass- ing in review before the inauguration platform during the ceremonies of November 15. In to President Manuel L. Quezon. His foreground, a small section of more than 300,- Inauguration Day address reviewed the 000 enthusiastic but most orderly spectators. history of the Philippines under Ameri- can guidance, commended especially the Filipino statesmanship displayed in Goodwill towards all nations shall be the drafting a constitution for the Common- golden rule of my administration. The peoples wealth and expressed great confidence of the earth are interdependent and their pros- in the leadership of President Quezon. perity and happiness are inseparably linked In greeting he said: with each other. International brotherhood and cooperation are therefore necessary. Amity and This event is another landmark in your steady friendship, fairness and square dealing in our progress toward the fulfillment of your aspira- relations with other nations and their citizens or tions to be a completely independent sovereign subjects, protection in their legitimate invest- nation r ultimately to be realized through the ments and pursuits, in return for their tempo- practical, cooperative efforts of two peoples im- rary allegiance to our institutions and laws, are bued with the same ideals of liberty and self- the assurances I make on behalf of the new government. Government to Americans and foreigners who President Roosevelt wishes me to say that his may desire to live, trade and otherwise associate heart is with you on this historic day, and to with us in the Philippines. convey to you his sincere congratulations on In the enormous task of fully preparing our- this great further step in your self-government. selves for independence we shall be beset with He has confidence in you and your leaders, and serious difficulties, but we will resolutely march he fervently hopes that the popular government forward. I appeal to your patriotism and sum- which we are now setting up will bring you an mon your nobility of heart so that we may, abundance of happiness, success, and prosperity. united in the common endeavor, once more dedi- Questioned by the Manila press as cate ourselves to the realization of our national to whether the Philippine defenses destiny. I face the future with hope and forti- tude, certain that God never abandons a people would be linked with the American who ever follow His unerring and guiding War Department and the U. S. Army Hand. May He give me light, strength, and now that General Douglas McArthur courage evermore that I may not falter in the is building the Philippines military es- hour of service to my people. tablishment Secretary Dern said: U. S. Secretary of War George H. Philippine defense will be an independent Dern officiated as personal representa- problem as far as the war department is con- tive of Franklin D. Roosevelt, president cerned, but it must not conflict with American ideas as long as American sovereignty remains of the United States, in the ceremony here. transferring the reins of government No changes are contemplated by the war de- from Governor-General Frank Murphy partment in the strength of the federal forces Post Office Building, one of the many fine modern buildings in Monila.— assigned to the Philippines during the Common- Photo courtesy Norberto Villanueva. wealth. No reduction of the Philippine Scouts during the transition period has been considered. They are not very likely to be changed. Brigadier General Creed F. Cox, when the Stars and Stripes have given us not chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, only justice and fair treatment, welfare and prosperity, but also ever-increasing political who arrived with Secretary Dern, had liberties including independence? nothing to say on military subjects, re- Mention of the name of General ferred all questioners to the Secretary Douglas McArthur as the technical of War. It was understood that he was military adviser of the Commonwealth acting in an advisory capacity to the elicited spontaneous and enthusiastic Secretary. applause as the President asked author- An acknowledged problem of the ity to confer upon him and his assist- Commonwealth is that of finding the ants the rank and emoluments deemed wherewithal to finance the military es- in keeping with their important duties tablishment. The United States thus and the dignity of the nation. far has paid every cent of the cost of Religious denominations throughout national defense including some $5,- the Philippines held special services in 000,000 annually for the Philippine connection with the inaugural ceremon- Scouts, a force of about 5,400 troops ies and to ask God's blessing upon the which it is expected the Commonwealth new Government. Many of the visiting will eventually take over. officials and their ladies attended the In his message to the inaugural ses- services in Manila where, as throughout sion of the Assembly November 25, the country, the populace filled the President Quezon called for swift ac- churches to overflowing. tion on legislative measures for national defense. Highlights: November 18, in the Archbishop's Palace, John Nance Garner, Vice-Pres- Your swift action on the defense measures I am proposing will prove the earnestness of our ident of the United States, and Joseph determination to be, and forever to remain, free Byrns, Speaker of the House of Repre- and independent. What, I ask, would be the sentatives of the U. S. Congress, were use of seeing your country free one day, with quests of honor at a dinner given by its own flag standing alone and flying against Mons. O'Dougherty, Archbishop of the sky, only to see ourselves the subjects of another power the following day, with its flag Manila. The Archbishop's address ex- the sovereign in and of our country? pressed the sentiments of the clergy What would be the purpose of educating our generally. Concluding his remarks he young men and women concerning their rights said: "May the Lord bless the new and privileges as free citizens, if tomorrow they are the subjects of a foreign foe? Government so that they may secure for Why build up the wealth of the Nation only all our citizens a prosperous, peaceful to swell up the coffers of another? If that be and happy existence in these beloved our preordained fate, why seek a new master isles." MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 13

Business Conditions in the Philippines By LEOPOLDO R. AGUINALDO* President, Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands

EFORE and after the Common- wealth, I have had occasion to express confidence in our new 5 political status. As a business- man, I believe in the transition period and in complete independence ten years hence. We must temper our soul, so to say, to existing conditions, we must plan according to what we have, rather than to what we may get. By this I mean that although I strongly favor changes in the so-called economic pro- visions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, such as the abolition of the graduated export tax and the limitations on some of our major products, our economic planning, rather, our economic program, should be so shaped as to meet these LEOPOLDO R. AGUINALDO requirements. The Philippines is in the vortex of the Pacific. Either we sink or we swing and rivers for the generation of elec- with the Pacific. It is no longer a con- tricity. We have capital, but it is char- jecture that the Pacific area is the trade acterized by proverbial timidity, hence area of these days and that even nations the need of stimulating it to investment outside are eager to participate in the by paternalistic policies, and I am sure struggle for a stronghold in this part of we have enough patriotism to stick to the globe. our country through thick and thin. We, the Filipinos, owe it to ourselves The building of the Philippines with- as well as to the Pacific so to dedicate in is exclusively our responsibility. How our efforts to the task of strengthening to make it safe and stable is our duty. our national structure that our nation But safety and stability may be endan- may be an asset rather than a liability. gered from without, and it is here where We have the essentials. Our country we need the good-will, the cooperation is rich in natural resources, we have of the outside world, more particularly capable labor, which may be made to from the nations bordering the Pacific. acquire technical industrial experience The world seems to be in a state of by bringing foreign experienced labor- turmoil. Let us hope for the best, but ers in, power can be provided by draw- at the same time let us not sit idle with ing from our mines coal and oil and by crossed hands and wait for the best to harnessing the water power in our falls come. The present economic organiza- I am more than glad to oblige Mr. Gregorio tion of the world today indicates that Nieva, able Secretary of the Pan-Pacific Association of we are still under the grip of that fore- the Philippines, on his request for a statement on business conditions in the Philippines under the Com- runner of discontent, economic depres- monwealth, for publication in the MID-PACIFIC MAGA- sion. Consequently, while opportuni- ZINE. 14 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

ties for trade expansion are thinning This is the task of the Pan-Pacific out, nationalism is being intensified. Union, and it is its challenge to every How to harmonize these national in- country bordering the Pacific and to terests is the formula to the solution of every well-meaning individual, as such would-be strifes and antagonisms or as part of collective organization, liv- among nations. ing therein.

Economic Outlook of the Philippines

By DON GONZALO PUYAT President and General Manager, Gonzalo Puyat Cy Sons, Inc.

hopeless, however. The country is al- ready being directed towards crop di- versification and industrialization with a greater degree of self-sufficiency as the main objective. Exports and their pro- motion will continue to engage the at- tention of the country but alongside of that, every effort will be made to pro- duce more things for home consumption and local needs. The Philippines is rich in natural re- sources. The energies now devoted to export staples like sugar, tobacco, coco- nut oil and others which will feel the effects of the export taxes will be di- DON GONZALO PUYAT verted to the production of many ar- ticles which, like coffee, cacao, eggs, etc., are still being imported. As an in- HROUGH American preferential dustrialist, I do not doubt the ability of tariff policy in the Philippines, the Filipinos to produce many more of T otherwise called free trade, the is- their needs than they do now, what lands have laid their economic de- with an abundant nature and a wealth pendence upon the United States to a of raw materials to work with. very great extent. It should be admitted But the United States has ever that the American market is a most de- wished to do justice and deal fairly with sirable one to keep. the Philippines. Before the damaging Under the Tydings-McDuffie Act of effects of the impending export taxes the Congress of the United States pro- may come, there is to be held a Phil- viding for Philippines independence, ippine-American trade conference dur- the American market may be practically ing which negotiations the -objection- closed to most if not all of the leading able economic provisions" of the Tyd- exports of the Philippines by virtue of ings-McDuffie Act may be softened and progressive export duties to be levied made more bearable to the Philippines. from the sixth year of the Common- The Philippines will enter this con- wealth period. ference with the give-and-take idea in While Philippine exports to the Uni- mind. Should the conference fail, there ted States may thus be adversely affect- will be nothing left for the Filipinos but ed it is to be expected likewise that Phil- to meet the difficult situation thrust up- ippine imports will decrease correspond- on them. In that event, we will face the ingly or the country will go into certain challenge with fortitude, hard work and ruin. The situation will not be that sacrifice.

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 15

The Philippines of Today By GREGORIO NIEVA Former Member, Philippine House of Representatives; Secretary, Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines

GREGORIO NIEVA

HE PHILIPPINES has just closed for the encouragement of all concerned the last chapter of her dependent in the long trail towards enjoyment of status to enter upon her Common- political rights and freedom. Twealth ten year period preparatory Many statements have been made to the establishment of the Philippine concerning doubts as to the eventual Republic. The Commonwealth was in- success of the future independence of augurated November 15, 1935, amidst the Philippines—doomed, in the minds a profoundly thrilling, most orderly sol- of many—because the Filipinos them- emnity, as shown in pictures elsewhere selves realize its impossibility and now, in this issue, the Philippines thus start- through fear, would prefer a continu- ing to assume the office and responsibil- ance of the present commonwealth stat- ities of its new Government, with full us or that of a protectorate under the consciousness of her present political United States. To all such statements status, and of the future she has before the best answer will be found in the fol- her. She also is conscious of the far lowing statement by President Quezon reaching influence of this new chapter himself, released immediately after sign- of her national status, not only in our ing the Bill on National Defense, De- own Philippines but also elsewhere in cember 21, 1935: the Oriental community, as well as in The signing of the bill marks the completion that larger one, the Pacific community, of the first great step in providing a national defense for the Philippines. It announces to the as America's and the Philippines' joint world in unmistakable and forceful terms the contribution to the unchecked march on- unswerving determination of the Filipino people ward of civilization, progress and com- to become and to remain independent. mon welfare in this corner of the This plan of defense was conceived in the World. realization that no nation unprepared to defend its national territory and its national rights can This Philippine Number of the Pan- long exist. Its basic principles were enunciated Pacific Union's MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE and its essential details were crystalized by one is therefore welcome as an especially of the outstanding soldiers in the contemporary world. In every particular, it is designed to fit appropriate medium through which to the geographical, economic, and strategic situ- impart correct literary and pictorial in- ation of the Philippines and to conform to the formation as to present day Philippines, aspirations and genius of the Filipino people. 16 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

I congratulate the members of the National public officials and employees from engaging in Assembly upon the skill with which they have the practice of their respective profession or incorporated the essentials of the plan into this private business. (This, to free our business basic defense Act. I congratulate them further community from further unfair competition by upon the decisive manner in which they have such government officials or employees as were indicated their determination to carry through availing themselves of their official positions to to fruition this great nationalistic project. I sign hold a public office and then continue their this bill with the utmost confidence that it will private business at the same time.) bring to the Filipino people increasing opportu- No. 157—Reorganizing the judiciary and nity for the pursuit of happiness and the attain- creating the Court of Appeals, and appropriat- ment of prosperity, compelling reason for the ing funds therefor. (This is an innovation in establishment and maintenance of independence our Judiciary to safeguard public confidence in in these Islands. the latter.) In this connection, the following ad- No. 171—Appropriating funds for the con- dress of General Douglas MacArthur, struction of roads and bridges as may be neces- former Chief of Staff, U. S. A., before sary for the economic development of Mindanao the President of the Commonwealth, to and Sulu. (This will open to development the great island of Mindanao, including Sulu, in- whom he is Military Adviser, immedi- exhaustible in natural resources, but heretofore ately after the signing of the National practically untouched.) Defense Law, is most significant: No. 4—Appropriating P1,000,000 for the re- The first and paramount obligation of gov- lief of indigent sufferers from the typhoons and ernment is to provide for the common security floods of 1935 and 1936 (to alleviate public of its citizens. Without the stability of safety, sufferings therefrom.) And the very fundamentals of modern civilization, No. 162—Appropriating P60,000 to defray life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness be- the expenses of a Filipino delegation to the 1936 come impossible. I deem it a unique privilege, Olympic Games in Berlin was also signed. indeed, to be associated with the magnificent (This is done from time to time to place our effort to provide an adequate national defense athletes in contact with European and other for the Philippines being made by you, the athletes.) council of national defense, the National Assem- bly, and the Filipino people, and I congratulate All done in forty-five days. you, sir, upon the courage and the peerless President Quezon's emphatic warn- statesmanship evidenced in this charter of Phil- ippine freedom. ing to government officials and em- ployees concerning practice of their re- An Efficient Government Inaugurated spective private business and profes- That the President of the Common- sions while in the Government was as wealth is determined to render the new follows: Government clean and efficient, and Your attention is invited to the provisions of adequately to provide for the crying Section 12, paragraph 2, of Article VII of the needs of agriculture and industry in the Constitution which I hereunder quote: country, is emphatically shown by, "The heads of departments and chiefs of among others, the following orders or bureaus or offices and their assistants shall not, during their continuance in office, engage Bills recently signed by the President: in the practice of any profession, or inter- No. 119—Providing funds for the purchase vene, directly or indirectly, in the manage- or redemption of certain outstanding Manila ment or control of any private enterprise Railroad Company first mortgage Southern lines which in any way may be affected by the four per cent gold bonds. (Philippine bonds functions of their office; * * are always redeemed in time. There are always While in the past certain laws and regula- sinking funds to meet them. Hence their high tions permitted the limited practice of their pro- standing in the money market abroad.) fession to some officials and employees of the No. 166—Creating the National Economic government, the Constitution, in clear and un- Council, prescribing its powers and duties, and mistakable language, defines what shall now be appropriating funds therefor. (This starts a new the form of conduct in this regard and I con- economic era in the Philippines—fully to cope sider it my duty to give full force and effect to with the new, greater economic requirements of the prohibitions therein contained. the Nation.) I, therefore, desire that you take the neces- ORDER PLACING ALL CIVIL SERVANTS UNDER sary steps toward a strict compliance and en- THE CIVIL SERVICE LAW. (This will weed out forcement of the Constitutional precept above of the Government all unnecessary and undesir- quoted. You will please advise me of all cases able officials and employees, about 40,000 of within your official jurisdiction which have them to be affected for the better by this re- necessitated action pursuant hereto. quirement in the national, provincial and muni- cipal governments of the country.) It has required an energetic, fearless PRESIDENT'S INSTRUCTIONS TO ALL DEPART- man to do this in such a short span of MENTAL SECRETARIES requiring them to enforce time-45 days—as it has required such the constitutional requirement prohibiting all a man tangibly to reassure the public On the Nagulian Road, sturdy mountaineers headed for market with products of their farm. To them, good govern- ment has assured peace, safety in the free life of the hills and opportunity for modest income from their casual agriculture or labor at the mines, an highway construction or other development proj- ects.

as to what the Government inust mean toms and the revenue collector for the first two days of January indicate a pleasant start at the to the People. beginning of the year. There is noted an in- Then the swift freeing of the country crease of 12 per cent in the customs and revenue from bandits and agitators, whose fields collection in Manila for the two days of Janu- of operation he personally visited, fur- ary compared with the receipts for the same ther shows the kind of man we have at period in 1935. There is, however, noted a slight decrease in the helm of our Ship of State. the customs collections. But this fact is not With him we look with confidence taken as a significant pointer of what might onto our future and, God helping and happen in customs duties later, for conditions with the open cooperation of America, will continue to improve. Complete reports on customs and revenue col- we all trust that the end of the transi- lections will not be known until about the tory period will find us thoroughly fit- middle of January, as statements of collections ted to receive our REPUBLIC. from the provinces usually come to Manila late. Let us have the chance for it and suc- Total production of gold in the Philippines for the first 11 months of 1935 was P29,150,296, cess will be not only ours, but of the showing an increase of about P5,000,000 over whole Far East. And due credit will be that of the whole year of 1934. America's. America will not be sorry This month (December) an estimated pro- for an exchange of mutually sincere co- duction of P3,000,000 will bring the total year operation between America and the production to P32,000,000, a figure well over ahead of the Alaskan gold output. Philippines. Next year a greater increase in production The country will always stand ready will be noted as more companies are going to to reciprocate. mill or present companies going to increase their mill capacity. Trade Conditions Although the quantity of ore milled was Trade conditions in, or the financial slightly smaller, the value of gold produced during November again broke all records, the health of, the country can better be seen former dropping from 121,158 tons in October through the following: to 120,356 in November, while the latter in- The customs and internal revenue collections creased slightly from P2,911,273 to P2,917,920. in 1935 as compared with the receipts for 1934 One new mine (Salacot) commenced producing will show an increase of from P4,000,000 to in November and its output of P28,000 for the P5,000,000, according to Elpidio Quirino, Sec- first three weeks of operation is expected to be retary of Finance. exceeded in December. The actual collections at the close of 1935 The second shipment of chrome ore made both from the customs and revenue sources from the Philippines, consisting of 550 tons, was registered an increase of about P10,000,000 made from Cebu last November, according to over the estimated income for 1935. the report of the commercial agent at Cebu, of The increase in collections over the receipts the bureau of commerce. in 1934 and over the estimated income was due The first shipment of about the same amount to the efforts made by the department of finance was made from the Florannie Mines to New and the collecting agencies under it to press the York. payment of taxes due the government. According to the same report, during the The reports of the insular collector of cus- same month Cebu shipped to other domestic 18 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

ports 518 tons of local soap valued at P74,028. throughout the country amounted to P677,807.67, Other exports to the United States and other as against P338,486.95 for November, 1934, or countries from Cebu, the second largest port of an increase of 50 per cent. They were rice, the Philippines, during the month totalled coconut oil, copra cake or meat, salt corn, Apo P2,395,822.09, as against P1,398,141.76 for No- cement, refined centrifugal and muscovado vember, 1934, or an increase of P997,680.33, or sugars, leaf tobacco, lumber, kapok, copra, 41 per cent. All of the principal exports regis- mangoes and peanuts. tered increases, as compared with the same pe- riod of the previous year. Copra increased by Shipments to the port of Cebu of native prod- P52,959.23 or 5 per cent; coconut oil, P404,- ucts from other inter-island ports amounted to 536.88 or 71 per cent; hemp, P364,323.69 or 66 P1,783,806.24, as against P1,151,180.82 for the per cent; lumber, P55,452.81 or 64 per cent; same month of last year, or an increase of 35 maguey, P46,514.50 or 47 per cent; and copra per cent. These include in the order of their cake, P34,935.10 or 46 per cent. importance, copra, rice corn, copra meal, salt, Other products exported were uncleaned ka- refined sugar, leaf tobacco, kapok, native soap, pok valued at P1,340, which went to Japan; centrifugal sugar, and coconut oil. cleaned kapok, P19,098.86, which went to Ger- many; kapok seeds valued at P475, which went The foregoing supplements a well to Japan; and leaf tobacco worth P42,330, which balanced budget, a substantial surplus. went to Spain. The other native products in the Commonwealth Treasury, and in- shipped from the port of Cebu to various points come exceeding estimate.,

Who Are the Filipinos? By FELIX M. KEESING Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii

IN 1898 Uncle Sam found himself the often called Indonesians, that is "island overlord of some millions of brown- Indians," for their voyagings seem to skinned Filipinos, whose homeland on lead back to India. Racially, they were the other side of the Pacific Ocean was predominantly of the white stock. Some captured from the Spaniards. appear to have come by way of the To know who these Filipinos are, we present Netherlands Indies, others from must go far back into the human story. Indo-China. No doubt they fought with Some 25,000 years ago, scientists say, the Negritos, and in some cases mar- the present Philippine Islands were con- ried with them. Today, in certain dis- nected by land with Asia. Into their tricts of the Philippines, there are many dense jungles, rugged mountains and people of this racial type, tall and show- hot tropic valley wandered early types ing little of Oriental physical charac- of man. Perhaps some of the ancestors teristics. of the Australian Aborigines came Several hundred years before the be- there. We know for sure that numbers ginning of the Christian era still an- of little black pigmies arrived, for thou- other migration commenced. People of sands of them have survived to the medium height and more Mongoloid in present day. These Negritos, as they appearance, who can be called Malay- are called, roam the forests in little ans, came to the islands by way of Bor- groups. They hunt deer and wild pigs, neo from Java and Sumatra. The last gather roots and berries, and keep shyly named islands were the seat of great apart from the other Philippine peoples. Brahmin and Buddhist empires, and Unresponsive to the efforts of those who these folk moved into the remoter Phil- have tried to civilize them, they are now ippine islands in family groups much as dying out. colonists moved out from Europe to In time, the sea engulfed the land America. Racially they seem a mixture connections with Asia. The Philippines of Mongoloid, Indonesian and Negrito became a triangle of more than seven stocks. They married with the earlier thousand islands, with a land surface comers and also, in the course of time, larger than the state of Arizona. All with many Chinese, and a few Hindus further corners to them had to use boats. and Arabs. For in the first centuries of Perhaps 8,000 years ago some tall, the Christian era quite an extensive sea brown-skinned people beached their trade was carried on among the Malay- canoes on the island shores. They are an, Chinese, Indian and Arab peoples. Market day in Baguio, where business is mixed with the pleasure of gossip and a good time is had by all. The women favor brilliant colors in their distinctive dress but men, for the most part, prefer modern garb. —Photos by H. H. Hazelwood.

that the number of Filipinos has in- creased from perhaps half a million in 1550 to more than thirteen millions to- day. Along with the different peoples came different ways of living and think- ing. The Filipinos of today have man- ners and customs which are drawn from the ends of the earth, and which are being fashioned into a new and The mass of lowland Filipinos today composite culture. The Negritos and are of the Malayan type. Indonesians were both Stone Age peo- In 1851, the first Spaniards arrived in ples. The Malayans could work metal, the Philippines. They, too, began to weave, and make pottery. They also marry into the Philippine peoples, grew rice as their staple food. Much of along with other white folk, for there Indian and Arabian knowledge and lore were no women of their own kind in were assimilated by them. Those who this remote part of the world. Some lived on the coast bought porcelain. Japanese and Mexicans did likewise. cloth, jewelry, weapons and similar When, therefore, we meet a Filipino, goods from Chinese traders, giving in we may take it as probable that the return such local products as wax, hon- blood of many peoples runs in his veins ey, coconuts, skins and pearls. Many —tall and short, white, yellow, brown, Chinese established their homes in the and dark. Nature is hard at work in Philippines for trading purposes. Today the islands welding a new, composite they number more than seventy thou- people, something she has of course sand, and even yet control the greater done many times before in human his- part of Philippine commerce. tory and indeed is doing throughout the With the Spanish conquest came cer- world today. That the new blend is tain revolutionary changes. The vast successful seems indicated by the fact majority of the people became Chris- 20 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

tians. This has tended to bind the Fili- tury several outstanding leaders voiced pinos strongly to the Occident, as there the wish of the people for a greater say is no other large group of Christians in in their country's affairs. In 1896, the the Orient. Yet more than a million of greatest of these, a remarkable doctor, the Philippine people resisted conver- scholar and artist named Jose Rizal, was sion by the Spaniards. About half of shot by order of the government. Rizal these live in the southern part and are has since that time been revered by Fili- Mohammedans ( the so-called Moros ), pinos as a martyred hero and patriot. while the rest cling to ancient forms of His death was the signal for another re- religion in which the worship of an- volt. When, in 1898, the United States cestors is important. In recent years sent its forces to capture the Philip- these "non-Christians," as they are pines, the city of Manila itself was un- called, are becoming friendly and civil- der siege by a Filipino army, and ized. Spain's hold over the islands was tot- The Filipinos have taken much from tering. Spanish life that appealed to them. Ev- A commission of Americans decided ery barrio ( village ) has its fiestas. Mu- that the Philippines should be taken un- sic and dancing follow the Spanish der the wing of the United States until styles. Christian Filipinos have names their people were fully ready to govern like Juan, Miguel, Maria and Conchita. themselves. At first many Filipinos The wealthier folk in Manila and other thought this was merely to be a trans- cities learned to live in the grand Span- fer from one tyrant to another. For sev- ish manner. On the other hand, many eral years, therefore, sections of the of the older Indonesian-Malayan ways people fought against Uncle Sam's of living have survived to the present troops. day, particularly in the rural districts. But it came to be realized that Amer- The Filipinos have a very great loyalty ica's intention was to help. Schools and to their families and kinsfolk, and look hospitals were opened throughout the to their elders to tell them what to do. country. Before long the Filipinos were Old crafts of pottery making and weav- practically governing themselves under ing are kept up, though now the pro- a democratic system not very different ducts are often sold. Houses are usual- from that in the United States. The ly of bamboo, with grass roofs. The rich resources of the soil were devel- women often work along with the men oped, increasing the wealth of the in the fields, sowing and harvesting rice by hand. islands. Though Juan de la Cruz, as the Filipino peasant is often called, has been The outstanding weakness of Fili- slow to change his traditional modes of pino life before the Spaniards came was living, at least he has a security un- its lack of unity. Each group of kins- dreamed of hitherto. Many of the men or each village kept more or less to younger generation and the urban folk itself. It had its own customs and dia- have adopted American ways with en- lect, and often there was fierce warfare thusiasm. between neighbors. The Spanish rulers The general trend, however, is for pacified and opened up the country. the Filipino people to adopt what they They also made a unified system of gov- consider the most useful elements of ernment for the whole islands. In do- culture from other peoples and to fuse ing this, they laid the foundations for a Philippine nation. them with worthwhile elements from their own local backgrounds. A Philip- Not that the Spaniards had any wish pine culture that has its own rather to make the Filipinos into an indepen- unique character, yet shares in the wid- dent people. Rather, they ruled them er heritage of modern civilization, is be- with an iron hand and made little at- ing compounded. Especially now that tempt to give an education except in re- the Filipinos are entering a period of ligious matters. It was from the people "trial independence" we can watch with themselves that a desire gradually came interest and sympathy this people in the to be united and free. Revolt after re- making. and wish them well in their volt had to be crushed by the Spaniards. task of developing a national life of Toward the end of the nineteenth cen- their own. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 21

The Philippines For the Filipinos By MABLE LANE MOE

HE FIRST day of May, 1898, A year later President McKinley cau- may be set down as a significant tioned the First Philippine Commission date in history, not because of the to "bear in mind that the government T spectacular naval victory of Com- which you are establishing is designed, modore Dewey in Manila Bay on that not for our satisfaction, or the expres- day, but because of the situation that sion of our theoretical views, but for the arose as a result of that victory. It happiness, peace and prosperity of the marked a new era in the history of col- people of the Philippine Islands." onial administration of dependent peo- Expression of an altruistic purpose as ples. For the first time a strong and an excuse for the domination of weaker progressive nation took possession of a nations by stronger ones, is as old as weak and retarded one, not for the pur- imperialism itself. It is doubtful if many pose of exploiting its people and re- people either in the United States or sources for its own advantage, but to elsewhere, expected the altruistic policy train the inhabitants for self govern- to be literally carried out. Contrary to ment and to guide them in the task of expectations, however, certain clauses developing their own resources for their which were placed within the Organic own advancement. Act of the Philippine Islands, which The writer has found no evidence was passed by the Congress on July 2, that there was any intention on the part 1902, have proved to be fatal obstacles of the administration at Washington to in the way of capitalistic expansion in hold the islands, either before or direct- the islands under American occupation. ly after the battle of Manila Bay, but on December 10, 1898, President McKin- One reason for these restrictions may ley ordered the "actual occupation and have been the fact that there was, at the administration of the entire group of the time, strong opposition in Congress Philippine Islands." And suddenly the against holding the islands. It was United States had become a colonial thought by many congressmen that if power with neither policy nor former the profit motive were removed the experience to guide them. islands would soon be released. The The spirit of imperialism and the de- Philippines proved to be an exception sire to exploit the islands were so to this rule. strongly marked at the time that it is a Another factor undoubtedly was the surprise to find that in April, 1899, the strong reaction throughout the United Schurman Commission issued the fol- States, about the end of the century, lowing statement of policy: against capitalistic expansion which had Honor, justice and friendship forbid the use resulted in the plundering of natural re- of the Philippine people or islands as an object sources, and exploitation of the Ameri- or means of exploitation. The purpose of the American Government is the welfare and ad- can people by the barons of industry. vancement of the Philippine people. Far-seeing congressmen sought to safe- Domestic and foreign trade and commerce, guard the Filipinos and their resources agriculture, and other industrial pursuits, and against such outrages by placing within the general development of the country in the the Organic Act stringent restrictions interests of its inhabitants will be the constant objects of solicitude and fostering care. upon the disposition of the public do- main and the granting of concessions * The author spent five years in the Philippines as teacher in the Bureau of Education. She worked in and franchises. that section where public domain was being settled by Filipino homesteaders. This article in part is taken Public lands formerly owned by from her Master's Thesis, The Economic Policy of the United States toward the Philippine Islands. Spain were acquired by the United 22 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

States under the Treaty of Paris. This in the islands. Referring to this resent- was interpreted by a majority of con- ment he once said: "Those Americans gressmen to constitute a trust to be held and foreign whites that cannot accept for the benefit of the Filipino people. As the Government's policy are free to these lands comprised a total of 68,405,- leave the islands, and are under no com- 416 acres they became the largest single pulsion to remain to criticize and thwart asset in the future development of the Government efforts." The success of the Philippines. policy of non-exploitation was due, per- To protect the interests of the Fili- haps, more to the sincerity and deter- pino people in the public domain the mination of Governor Taft than to any Organic Act limited the amount of land other individual. which could be disposed of to an indi- Opposition continued from industrial- vidual to forty acres and to a corpora- ists in the islands and from many of the tion 1024 acres. The corporation law large interests in America. In every ses- in the same act prevented the merging sion of Congress from 1902 to 1932 at- of corporations and interlocking direc- tempts were made to have the laws torates by prohibiting "any member of modified, but no important changes a corporation engaged in agriculture or were ever made by the Congress. This mining, or any corporation organized was due, in large measure, to the united for any purpose except irrigation to be opposition of Filipinos who were heart- in any wise interested in any other cor- ily in agreement with the restrictions. poration engaged in agriculture or min- When, in 1916, the administration of ing." Corporations were allowed to lend the public domain was turned over to money on real estate but any land ac- the Philippine Legislature that body im- quired in this manner had to be dis- mediately incorporated the same restric- posed of within five years. tions within their own laws. Restrictions upon the disposition of That the policy of "The Philippines forest products were so severe prior to for the Filipinos" was successful is 1902 that a lumber famine was actually shown by the fact that ninety-six per created so that the Government was cent of all the agricultural land under forced to import large amounts of lum- cultivation at the present time is owned ber for its own use. This situation was by the Filipinos themselves. Even in remedied later by placing the forest sugar, the most highly industrialized lands directly under the Commission agricultural enterprise in the islands, the which passed an act in 1904 making the natives own eighty per cent of the land forest lands perpetually a part of the and the Spaniards ten per cent. Fur- public lands and as such they may never thermore, there has been a great multi- be alienated. plication of small holdings. The num- Thirty-four years have passed since ber of farms had increased from 815,- the enactment of the Organic Act and 500 in 1903 to 1,955,000 in 1918. In it is now possible to estimate and evalu- the year 1926 the Director of Agricul- ate the effectiveness and the conse- ture estimated that 1,500,000 families quences of restrictions placed upon the were cultivating their own land. development of the public domain in One of the most far reaching results 1902. These laws were rigorously en- of the land policy has been the develop- forced by every governor general in the ment of the central system of the sugar islands although only two, Francis Bur- industry. Under this plan the corpora- ton Harrison and Theodore Roosevelt, tion owns the equipment and about a declared themselves in favor of such thousand acres of land. The remainder rigid restrictions. of the cane is grown by individual plant- As the first chief executive of the ers under contract with the owners of Philippine Islands it became the duty of the mills. This industry has grown up William Howard Taft to establish and since 1912 when the first central was maintain the policy officially declared by established. Prior to that date the Phil- Congress. His insistence upon the ippine sugar had such a low percentage "Philippines for the Filipinos" caused of purity that American refiners pur- him to be extremely unpopular among chased it only when no other was avail- Americans and foreigners with interests able. In 1930 there were thirty-six cen- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 23

The author with her high school class of boys. Reverse side of photo bears the in- scription in beautiful chirography: "This group is heartily dedicated to you as your everlasting remembrance to the 3rd year Div.I-1920-21. Your pupil, Victor Jimenez."

trals in operation employing 1,555,000 ipinos themselves the Philippine Legis- people. At present more than fifty per lature passed several laws for the pur- cent of the total value of exports from pose of stimulating development. The the islands is in sugar. It is a demon- first authorized the Governor General stration that large scale agriculture can to guarantee, on behalf of the Insular be carried on successfully without alien- Government, interest and dividend not ating the land from the natives or em- to exceed five per cent per annum on ploying immigrant contract labor. capital invested in new agriculture. An- other law was passed for the purpose of The fact that land development has promoting and assisting in the estab- gone forward slowly is undoubtedly an- lishment of sugar centrals. A similar other effect of the land policy. At pres- law was passed for the establishment of ent there are less than 10,000,000 acres coconut oil factories and related indus- of cultivated land in the entire archipel- tries. These experiments were carried ago, or about 13.5 per cent of the total out with some degree of success until area. There are still nearly thirty mil- 1920, when the Government suffered lion acres of agricultural land available such severe losses, due partly to the and it has been estimated that at the sharp decline in agricultural prices and present rate of development it will take partly to mismanagement, that the Gov- four hundred years before all the land ernment credit was seriously threaten- is under cultivation. ed. The coconut oil factories suffered Another interesting development was very heavy losses, but the Government the socialistic experiments undertaken has continued to carry the five sugar by the government under the Harrison centrals established under those laws. administration. In an attempt to devel- At present they have practically paid op the agricultural resources by the Fil- out, so the experiments have been far 24 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

from the total failure with which they 1932 the Bureau of Posts was operating have been credited. Also, Filipinos have 64 radio stations. During the Harrison had some valuable experiences and have regime the Manila Railroad system was learned a great deal from their failures purchased by the Government. as well as from their successes. It must not be supposed that govern- As in agriculture, the Congress saw ment ownership of utilities has develop- fit to safeguard the mineral resources ed without opposition. It came about in from undue exploitation. The mining the early years because of necessity, law in the Organic Act provided that due to the fact that private interests no person or corporation should hold could not be induced to participate be- more than one mining claim which was cause of the restrictions contained in the limited to 200 meters along one vein. law. From 1920 to 1932 the American Since the corporation law forbade the Administration in the islands made ev- combination of holdings, extensive de- ery effort to force the Government out velopment became impossible. of all business and to turn it over to The development of mines involves private concerns. On account of the the use of extensive plants which are concentrated opposition of the Filipinos practicable only where consolidation these efforts were unsuccessful. and extensive exploitation are possible, The government-owned utilities have The islands are rich in mineral re- been financially successful. Receipts of sources but in 1928 the total production the Bureau of Posts have shown a sur- of metal and base minerals was less plus over costs every year since 1916. than one half of one per cent, in value, In 1926 the surplus was more than half of all production in the islands. Since a million dollars. In 1928 the Manila that time the Philippine Legislature has Railroad had liquidated all but $250,000 seen fit to modify both the corporation of the former indebtedness of $42,580,- and the mining laws and there has been 000. considerable development during the From the standpoint of service and last few years. general development they have not been During the early days of American so successful. The standard of service occupation, utility companies had great rendered to the public is universally in- hopes of large-scale developments of ferior to that of private concerns. Out- public services in the islands. They were side of Manila and the larger centers doomed to disappointment, however, as electrical power has been developed the Organic Act contained the follow- only on a small scale. Few provincial ing provision: towns have street lighting systems. In All franchises, privileges or concessions towns where electricity is available few granted under this Act shall forbid the issuance homes are lighted, partly because the of stock or bonds except in exchange for actual cash, or for property at a fair valuation, equal current is too expensive, and partly be- to the par value of stock or bond so issued; cause the standard of living is too low shall forbid the declaring of stock or bond divi- to afford such luxuries. For the same dends, and, in the case of public corporations, reasons telephones are seldom found in shall provide for the effective regulation of the charges thereof, for the official inspection of private homes outside the larger cities. registration of books and accounts of such cor- Turning back to the original state- porations. ment of policy issued by the Schurman These restrictions discouraged capital Commission there seems to be no rea- investment to such an extent that the son to doubt that the policy has been Government has been forced to take ov- followed throughout American occupa- er utilities to a large extent. As early tion. The Philippine Islands have not as 1902 the Insular Government took been "an object or means of exploita- over from the military authorities 8,000 tion" and the "general development of miles of telephone and telegraph lines. the country" has been "in the interests These have been operated under the of the inhabitants." Bureau of Posts. At present the insu- The story of the United States in the lar or provisional governments operate Philippines came to its natural conclu- fifty telephone systems, while only five sion with the inauguration of the Phil- are operated by private interests. In ippine Commonwealth. To have con- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 25 tinued American control much longer der to encourage the development of would have been an anti climax. The natural resources. Heavy expenditures Filipino people have had two genera- for defense must be met along with tions of tutorship in the administration gradual withdrawal of the privilege of of their own affairs. If they are not now free trade with the United States on capable of carrying them forward it is account of which the government must safe to say that they will never be. It sustain heavy losses of income. would seem that those individuals who see anything sinister or alarming in ex- Liberalizing the land laws would be tending autonomy to the Filipinos at almost certain to meet with strong op- this time do not take into consideration position. A large portion of the popu- the fact that the original plan of train- lation are peasants who live close to the ing the Filipinos for self government soil. There is strong resentment within has been carried to its logical conclu- that group against large land holdings, sion. an attitude which had its beginnings in As for the future, who can say? It their long struggles with the Spanish is fraught with difficulties for the Fili- Friars culminating in the revolution of pinos, obstacles that to many would ap- 1896. The Legislature will not be likely pear to be insurmountable but why not to disregard that sentiment. give them the credit of having the cour- These are only a few of the problems age of their convictions? that will confront the new Philippine It seems safe to predict that the Phil- Commonwealth. But all of them put to- ippine Legislature will be forced to lib- gether are no more serious than those eralize their mining, corporation and that confronted the thirteen states at franchise laws in the near future in or- the beginning of our national existence.

University of Washington Filipino Alumni* By ILDEFONZO REDADTRINI

N ITS INFANCY the Filipino were presented. Philippine national Alumni Association did not seem to problems were discussed to acquaint I grasp its proper function. There was, undergraduates with the situation in the perhaps, too much flair for dances. Islands, so as to put them in a better But the Association has come of age position to adjust their choice of courses and though it has only 22 members in to needs of the country where they ex- Seattle, it is active and strong. pect to use their training. Jene Resos, Rosario Cortez, president last year, a Filipino engineer at Boeing Airplane was successful in promoting coopera- Co., delivered a lecture on The Pros- tion within the Association and in pur- pect of Aviation in the Philippines; suing a policy of wide cultural appeal. Frank Berkenkutter on Mining Engi- Two vocational guidance programs neering and Mineral Resources of the Islands; Procopio Victoriano on Phil- Filipino college students in the United States total ippine Economics; Rafael Jacinto on 583, according to latest (1933-34) data available. The number majoring in various subjects follow: Account- The Philippine Constitution; Lazaro ing 1; Agriculture 15; Agricultural Engineering 5; Agronomy 2; Fine Arts 2; Architecture 1; Arts and Arquero on Christianity; Melecio To- Science 21; Letters and Science 30; Automotive 1; ledo on National Protection, and Mar- Bacteriology 1; Botany 3; Business 10; Economics 13; General 8; Geography 1; History 15; Journalism 3; ciano Raquel, on Choosing a Career. Languages 1; Law 9; Liberal Arts 51; Literature 2; Mathematics 4; Mechanical Engineering 7; Medicine Music and songs by local talent and a 8; Metallurgy 1; Mining 5; Music 2; Natural Science dramatic recital by Lauro Catibog were 3; Nursing 2; Osteopathy 1; Business Administration 16; Commerce 20; Chemistry 9; Chemical Engineering given between the lectures, thus mak- 1; Civil Engineering 9; Dentistry 1; Education 45; Electrical Engineering 5; Engineering 47; English 8; ing the programs entertaining as well Entomology 1; Forestry 3; Pharmacy 4; Philosophy 2; as enlightening. Physical Education 2; Political Science 27; Psychol- ogy 1; Science 7; Social Science 10; Speech 1; Soci- Last spring the Association presented ology 2; Sugar Engineering 1; Veterinary Medicine 3; Zoology 3; not reporting majors 127. a debate benefit in the Mary Knol 26 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

Church. The proposition was: Re- Filipino students. The vocational guid- solved, That we should adopt English ance program has been expanded into as our national language. The speakers a social education program open free to in the affirmative were Marciano Ra- the Seattle Filipino community. The quel, champion in oratory in the Uni- lectures on Philippine problems are versity of Montana in 1931, Arsenio given right in the heart of the Filipino Diaz, an eloquent Filipino pastor; and community. After every lecture the Andres Bignoria, who is taking his audience can ask questions from the Ph.D. in philosophy and psychology. speaker. Opposed to them were the witty and The program which is held under clever Vicente 0 Navea, the scholarly joint auspices of the Filipino Alumni Vicente Laurente and the humorous Associations and the University Fili- Trinidad A. Rojo, who is working for pino Club has four major objectives: his Ph.D. in sociology and English. (a ) to guide undergraduate and high The affirmative won the popular de- school students in the selection of their cision 80 to 50, but the negative had careers; ( b ) to promote cooperation be- the consolation of winning the votes of tween the two organizations; ( c ) to such scholars as Numeriano Seguritan foster better understanding between the and Professor Jessie F. Steiner, the two Filipino students and Filipino down- persons in the audience who knew most town elements, ( d) to arouse and en- about the subject. Numeriano Seguri- lighten public opinion on national Phil- tan, a Phi Beta Kappa student, is tak- ippine issues. ing Ph.D. work in languages, and Pro- Bernardo Acena, active vice-presi- fessor Steiner is the head of the social- dent of the Filipino Association, is ogy department of the University of Washington. mainly responsible for the social edu- cation program, while the president is Aside from two dance parties held mainly responsible for promoting con- last year, the Association undertook tact with Seattle Filipino businessmen two activities in conjunction with the and national Philippine leaders who University Filipino Club. One was the pass through Seattle. As a tangible big reception given in honor of Dr. Pe- result, relationship of the Filipino busi- dro Guiang, who took his Ph.D. in this nessmen and the Filipino alumni is at university, the other was the tea party present amicable. For the first time sponsored by Dean and Mrs. Laner, since the creation of the Filipino Alum- Professor and Mrs. Steiner, Professor ni Association, Mr. Decano with his and Mrs. Jeffers, and Colonel and Mrs. charming sister, Miss Placida Decano, Kimmel. The affair was attended by and Filipino businessmen such as Mr. many professors, some of them depart- Laigo and Mr. Campossano attended mental heads. the traditional Filipino alumni night at The audience witnessed a play with- New Year's Eve, held at Frye hotel. in the play. The former was supposed Pio Decano, who contributed much to take place in a rural community in to the merriment of the alumni's "night the Philippines, given in honor of a Fili- of nights," is now making arrangements pino student just arrived from the to donate a $100 scholarship prize for States. Wearing native costumes, the Filipino students at the University of town people entertained him with folk Washington. songs and folk dances. He in turn en- Filipino students in the States are in tertained them by citing amusing no- matrix future Filipino leaders. For in- tions and prejudices held by various stance, three assistant bureau directors nations concerning each other. The of the Philippine government are grad- Americans in the audience were tickled uates of the University of Washington, to hear him speak about the funny and one is head of a national bureau, two wild notions Americans have about the are University deans in Manila, and Filipinos and the Philippines. one a national supervisor of the bureau This year the Association has as its of education, not to mention many president Vicente 0 Vavea, influential others who occupy responsible posi- with the Filipino businessmen as well as tions. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 27

The Filipinos in the Territory of Hawaii By CAYETANO LIGOT Former Labor Commissioner HE FILIPINO laborers in the The Filipinos in Hawaii cannot and Territory of Hawaii, which con- will not forget their mother country. At sist mostly of Ilocanos and Visa- present there is a current opinion of T yos, are engaged in various kinds rendering help to the newly established of work, particularly in the two main Philippine Commonwealth Government. industries—sugar and pineapple. At any time the highest executive offi- Like other nationals that have immi- cer of the Philippine islands issues cir- grated to these islands, they came here culars showing the way to apply their to see other lands and to improve their latent earnest desire to help, the Fili- economic condition of living. The first pinos in Hawaii will surely answer im- Filipinos, numbering around 200, ar- mediately and lavishly. rived in Honolulu between 1906 and In the meantime, Filipinos in the 1907. The treatment they received from Territory of Hawaii respectfully ex- their employers — houses, water, fuel, press their deepest gratitude to Presi- medicine, medical treatment and hospi- dent Manuel L. Quezon for his untir- talization afforded to them freely—and ing efforts to obtain our newly implant- the substantial savings that they could ed government. Likewise, we respect- produce out of their wages, when re- fully thank the President of the United ported to their friends and relatives in States of America, together with those their mother land, caused the Filipinos who cooperated with him in granting to turn their thoughts to these islands, the Filipino people the Bill of Inde- and consequently from 1909 immigra- pendence. tion has been continuous, until May 1, 1935, when the bill of Philippine inde- pendence was signed by President Roosevelt. The Filipinos are doing fine, impor- tant work in Hawaii, and they have proved themselves good workmen for the job in which they are engaged. They have sympathetic hearts to their adopted community, and ready hands to cooperate with any public undertak- ing for the general welfare of this Ter- ritory.

Right: A Filipino family entertains friends in one of the neat, flower- bedecked cottages shown in the typical Hawaiian plantation village below. 28 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

The English Language in the Philippines By KILMER 0. MOE*

MBUED with a spirit not unlike that They demonstrated also that the na- of the early Spanish missionaries, tives were eager to learn the English I America came to the Philippines language. with an uplift program fully as pro- The First Philippine ComMission, nounced and proceeded to put it in op- sent by President McKinley to estab- eration with crusader zeal. Once again lish civil government in the islands, the Filipino was to be elevated benevo- found that books and stationery must lently, but the salvation of his soul was be furnished and teachers brought from not so much the issue in this new ven- the United States. This idea was first ture as improvement in his living condi- conveyed to the Filipino people on tions. Through education, sanitation, April 4, 1899. the opening of lines of communication and improvement of commerce and in- Further study of the records reveals dustry a whole people was to be lifted that behind the Commission were in- to standards of living approximating structions by the President indicating those of America. a policy not based so much upon find- ings of the Commission as upon expe- The Old World sat back, smiled at riences of the military authorities. In- this Quixotic venture of adolescent structions: America. It will be the duty of the Commission to pro- The idea of opening schools was a mote and extend as they find occasion to im- peace measure adopted by the army of prove the system already inaugurated by the occupation. Gen. Harrison Gray Otis military authorities. In doing this they should regard as of first importance the extension of saw the value of Father McKinnon's a system of primary schools which shall be attempt to start schools in Manila after free to all, and which shall tend to fit the capitulation, and ordered chaplains and people for the duties of citizenship and for the officers to follow his example. Text- ordinary avocations of a civilized community. This instruction shall be given in the first in- books were purchased and schools stance in every part of the islands in the lan- spread as fast as the army advanced. In guage of the people. In view of the great num- northern Luzon 120 schools were ber of languages spoken by the different tribes opened merely as an entering wedge, it is especially important to the prosperity of the islands that a common medium of commu- with soldiers detailed to teach Filipino nication be established and it is obviously de- children the English language. These sirable that this medium be the English Lan- were followed by many others. It is guage. Especial attention should be at once estimated that at least 1,000 schools given to affording full opportunity to all the people of the islands to acquire the use of the were opened under military orders. The English language. First Philippine Commission report comments on these schools as being in The Commission lost no time in put- a rather chaotic condition: "There are ting the President's instructions into no graded courses, no supervision, and effect. A call went back to America as schools they are aimless in purpose for a thousand teachers and before the and entirely inadequate." But they served year was out the work was well under way. another important purpose; means of reaching the natives. As a peace meas- Americans, when they came in con- ure they were well worth the effort. tact with the Filipinos, were convinced that English ought to be the official "The author spent 17 years in the Philippines, 10 as language of the country. This conclu- Superintendent Central Luzon Agricultural School, under the Bureau of Education. Ile visited all parts sion was based upon the large number of the archipelago and had unusual opportunities to study the spread of English and its effect on the lan- of dialects and the determination of the guage barriers of the people. American to make the Filipinos a united Filipino version of the covered wagon; pioneers on the way to take up homesteads. Evidently a pause for refreshment as the carabao motors have been detached to wallow in some wayside stream. They cannot go long without soaking. — Au- thor's photo. people. Those unfamiliar with Ameri- a thousand teachers who, in answer to can history may not understand this the call, came to lay the foundation for viewpoint. Why, indeed, should not the a system of public education for all medley of peoples found in the Philip- children. pines be premitted to live their own I joined that band of enthusiasts lives in their own way? Because this early in the venture. My first experi- modern American crusader was deter- ence was that of supervising teacher mined to give them a better outlook. directing a corps of native teachers over He found them pocketed away, as he a large district. I rode a native pony, thought, in blind alleys, hopelessly dis- trudged native trails, ate native fare united. He felt that the one great serv- and sought ways and means to improve ice he could render was to emancipate the living conditions of the people in them from the tyranny that isolation the outlying barrios. I was doing only and tradition had laid upon them. what hundreds of other Americans Then followed a most extraordinary were doing, all working to carry out performance, the story of which has the same general purpose. The founda- never been fully told. The soldier turned tion which they laid at that time still teacher and sanitary inspector. He holds, supports the superstructure of an forced his way into every household elaborate system. and shot his disinfectant into every The American point of view was en- dark corner. Breaking down all bar- hanced by the belief that the obliga- riers, he penetrated even the innermost tions of Americans in the islands could chambers of nun and priest in his search be fulfilled only as they helped the more for secret lurking places of deadly germs backward peoples to make necessary of cholera and yellow fever. The an- adjustments so that they, too, might cient moat around the walled city, filled have a better outlook. The pagan hill with slimy water, breeding malarial tribes and the Moros appealed to them, mosquitoes, was drained, converted as did the great mass referred to in the into sunken gardens and is now the Philippines as the tao ( peasant) class. children's playground of Manila. An Oriental stratification of society which appeal went back to the homeland for places a ruling class on top, supported

Settler's home in a forest clearing; comfortable houses well suited to the climate are made entire- ly of material on the ground. — Kilmer Moe photo. Threshing rice old style by the trampling carabao who hurries only when boiling mad and his haste of no economic value. Opposite page, modern American machinery do- ing a better job. Soon there was no longer need to import rice.—Kilmer Moe photos.

by the great mass living on a lower schools in the Philippines because this plane, was contrary to the American common medium of expression became ideal of equality of opportunity. In this a means to an end—unity of multiple new contact his sympathy went out to groups. the lower class, the silent tao; poor, ig- It was impossible for the few Ameri- norant helpless and, he thought, ex- cans to do more than they did in the ploited and enslaved. Here was the correction of English. The stilted sen- downtrodden peasant whose material tences gleaned from the book were in- welfare and security were to be estab- adequate for everyday conversation. lished. The Filipino improvised by making Literacy for the mass was, from the literal translations from his own tongue, beginning, the great objective. That, and in so doing mutilated English often and a practical knowledge of the Eng- beyond hope of recognition. I was one lish language. Filipino English is in a lone American in a district comprising class by itself. New arrivals from Amer- a population of 80,000. How could I ica have considerable difficulty even correct the mistakes in English heard now in following an ordinary conversa- on all sides? My situation was typical tion. It is a brand of English evolved of all other supervising teachers. out of many painful attempts to find a But the supervisor's direct contact common medium of expression by pop- with the people was important in many ulation units separated by language other respects. He saw the lack of barriers since time out of mind. Like pidgin sanitation, the impassable roads, the in- in Hawaii or the South Seas, it justices practiced on the poor and the is serving a very important function ignorant; the infant mortality and gen- even though the visitor from the main- eral malnutrition of the masses. He land of America and the purist in all racked his brain for ideas to help alle- English-speaking lands thinks the ex- viate suffering and elevate the low periment in education a failure because standard of living. This contact led to English has been twisted to meet this particular situation. a great many suggestions, some of which were given a trial with the sanc- It has often occurred to me that these tion of higher officials. In due course critics would change their opinions if industrial work and gardening were in- they were required to go through the troduced, followed by courses for girls same process of adjustment as con- in sewing, cooking, home sanitation, fronted the average Filipino. nursing and care of children. We must not minimize the impor- Will the English language survive in tance of a common language even the Philippines? In view of the prob- though it fall short of our standards of able separation from America and in- purity. I doubt that any language can auguration of a national existence of its grow up without having to undergo own the Filipino people have now to many adjustments. Further, the spread choose. But it is not a choice that can of English as a common language has be left to the older generation entirely. more than justified the cost of public Thirty-five years of effort to give the Filipinos unity through use of a com- inconceivable that the Tagalog will ac- mon language cannot be undone so cept Ilocano or Visayan in exchange for readily. A new generation has come his own dialect, nor would it be possi- upon the scene, rapidly assuming con- ble for Spanish to take the place of trol of the affairs of the country. The English. Grim Reaper will soon have done his There is only one possibility for Eng- work in removing the last opposition to lish to lose out in the struggle for su- English as the medium of expression premacy and that is one of foreign con- throughout the islands. quest under a policy of "Divide and Would the Filipinos go back on their Rule." Isolation and disuse might have own destiny and break up the unity al- the effect of bringing the dialects back ready attained by plunging their coun- into general use, but it would destroy try into a chaos of misunderstanding, all hope of a national existence under separated once more into groups with the American ideal, "United We insurmountable language barriers? It is Stand, Divided We Fall."

Personal Impressions of the Philippine? By EARL CARROL Manager, Hawaii Agency, Insular Life Assurance Company of Manila

EPARATING the Pacific Ocean 2,500 square miles and 553 others vary from the China Sea and stretch- from one to one thousand square miles. ing along the Asiatic continent The remaining 6,522 are less than one S for 1,000 miles, from a point 100 square mile in area. Many of them are miles south of Formosa, to a point less heavily wooded and many are low coral than 100 miles north of North Borneo, atolls—but all are beautiful. are 7,083 islands known as the Philip- They are rich in natural resources of pines Archipelago. They have a total timber, gold, silver, iron, chromite and of 114,000 square miles and a coastline fertile soil. There are more than 2,000 longer than that of the United States. varieties of hardwoods. The production The two largest islands are Luzon, in of gold within recent years has placed the north, on which Manila is located, the Philippines in a position of favor- area 40,814 square miles, Mindanao in able comparison with other large gold the south, with 36,906 square miles. Six producing areas of the world. Silver other islands have an area of more than and chromite are produced in smaller quantities. Sugar, with an annual pro- duction of more than one million tons, *Statements made in this article are based upon ob- servations and information received during three years' has become the leading export, having residence in the Philippines and more than 100,000 exceeded tobacco, hemp and copra. miles of travel in the provinces.—Tsai AUTHOR. 32 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

The vast majority of some 14,000,000 until 1898, Spain ruled the Philippines, Filipinos are Christian. In the moun- making certain definite contributions to tains there are still many so-called pa- the life and culture of the people but, gans, who form a very colorful part of in the main, keeping them thoroughly the population, having clung to their subjugated. tribal customs and traditions. They are Probably the greatest contribution peaceful and law abiding and are tak- was the Christian religion. The Philip- ing an increasingly active part in their pines became the first and only Chris- government. On the island of Min- tian nation of the Orient, thereby gain- danao and in the Sulu Archipelago, Mo- ing a beneficial cultural contact with hammedanism predominates and the Rome and Europe. The Church became Sultan of Sulu, spiritual ruler, still the center of the religious, social and wields tremendous power. The old an- political life of the community and the tagonism between Moro and Christian friar exercised almost unlimited author- is rapidly being supplanted by a loyalty ity in all matters. to the national group. There has been The second great contribution of a sincere desire on the part of educat- Spain was a legal system. When Spain ed Mohammedans to understand the assumed control of the islands, there Christian religion of their fellow coun- were no laws generally accepted and trymen in an effort to live together recognized by the people as a whole. peacefully. Each tribal grouping lived according to Earliest migrators to the islands ap- its own tribal laws and customs, with- pear to have been the Malays, who out reference to adjoining tribes. came in successive waves from the Through efforts of the Spanish, a south over a period of centuries. They successful system of civil and military came in groups of fifty, or barangays, in law, applying to all tribal groups, was large sailing canoes. The Barangay developed. Spanish law still predom- became the unit of social organization inates in the judicial system of the Phil- and has persisted, in modified forms, ippines today. However, administration until the present. of the law was not always just. "Trial" Those who settled in the south be- and execution, in 1896, of Jose Rizal, came great sailors and their vintas car- national hero of the Philippines, be- ried their men of commerce and their came the classic example of abuse of warriors throughout the archipelago. In legal processes and was the immediate the north, those who settled in the stimulus to the 1896 insurrection. mountains developed over a period of Another significant contribution was 3,000 years terraces for the cultivation education. More than 2,000 schools and of rice that still remain a marvel to universities were established during the modern engineers. These Malay mi- reign of Spain. The oldest university grators most likely met and mingled under the American flag is located in with the Indonesians, from the east, and Manila, established by the Church the Chinese, who probably arrived by more than 300 years ago. In the main, land, as it is believed that some of the the educational system was for the pur- islands were once connected to the con- pose of training Filipinos for the priest- tinent. hood. Students were carefully selected The Philippines were discovered for according to their loyalty to the Church the European world by Ferdinand Ma- and to Spain. There was no attempt gellan in 1521, who landed on the is- at mass education, or more likely, it was land of Cebu and took possession in not desired as it is difficult to keep an the name of the King of Spain, giving educated people in subjugation. How- the islands the name Islas de las Fili- ever, the idea of education was a great pinas. Forty-three years later, the first contribution to the Filipino people. Spanish Governor-General, Legaspi, While the Spanish made these con- landed on the same island and captured tributions, they were grossly negligent the city of Cebu, making it the capital in other respects. There was no health of the archipelago. Seven years later, and sanitation program. Dysentery, in 1571, Manila was captured and made smallpox and cholera were prevalent; the capital. For more than 300 years, lepers roamed the streets begging alms MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 33 where people were congregated; beri- collar" jobs in Manila and refused to beri was common. The death rate was return to the farms whence they came, appalling. Economic development of thus creating a problem in employment the masses was not encouraged. The as well as draining away from agricul- Government maintained a monopoly on ture and business pursuits the most able the lucrative tobacco production. Pros- of the nation's youth. However, efforts perous Filipinos were usually viewed were later made to remedy this situa- with suspicion and occasionally their tion through establishment of agricul- holdings were confiscated. There was tural and farm schools and business no suffrage. The Filipinos were not schools. Graduates from the agricul- permitted to vote nor hold public offices, tural schools now find employment in except in minor instances. Roads were the large sugar centrals, become teach- nothing but trails. Postal service was ers in other farm schools, or return to limited to a few coastal towns touched the farm as better farmers. by boats. There was no telegraphic Some of the universities set up col- communication except between the four leges of business administration. Young principal cities. All attempts to develop Filipinos graduating from these schools national feelings and unity were op- have rapidly been taking the place of pressed, those guilty of such offenses young foreigners employed by business usually being exiled or executed. firms in Manila and the provinces. An In the latter part of the nineteenth increasing number are entering business century the national spirit grew rapidly. on their own, some of them having Feeling against Spain and the abuse of made notable success as business men. the authority of the Church began to A health and sanitation program was crystallize and take form through the instituted that soon ramified all parts influence of such leaders as Mabini, of the archipelago. Health officials or del Pilar, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, Luna sanitary inspectors may now be found and Rizal. Finally, in 1896, following in every province and municipality. the execution of Rizal, the Tagalog in- Manila, considered in 1898 as the "pest- surrection began. The leaders were hole of the Orient," has become a clean, promptly captured and exiled to Hong- healthy, modern and beautiful city. kong. It was there that Admiral Dewey Epidemics and plagues have been elim- of the U. S. Navy found them in 1898. inated and the population of the archi- Subsequent events are familiar history. pelago has almost doubled in a third of When America acquired the Philippines a century. it was decided to assume sovereignty A vast highway system, probably the over them until such time as the Fili- best in the Orient, has been developed, pinos had acquired the ability to gov- with approximately 10,000 miles of ern themselves. concrete, asphalt, gravel and coral The new regime was not to be des- roads extending into all the main prov- potic—it was not to be imperialistic, inces, and into the mountains. The nor permanent. In many ways its roads leading into the City of Baguio, methods were in direct contrast to those 5,000 feet above sea level, are consid- of Spain. Soldiers laid down their guns ered engineering feats. The trip to Ba- to become school teachers. Thousands guio, once requiring many days of pa- of teachers were imported from the tient effort, may now be made by auto- United States and a vast educational mobile in five hours. Air transportation undertaking was under way. has developed rapidly and two main During thirty years of American sov- lines now serve the entire archipelago ereignty more than 5,000 schools have with fast and efficient service. been established. Normal schools were organized for the training of Filipino The government postal system now teachers and as fast as they were reaches every municipality. Wireless trained they were given positions in the communication, under the control of the municipal schools. Unfortunately, there Bureau of Posts, is efficient. was an overemphasis on "cultural edu- The Filipinos have been urged to de- cation" with a consequent large num- velop the country economically. Rice ber of graduates who sought "white- was once imported in large quantities. 34 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

The production is now sufficient to sup- Filipino people have demonstrated a re- ply the needs of the population. Sugar, markable capacity for progress, self- hemp, tobacco, and copra have been improvement and adjustment to a produced in large quantities and ex- changing environment. We can sin- ported, creating a surplus of exports cerely believe that the needed adjust- over imports and raising the standard ments of the years immediately ahead of living of the Filipino masses to a will be made and that at the appointed point far above that of other Oriental time the Philippines shall take her place people. as a sovereign entity among the nations During the past thirty-five years, the of world.

Kapuripun A Word Concerning the Contribution of the Filipinos in Hawaii By ROMAN R. CARIAGA Research Fellow in Anthropology, University of Hawaii

HE primary and outstanding fact 1906 by Albert F. Judd. These men about Filipinos in Hawaii is their were farmers from the north of Luzon, large, long and steady contribu- the island on which Manila is located, T tion to the labor supply of the and proved good workers. A subse- Territory. Filipinos are the brawn of quent group brought from the city of Hawaii's two major industries. Toiling Manila was composed of city youths among the golden pineapples and state- unaccustomed to rural routine and un- ly sugarcane may be seen the short, adapted to plantation life, who soon stalwart, bronze figures and mild, per- drifted to the city of Honolulu. With severing faces of these Malayan people little work available to them, and their who form the newest and most stable strange ways intimidating the older rural group of Hawaii's varied and in- residents, they became the "bad boys" teresting population. of Honolulu, leading the police a merry Succeeding the Chinese and Japanese chase after their petty depredations, laborers whose immigration was termi- quarrels, and cock-fighting. It was then nated by America's exclusion laws after that the derisive and sticktoitive Fili- Hawaii became a Territory of the pino nicknames "Poke-knife" and "Ba- United States in 1898, the Filipinos be- yao" were coined*. The planters then gan to come into the Territory in 1906, resumed their policy of importing rural With Oriental labor cut off, and Cau- folk and turned to the overcrowded dis- casian and Polynesian labor fluctuating tricts of Cebu and neighboring Visayan and uncertain, Hawaii found a solution isles. Many thousand Visayan families of her labor problem in the Philippines and single men have sojourned on the whose people, newly placed under the plantations of Hawaii; they still form protection of the American flag after the second largest of the Filipino dia- the Spanish-American war, were free to lect groups there, and the largest in the come and go in all parts of the United city of Honolulu. States. The third group to be imported, and A new era followed under the Amer- the type of Filipino perhaps best adapt- ican regime. The Filipinos began to ed to plantation work, hails from the mould their country and their lives after overpopulated and less fertile Ilocos the American pattern. They looked to districts in the north of the Philippines, America as their guide, and to visit her where the struggle for existence has shores became the goal of every enthu- bred an especially hardy, persevering siastic schoolboy. Small wonder that type of worker, mild and tractable in the opportunity to visit and to work in "Baydo, originally an innocuous word meaning one of the American Territories ap- brother-in-law, has come through ignorant usage by pealed to the Filipinos. other races to connote a scornful epithet, such as "Wop" or "Sheeny." Poke-knife refers to the old Fili- A tentative group of fifteen was se- pino habit, now fast waning, of carrying a long pocket knife Which might he grandiloquently flashed forth in lected and brought to the Territory in times of stress. Members of the Sampa- guita Club of the Hono- lulu Y.W.C.A., organized for friendly service in the Filipino community. Left to right, standing: Car- men Gavino; Mary Ang- hag; Lino del Rosario (president); Cristuta Banquen; Rita Mori, Nita Mejia (secretary-treas- urer); Ann Toncayo (vice president); Ines Viernes (adviser). Seat- ed: Catherine Mejia; Alice Abellana; Sarah Cosmo.

temperament for the most part, and keen about American goods, and eager thrifty and contented. Since 1924 these to improve their standard of living and Ilocanos have immigrated in vast num- to adopt American ways. bers and now form the muscle and Seldom is so fastidious an immigrant sinew of the sugar industry. group to be observed. Filipinos are Today one out of every seven inhabi- willing to economize on food and hous- tants of Hawaii is a Filipino. During ing, but clothing, radios, jewelry, cars the past three decades about one hun- and other material goods must be of dred thousand Filipinos have come to the best. The men especially are ex- Hawaii, half of whom have returned to ceedingly particular as to their personal the homeland and a few of whom have appearance ( which may be one of the gone on to continental United States results of sex disproportion, five to one, after finishing their terms of work in and the keen competition for wives ). A Hawaii. The official estimate for June, man may be ragged, perspiring, and 1935, placed the total Filipino popula- covered with soot when he comes home tion of the Territory at 54,668, a little from a day in the cane field, but let him over one-half of which is concentrated appear on the street an hour or so later on the plantations, and the remainder and, immaculate in his latest Hollywood scattered throughout the towns and the style white suit with a colorful silk shirt, two cities of Hilo and Honolulu. handrolled handkerchief, carefully pol- The Filipinos now form the largest ished shoes and equally carefully pol- plantation employee group ( 29,321 in ished hair, he will be merrily on his 1934) and the second largest racial way to a motion picture, social, or group in Hawaii*. dance. The economic contribution of the The Filipinos are an exceedingly so- Filipinos, in view of the fact that the ciable people, friendly to outsiders as majority are day laborers, is remark- well as to members of their own group. able. They constitute, proportionate to The old Malay love of kin, combined their wages, good savers and good buy- with the Spanish love of gaiety, predis- ers. The aggregate savings accounts of poses the Filipinos to enjoy social activ- Filipinos in the banks of Hawaii are ities. Filipino organizatons, most of about $4,000,000. Their thrift is further them socal and somewhat ephemeral in evinced by their investments in the character, are numerous throughout the Territory. Elaborate parties are given Philippines, and by the large sums they have sent, and are regularly sending, to by dialect groups, clubs, and families the Philippines to support their families, on the slightest pretext: An athletic team victory, a vacation, a holiday, and relatively few of whom have emigrated. Rural stores flourish almost entirely especially a saint's day. Every turning under the patronage of the Filipinos, point in the career of an individual is in which the commu- who also bring much profit to the city marked by a fiesta nity joins with him in celebrating the stores. Unlike the ultra-thrifty Orien- event. This continues in Hawaii as in tals, the Filipinos are good spenders, the Philippines, with some embellish- The Japanese are at present the largest racial group ments, and is one of the many interest- in Hawaii, numbering about 150,000. ing old-world traits transplanted. The Filipinos in Hawaii staged elaborate pro- new-born child is christened in an elab- grams in celebration of inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth, Novem- orate celebration, including feasting and ber 15. Here we see P. M. Callado de- frequently dancing. In Hawaii the tra- livering his address, which was broadcast ditional couple to sponsor the child has throughout the islands—Luke photo. been enlarged until there are sometimes fifty to two hundred godmothers and godfathers. The commercially minded explain this innovation as a financial nine spectators ablaze with gorgeous arrangement, the gifts of the large num- hues—magenta, orchid, cerise; russet, ber of sponsors covering the cost of gold and turquoise—fluttering hither the fiesta which may amount to several and yon like Brobdinagian butterflies in hundred dollars. The sociological ex- their beautiful Filipina dresses. Above planation is based on the great excess all, one is impressed with the joyful, of single men, who seek a social share generous spirit of these festivals, where of family life in becoming godfathers to a smile, a welcome, and a seat at the the children of their friends. table await all who care to come. Marriage is crowned with similar fes- Perhaps the most concrete and en- tivities, and the community likewise ex- during contribution of the Filipinos to presses its sympathy and cooperation at Hawaii is to be found in their Hawai- the prolonged death services and period ian-born children who are growng up of mourning by giving limos (burial to become an integral part of the com- offering ) to help finance the nightly re- munity. These Americans of Filipino pasts furnished by the mourners, and ancestry, some 14,000 in number, the annual commemoration feasts. brought up in an American environ- Saints' days fiestas, celebrated by the ment, taught in American schools, filled various dialect and town groups in hon- with American ideals and tastes, have or of the patron saint of their Philippine their minds and hearts set ready to take barrio ( village), are at once joyful and up their share in the life and work of impressive, with their playlets, music, the Territory. folk dances, and colorful parades. One The finest and least known contribu- of the most charming scenes to be wit- tion of the Filipinos in Hawaii lies in nessed in Hawaii is Santa Catalina day: their splendid cooperation and spirit of Chaplet erected and dedicated for the mutual helpfulness. Economic competi- day by the priest; homemade stage tion, social jealousies, and club wrang- gaily decorated; the roasting lechon ling may be so rampant as to justify ( pig ) turning on the spit and sending the aphorsim of a Filipino pastor of its ethereal odors through the throng Honolulu that: "The inauguration of ( no Filipino party would be complete an organization is likewise its funeral!" without this crisp pork delicacy ); musi- but let it be known that a Filipino is cians brave in spotless white trousers in need, ill, without work, or in legal and picturesque barong Tagalog trouble, and his countrymen throng to ( shirt); actresses, dancers, and femi- his aid. The Filipino does not satisfy General Antonio Luna Post No. 2915, Veterans of Foreign Wars, a Ho- nolulu post composed en- tirely of Filipinos, Ameri- can citizens by decree. Center, Ponciano Bernar- dino, Post Commander; at his right Eusebio de la Pena, Post Adjutant and at his left Clemente Ge- lito, Senior Vice-Com- mander.

his conscience by contributing his quota who was able was supporting from one to the community chest, turning over to six compatriots, sometimes relatives. his indigent fellows to public charity, but frequently merely fellow townsmen and washing his hands of the matter. or members of his dialect group: shar- He has a very wonderful personal sense ing his house or his room, his food, and of responsibility for the welfare of his even his clothing with these less fortu- countrymen, and will sacrifice his own nate countrymen. This extensive and comfort to share what little he may unprecedented application of the golden have with those who are in need. Heri- rule on the part of the Filipinos lifted tage of the strong and ramified kinship an immense burden from the charity ties, and an expression of the natural agencies, and finally engaged the inter- goodwill and kindly spirit which is a est and attention of American relief ad- part of the Filipino make-up, this ministrators. unique phenomenon of unselfishness That such a superbly unselfish atti- was clearly illustrated during the recent tude was not a sporadic development depression. made to meet the depression crisis, but Drastic cuts in production threw out a true index of Filipino character, is of work several thousand Filipinos, evinced by C. C. Robinson's survey of who thronged the already overcrowded Filipinos in Honolulu in 1935 in which city tenements. City jobs were like dia- he found the seasonal workers of the monds: rare, hard, and requiring spe- pineapple canneries being supported cific skill to work them; the Social Serv- during off season time principally by ice Bureau and other charitable institu- their friends and relatives; and the same tions were overflooded with applica- concrete altruism has been noted by the tions from other racial groups; few Fili- writer during his five years' observation pinos had the passage money to return of Filipinos in Hawaii. to the Philippines or to maintain them- The story of Filipinos in Hawaii has selves adequately over the long period its sadder side—problems of family life, of waiting which ensued. It was an ex- sex disproportion, maladjustment and tremely critical situation for an immi- misunderstanding—common to all im- grant group not yet long enough estab- migrant groups and well nigh inevitable lished to have its own well-organized in their process of adaptation to the philanthropic systems; a situation which life of the new country. But the vast would be expected, ordinarily, to re- majority of Filipinos, in their economic solve itself and relieve its tension posts, in their social life, and above all through outbreaks in crime. There were in their spiritual contribution, have no such outbreaks. The Filipino group proven themselves truly Kapuripuri went on as before, patiently striving ( highly creditable ) both to the land of and waiting. Investigation showed that their birth, which is justly proud of the Filipinos who were still working them, and to the land of their choice, had quietly and individually shouldered Hawaii, which is beginning to recognize the entire problem, and each worker their worth. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 39

Some Sources of Philippine Culture* By ALBERT W. HERRE Stanford University, California

T IS MY PURPOSE to trace in ago, at a time when the Philippines some degree the origin of the Philip- were connected with Borneo by a land I pine people and to indicate some of bridge, over which they came. Slowly the various factors that have contrib- they spread over the Philippines until uted to the development of their culture they reached the north coast of Luzon. up to the time that Spain secured con- The only way in which they have af- trol, to emphasize the great contribution fected development is by the addition made by Spain during the nearly 400 of their blood in some regions. years of her domination, and to note Ages went by, and from the south the changes begun by my own country, and southwest came sailing canoes, per- changes which are now increasing at a haps 10,000 years ago. These baran- tremendously accelerated speed. This gays were loaded with brown men, their brings us to the threshold of the new wives, children, and scant possessions. era just beginning, an era of many and They were men of the stone age, and difficult problems. For their solution we for more thousands of years their tools may be helped by a lesson from the life were of stone. Starting from Sumatra of Rizal, a lesson impressed upon me they reached Borneo, Celebes, the Mo- some years ago as I traveled in his foot- luccas, and went far beyond, eastward. steps. From Borneo they came by way of the As we are not prophets and cannot Sulu Archipelago to Mindanao or by read the future, we shall not attempt to Balabac and Palawan, through the Vi- indicate events in the years to come, but says, to Luzon. As wave after wave it is in order to state our hopes and swept northward some reached For- fears. We must try to plan wisely for a mosa and even the southern islands of sound, sturdy, and beautiful govern- Japan. mental edifice that can safely resist all They brought with them rice, ba- the political or military baguios that nanas, coconuts, and other food plants. may come tearing out of the mists that Some of them knew how to make rude surround our beloved isles on all sides, clay pottery. They were canoe people whether from the east or west, the and fishermen and settled on the coasts south or north. or along rivers and lakes. They either bought land from the Negritos or drove Written history of the Philippines them out. Sometimes the Negritos were goes back only a few centuries,although too strong and the brown men had to Japanese, Chinese, and Javanese chron- move. At first the newcomers raised up- icles add to the record fragments for at land rice and carried on least a thousand years. Within the past caingan farm- ing much as the Manobos of Mindanao decade or so there have been unearthed or Ilongots of Nueva Vizcaya do today. extensive archeological remains which enable us to form a picture of the Fili- Five thousand years ago the hills of pinos living some 5,000 years ago. It is Novaliches, a few kilometers northeast now possible to reconstruct Philippine of Manila, and the north coast of La- life of long ago and trace the way in guna de Bay were settled by these men which the Filipinos of today are literally of the stone age. From an obsidian cliff "the heirs of all the ages." on the north side of the lake they ob- tained their weapons and tools. West The first people to reach the Philip- of the present town of Lipa in Batangas pines were those strange dwarfs we call province was a similar settlement and Negritos or Aetas. These tiny people its quarry. We know how these people probably arrived some 30,000 years lived, the size and style of houses they built, how they buried their dead, and * An address to members of a Filipino society on Rizal Day, 1935, in California. many details of their daily life. Thou- O V, t J; .: .:8 —5,1..E 0 c g _c in0 -c.. 4) a C 0 2 c a • n u a. z an- _ 2 a) c o 6 as -c *(7) -0 -0 . -':' c O` 1= .L,, . c 7) v 0 -5 3 Z,' a) . 2 -C 0 0 r.) 7,. T.O 2. 2,,t, 1 -za ....c• :,.-,-.c r,. - ... c2 a ._0. -. 4-0 -C "0 0 .-0. 0 O 0 4- = E • E B •cc. ca a z 11 = al a,0,) -704- 4- _c o c I. ° mc -.c c0— •. 0 2 1 _P .g) . .O 7 0.2 24 - -0 a •••• -c a, 0 11, :i 8 -5. 1 g N E .0 O": 1 = o .6. ai . t' E a) a. -c4. mi —-0 -C CO Cala° ca. E 4: 0. ,,, g E 0 172 2 g L5 , c - ' " 2 t t ' 7.. 4- i .-12 1x.'4 Ou 1' - MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 41 sands of artifacts have been recovered products and the wealth of the seas. No and are now in Manila. one knows really when they began com- From these we know that they de- ing, but a piece of the oldest money in rived their primary culture from India, the world, Chinese hatchet money used Mother of Nations. From the Nova- 3,000 years ago, has been found in the liches burial urns are obtained green Philippines. A few years ago three Chi- glass bangles exactly like those figured nese stone axes, one of jade, were dredged in the reports of the Indian Archaelogi- from the bed of the Mariquina river, at cal Survey, and made at least 5,000 Pasig. It has been an incredibly long time years ago. There is other glass jew- since the Chinese used stone axes, yet elry, and beads, stone jewelry, ear there they are, survivors of some Chinese plugs, and ornaments of many kinds. junk lost in a storm or destroyed in bat- Even in those far-off days there was tle. Such evidence is enough to show us an interchange of commodities from that Chinese were in the Islands at tribe to tribe and island to island, so least 2,000 years ago. For the first that eventually the glass bangles of In- thousand years their visits were com- dia reached Luzon. Somehow, too, in paratively unimportant, as both natives those dim and distant ages the art of and Chinese feared each other. Chinese writing was also brought from India, products were left on the beach for the an art that was known to most Philip- natives to examine. If satisfied they left pine tribes until it was wantonly de- their own products and took away the stroyed for the most part by the Span- Chinese goods. Then the Chinese re- ish priests. Now the ancient writing turned and secured the forest products. survives only among the pagan Man- Eventually both sides gained confi- gyans of Mindoro and Bataks of Pala- dence. Some Chinese remained here and wan. there. They brought new and unheard More centuries passed and fresh of things—iron and glazed pottery- waves of migrants entered. As time porcelain—huge wonderful and beauti- went on the Negritos were gradually ful jars— lovely beads-silk—delicate pushed into the remote mountains, ex- cloth. They may have been the ones cept in a few places where they were who taught the people of Luzon to able to hold their own. The original smelt iron. Quien sabe? cailigan dwellers were pushed back too, This was interrupted about a thou- destroying the forests as they moved sand years ago when a great Malay gradually further inland. The later ar- empire arose in Sumatra and began to rivals brought with them a higher cul- explore and conquer all Malay regions. ture, associated with the cultivation of This empire nominally held the Philip- lowland rice. Carabao and chickens, pines for about 150 years, but it never the mango and other food plants, and exerted much influence upon Philippine timber bamboo came with the newcom- culture. ers. Centuries rolled by and the best Then the Javanese became dominant places along sea shore and lakes were in Malaya, finally culminating in the taken. Some tribes moved into the great Madjapahit empire. The rulers of hills, partly to escape stronger tribes this powerful state were of Hindu and pirate raids, and partly to get away blood, who brought an advanced civili- from the malaria of the river valleys. zation to the Malays. Brunei, Borneo, The Igorrotes were such people. The became a great colony and distributing Ifugao moved into the mountains at center of Javanese culture among the least 2,000 years ago and there devel- remote islands north and east. The oped a marvelous system of rice ter- Philippines became a dependency of races to grow lowland rice in the high Brunei. The Javanese obtained gold in mountains. the Agusan Valley of Mindanao, and Two or three thousand years ago an- mined in Masbate and southern Min- other people began to come in as visi- doro; the last seems to have been their tors. They were far advanced in civili- Philippine headquarters. Their cultural zation compared to the wild pioneers of influence was very strong in the Visa- the Philippines. They were Chinese yas. To this day bolo handles in some traders and pirates, looking for forest parts of Negros and Panay are carved 42 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

after the pattern brought in by the many admirable qualities which I hate Javanese. to see the Filipinos rapidly losing. The The Javanese hold on the Philippines wood-carvers of Ifugao, of Paete, of lasted for several hundred years, but Lanao, the canoe-builders of Tawi with the downfall of the Madjapahit Tawi, and the brass workers of Min- empire a great Chinese general con- danao and Sulu, were artists. So, too, quered the Philippine lowlands, Java were the piña weavers of Panay, the itself, and even far off Ceylon. Philip- Bagobo women with their lovely woven pine kings and princes were taken to designs, and the girls of Sulu with their China as hostages and there was a tre- beautiful mats and cloths. The humble mendous increase in Chinese influence Visayan tao who carves his own bolo and the introduction of Chinese civiliza- handle and scabbard is an artist ex- tion throughout the Philippines. Much pressing his own individuality and not of the everyday life of Christian Luzon aping some other person. When you has been transplanted bodily from young people return to your native land China, then modified and often im- see to it that you do all in your power proved by Tagalogs or Ilokanos. Chi- to retain the artistic heritage developed nese blood has been added to Malay by the common people from Hindu, blood all over the islands—Rizal had Chinese, Javanese, and Arabic sources Chinese blood and a large percent of and woven into something distinctly all Filipinos have some Chinese blood, Philippine. See that this precious skill many a great deal. and linkage of hand and eye and ear With the death of this general the does not die out but is expressed in overseas Chinese empire fell apart and music and song, in dance and drama, Mohammedan traders and missionaries in painting and sculpture, in gold, sil- became dominant in Java and Borneo. ver, brass, and wrought iron, and in From Brunei and Johore they converted many handcrafts. the people of the Sulu Islands and much Such were the main sources, but there of Mindanao. Later they established were many minor influences at work themselves in Luzon, with headquarters through the centuries. More than three at Manila, which was ruled by a Mo- hundred years before Christ, Alexander hammedan rajah from Brunei. With the Great went north from India over the Mohammedans came in Arabic in- the great Hindu Kush mountains into fluences which permeated a large part what is now Turkestan, a remote re- of the Philippines and are still strong gion even today. There he set up a in Mindanao and Sulu. Another cen- government, had coins made bearing tury, and all the lowland dwellers in his likeness, and passed on to die soon the Philippines would have been Mo- after. There would seem no possible hammedans. But before Mohammedan connection between the Philippines and missionaries could solidify their influ- this remote inland country, separated ence in Luzon and the Visayas, the by one of the highest mountain ranges Spanish came. in the world from the sea, more than Here we may summarize the cultural 1500 miles away. Some years ago a influences thus far. The Filipinos by German was building a house on the 1500 had developed a culture of their banks of the Pasig a little way out of own, out of elements derived mainly Manila. In digging the foundation an from India, China, and Java, welded earthen pot was discovered and found into their own primitive culture. We to be full of silver coins from that far- may get an idea of what that primitive off country in the heart of Asia. By culture was like by studying with sym- what strange ways had they been pathy some of the forest dwellers of brought over those thousands of miles Luzon and Mindanao. Other tribes so long ago, and whence did the man show the stages by which it was en- come who buried them by the banks of riched, till we reach some of the Mo- the Pasig? hammedans who are still living in the From the eleventh century for 400 feudalistic stage of society. years a fleet of Japanese ships sailed These so-called primitive and back- every year with the northeast monsoon ward people, illiterate as they are, have past the Philippines to the Moluccas or MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 43

Spice Islands. There they traded their people as slaves on plantations or in merchandise for pepper, cloves, nut- mines. Primarily the government was in megs, pearls and pearl shell, and sailed the hands of the church, and the chief home with the southwest monsoon. mission of the friars was to convert Their route was along the wild and in- people to Christianity and give them a hospitable east coast, so that they had higher standard of life. In the main little contact with the people of Min- they accomplished these purposes and danao, Samar, or Luzon unless they made an excellent job of it. It is true were wrecked. But in the course of time that there were some weaklings and other Japanese traders and adventurers scoundrels among the military and civil- visited many parts of the Philippines, ian Spanish, and even among the friars especially the Cagayan valley. When during the nearly 400 years, but nearly the Spanish arrived at Manila they all the friars were men who lived for found four Japanese merchants, along humanity and not for themselves. One with some from Siam, Java, India, and has but to read some of the old chron- of course many Chinese. Fifty years icles or to know men like the late Padre later when the Spanish reached Aparri Sanchez or Padre Algue to realize it. they found some 500 Japanese junks in It was only in the vicinity of Manila, the Cagayan river. Why were they in Cavite and Laguna provinces, and in there? Every year the Chinese junks the Ilokano provinces that abuses by came to the Ilokano coast to get cotton, the friars were serious. Rizal's great bringing with them iron, brass, silk, novel applies only to the region about crockery, and poreclain. The lovely Manila. Elsewhere all was peaceful and Ming jars and porcelain beads were the rule of the friars was benign and greatly prized, especially by the head acceptable to the people, even in the hunters of the high mountains, who lurid times of the insurrection in 1896. never came into direct contact with the In time the majority of the people of Chinese. The Igorrotes purchased most Luzon and the Visayas became chris- of the output of the fine jars during tianized, the only non-Caucasian Chris- the Ming dynasty. After a century or tian people. The friars built churches, two the Japanese discovered these Ming established schools, suppressed tribal jars in the -Southern Islands." Wealthy warfare, and put down many harmful noblemen began to send ships to those customs. Wild head hunting pagans, far-off islands to buy the jars, so that such as those of the Magat Valley, the finest collections of lovely priceless Nueva Vizcaya, became peaceful in- Ming jars are in Japan. Then Japanese dustrious citizens. experts wrote books telling all about the From the tropics of Mexico and the jars and how they got them from the West Indies, the friars brought the Savages of the Southern Islands, but wealth of new foods that the New those same experts had no idea who World poured out so freely, and thus produced the jars. For a long time Japa- helped all the Islanders, even Moham- nese influence was very strong in parts medans and pagans who never saw or of northern Luzon, and the effects of heard of a friar. the mixture with Japanese blood can be Let us name here some of the more seen in some places to this day. important foods brought by the friars Such incidents as have been related, and by the Aztec soldiers who formed and numerous others, are straws that the bulk of the Spanish troops in the indicate many cultures were wafted to Philippines. Just think what your be- the Philippines from many lands. loved Islands would be without sweet Then came the Spanish, although potatoes or kamotes, cassava or kamo- Portuguese seamen and gunners were ting kahoy, corn or maize, chocolate. in the Islands years before Magellan. papaya, pineapple or pitia, chicos. ates, The Spanish gained control of the low- guayabano, squash or kalabasa, tomato, lands in Luzon and the Visayas with eggplant or talong, lima beans or pa- relative ease, but never ruled Sulu, La- tani, and then for flavor, red pepper or nao, or Cotabato. The debt of the Fili- si/i. For some of you it would not be pinos to the Spanish is very great, for home without one more thing from the the Castilians came not to exploit the New World, tobacco. Time will not 44 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 permit of noting the infusion of Aztec islands than in the days when they blood and culture in certain parts of never went more than a few kilometers Luzon. from their native barrio. Due to the in- A beginning was made by the au- flux of cheap Japanese merchandise, thorities in building roads and bridges, thousands are beginning to wear shoes. and in certain provinces, as Albay, a Let me say to you young men that if good deal was done. But over most of one of you finds a way to put shoes on the Islands transportation,public health, the feet of the common people he will and education were very backward. be a greater benefactor than all the po- Then came my countrymen. Very liticos and doctors in his home province. soon the development of transporta- My Filipino friends, you are to be tion, public health and sanitation, and congratulated upon belonging to a race pure water supply were undertaken, that has shown such an aptitude for while schools were started at once. It is learning and assimilating the problems true that the curriculum was not at all of public welfare and government. suited to the needs of the people, but There is no question in the mind of any for the first time the children of the competent person but what the Filipinos cochero and fisherman, the farm worker are just as able to carry on as the peo- and town laborer could go to school ple of other countries. just as freely as the children of the This ability should not, however, illustrados. Those early American blind us to the fact that now is a dan- school teachers also sowed the seeds of gerous time for the birth of a nation. independence. Steady progress in im- Economic conditions throughout the proving sanitation, roads, and the ma- world are in a state of wild disorder, chinery of government was made until as we are all too painfully aware. In the advent of Harrison, when there was addition, and perhaps as a result, mili- a great slump until Harrison left. tarism has gone mad in several coun- The nearly 16 years intervening have tries. Dictators in Europe and the mili- witnessed a marvelous change. General tary of some countries have no restrain- Wood revived public interest in trans- ing influences at home. It behooves all portation and sanitation, and the work others therefore, and particularly the has been continued and expanded since Filipinos, to act with great prudence. his death by Filipino brains and energy The Philippines produce mainly raw until many regions are now literally materials which must be sold to other transformed within the past few years. countries; only a small part of the sugar, No one can realize how much the Fili- copra, and abaca can be consumed at pinos have advanced under American home. Perhaps the most difficult prob- guidance until he visits the rest of Ma- lem before President Quezon is to find laya, where the Europeans in control adequate markets and make proper have not opened the gates of education trading arrangements. freely to all children. The contrast is For a great many centuries the Chi- amazing. nese have carried on nearly all business Remote parts of the large islands are in the Philippines and in every Malay no longer cut off from the world. Ex- island and country. In the past five cellent roads, swarming with motor years this has been greatly altered, but buses, connect them with Manila or the not in the way I like. Japanese tiendas nearest sea port. Improved water sup- are rapidly replacing Chinese, and in plies and modern sanitation have cut Cebu and Iloilo are whole blocks of the death rate until it now compares nothing but Japanese stores. They are favorably with that of European coun- fulfilling a useful and necessary func- tries. tion, but for more than 15 years I have Every time I revisit some place I have been telling the Filipinos they them- not seen for two or three years I am selves should carry on the business ac- amazed at the enormous changes I find. tivities of their own country. By all The people as a whole are healthier, means sell to the Japanese and buy their better fed and better housed, and far merchandise as long as it is cheap and better educated. They travel more and good. But do not allow the Japanese know more about other parts of the or any other people to control the eco- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 45 nomic life of your country. I am an in- gan to heal the sick and to show the ternationalist, but I do not believe it is people better ways of living. He opened a good thing when any group of aliens a school and taught the children. He has a stranglehold on business or too laid out a park. In the plaza he made great a vested interest affecting the wel- his celebrated map of Mindanao, which fare of a whole nation. The Filipinos is still shown with pride. He went to should themselves develop the business the beach and met the fishermen as life of the islands or they may find they brought in their catch. He drew themselves bound hand and foot by the different kinds of fishes and wrote some more enterprising people. down what the fishermen knew about them. It was my privilege a few years Just now many are trying to peer into ago to append the scientific names to the future and much anxiety is felt over Rizal's drawings of fishes. military security. In these days we are only too well aware that war is carried Like Rizal, we of today must take on without warning, and treaties are hold of the materials at hand, no mat- only made to be ignored or broken. We ter how poor and weak, broken or re- can only hope that the Filipino leaders fractory. Those things must make no may make arrangements with the pow- difference—start the work of building ers that will ensure peace and safety to for the present and the future without waiting for the world to bring us the the Islands. best opportunities and finest material. If the worst comes, remember that It is astonishing what patience and con- the Filipino tao is among the world's stant application and hard work will bravest men. If you and he are willing do with the most difficult and unprom- to endure privation and hardship, and ising materials. I could give you many to return to the humble ways of your personal illustrations of the difficulties forefathers who fled to the mountains I have seen Filipinos overcome, from to escape oppression, I believe no con- those surmounted by my young friend queror can take the Islands except at of many years, Pablo Bravo, to those such a cost of men, treasure, and time met and conquered by high government as to make it prohibitive. If necessary, Filipino officials. I am sure Filipinos can go back to No matter how dark and inscrutable trousers, camisa, and salakot, and the the future course of the Filipino nation art of getting a living from the forest may seem at present, I am optimistic with a bolo. enough and have faith enough in the Some years ago it was my pleasure character and strength of the Philippine and privilege to visit the old town of people to believe that they will find a Dapitan, on the northwest coast of way to maintain their integrity as a Mindanao, where Rizal was exiled. nation, in spite of any difficulties that There I got a better idea of the man may arise in the future. than I could have ever gained otherwise When the Spanish came to Cebu the and also saw clearly a great and valua- Islands did not contain more than a able lesson that all Filipinos should take million and a half people. Increase was to heart out of Rizal's life at this iso- relatively slow until the introduction of lated hamlet. This scholar and gentle- modern sanitation and health measures. man, this student and skilled physician Since that time the increase in popula- was set down at the edge of the wilder- tion has been very rapid. It is now ness with almost no resources outside about 13 millions. I am confident that his own trained intellect. Some would many of you will live to see the Philip- have moped and lamented their sad lot. pines a proud and happy nation with But Rizal immediately set to work with twenty-five or thirty million people, the materials at hand to build a new leading a serene and prosperous exist- life that would engage his intellect and ence and taking their full share in the give an outlet for his energies. He be- affairs of the world. 46 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

Native Filipino Sports and Games By MAXIMINO R. VELASCO

N WRITING this article, I do not known in the Ilocos provinces as kam- pose as an authority on the subject. aro. This native boxing requires speed, I am a sport enthusiast and I write cleverness, sportsmanship, a fighting only in that capacity. I endeavor to heart, and everything that makes the describe some of the native Filipino champion of the ring today. It is still a games and pastimes as I have played favorite recreation from the age of six them and observed them in the Philip- to manhood. pine Islands. To play kamaro, two teams with an In the world of sports and games, the equal number of men are required. Each Philippines is well represented. Filipino team has a captain who is always the athletes always make a good showing cleverest. When the referee calls for in the events in which they participate the game, a man from one team engages despite the fact that they are naturally the corresponding man of the opposing handicapped by small stature. A sport- team. The fighting is all done with open loving people, they admire a herculean hands. To win is to slap the face of the body, worship strength, power, speed, adversary first. The first man to be and agility. They glorify physical su- slapped is counted out. The contest premacy. The American administration goes on until the last man of one team brought many foreign games very much is beaten. Every fight is between two enjoyed by the people but their influ- men only. ence does not deaden the love of native Many people think, after witnessing games. This is especially true in the a few clever Filipino leather pushers in provinces. the ring, that Filipinos are born boxers. Boxing is the most popular game in It may be inborn but kamaro is greatly the country at present. Although it is responsible for some of the best Pinoy a general misconception among foreign- pugilists. Playing kamaro from the age ers that this manly art of self defense of six to manhood is a real background was imported from America, the Fili- and a preparation for anyone choosing p:nos hold the opinion that it is just a boxing as a career. In Hawaii, most of modified native boxing. the leading boxers are Filipinos. In al- Long before the use of gloves, the most every boxing card ninety per cent Filipinos had their own way of boxing of the fans are Filipinos.

Gab-bo, the fierce type of native Filipino wres- tling that, to use Ameri- can slang, would seem to permit little breath for "gab" but bring forth many an explosive "boll!" Bill Garcia, left, and Tony Cabaluna staged this demonstration. - Star-Bulletin photo. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 47

Escrima (Filipino fencing ) is another Like any other type of wrestling, gab-bo major native game brought to Hawaii requires assorted tricks and strength. by the Filipinos. On the Hawaiian plan- Sang-gol ( hand wrestling ) is very tations, laborers engage in this game for similar to the Hawaiian uma. But in- recreation only. Escrima is different stead of kneeling, the contestants lie flat from Japanese fencing and the Hawai- on their abdomens, clasp their right ian kakalaau. A combatant holds a long hands and place their elbows on the stick or a bolo ( long knife) with one floor. At the signal, each tries to down hand and a short stick or a dagger with his opponent's hand to the floor. If the other. However, contestants have either succeeds, he is declared the vic- the choice of arms. In tournaments, ex- tor but if he does it by moving his el- hibitions or practice, the scrimador bow from its position he loses by a foul. ( fencer ) does not use armor, pad or To insure stability and easy judgment, protector. He depends on agility and a small coin is placed under the elbow. keenness of eye. For this reason many This is ordinarily done when there is a are hurt seriously during the encounter. prize at stake. Sometimes blood flows profusely from Torsi (finger wrestling ) is also very cuts and wounds, bones are even frac- popular among Filipinos. It is done en- tured or joints dislocated. But it is all tirely the same as sang-gol except that in the game and they always display instead of clasping hands, the middle sportsmanship. fingers of the right hands are hooked to In Hawaii there has been but one each other. fencing tournament held, last year at Sipa ( foot volley ball ) : Afternoons, the Civic Auditorium. Some of the best at the plaza, you can see young people escrimadores from the different planta- standing in a circle, kicking a ball-like tions participated. Thousands of Fili- thing into the air. They are playing pinos attended. sipa. The game is named for the ball, Gab-bo ( Filipino wrestling ) is very made of split rattan woven in sphere similar to that of the Koreans. There shape ( see illustration, p. 48) about are two methods. In one a contestant four inches in diameter with six or eight grasps the waist of his adversary with pentagonal holes evenly on its surface. both hands. A strong man can win by Its weight is just enough to resist being drawing the body of his opponent close blown by a moderate wind. It is made to his, squeezing the waistline as tightly hollow so that it bounces when kicked as he can. If the pressure is sufficient, or when it hits any hard surface. pains in the back cause the weaker man The rule of playing is to kick the ball to surrender to avoid further suffering. back and forth without letting it touch The other and more frequent way is to the ground, although a bounce is al- force the opponent's back to the ground. lowed sometimes. Every kick is a point. When the sipa touches the ground the Filipino hand-wrestling resembles somewhat scorer stops recording. There is no the ancient Hawaiian type, trick being to contest involved in this game. The aim down an opponent's hand without lifting the elbow. Demonstration by Edward Perla, left, of the players is to make as many points and Frisco Macario.—Star-Bulletin photo. as possible with one vivo ( start ). Six Sipa game; Edward Perla has just kicked the ball with heel of right foot. Other players, left to right: Max Velosco; Tony Cabaluna; Frank Domin- go; Bill Garcia; Frisco Macario. Game staged in Kapiolani Park,Honolulu. Right, the author holding sipa ball.—Star-Bulletin photos. or eight play to best advantage although two to sixteen can play satisfactorily. In regular play the number of partici- pants is always even. To start the game, one of the players throws ( vivo ) the sipa to his partner who tries to kick it back. From this time on, only the feet are allowed to touch the sipa ( see illus- tration above ). A good partner usually kicks the sipa back and forth fifty or more times before it goes to another man in the circle. But whoever kicks the are many complicated ways of playing ball, it is still a part of the vivo and is it which require skill and constant prac- therefore a point. tice. In exhibitions or tournaments two Another Filipino favorite pastime teams are required. Sipa is then played which I know positively would make a like volley ball. Each player has to kick hit like yoyo if introduced to other na- the sipa over the net. If the opponent tionalities is songka. Its place among fails to kick back over the net, the point the Filipinos is like bridge among the is against his team. Two or three men white people. Songka requires tricks usually compose a team. and mathematical calculation. The ma- Sipa is an old game of the Filipinos terials are stones or marbles and a and requires good teamwork. To make wooden "board," called the songka-an a high score it is necessary that the feet ( see opposite page). of each player be educated. When the Two players sit at opposite ends of sipa comes to you from different angles, the songka-an. It has sixteen bowl- you must kick the ball from different shaped holes, fourteen small, and two but corresponding positions. There are large known as the pacasa or storage. many fancy ways of kicking the ball. "A" is the pasca for one player and "B" At Aala Park, Honolulu, some Filipinos for the other. To win, you must put all play quite regularly. Sipa is also played the stones into your pacasa, playing on the different plantations of the Ter- within the rules of the game. ritory by the Filipino laborers. Before playing, all fourteen smaller Two years ago the world went crazy holes contain seven stones each, or 49 over a Filipino native pastime, the yoyo. stones for each player. At a signal, The word yoyo means going back and both players take the contents of any forth. The game is simple, but there one hole on their respective sides, drop MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 49

Variants of the checker or chess type of game are found in many lands and are of prehistoric origin. SONGKA-AN them one by one, moving around clock- bedlam of roar and music, the horse is wise, into each of the following holes sometimes frightened, runs wild, and except the pacasa of the adversary. For often the rider is thrown or one of the example, the player at "B" starts at spectators is run over by the horse. hole 7, the last stone goes to A. In ev- Winners are recipients of praises and ery case where the last stone goes into congratulations from the crowd. After the pacasa, you can start again with the last ring is snatched from the bar all another hole. winners assemble before the queen who And so the play goes on, round after distributes the prizes. This is the cli- round. It takes many rounds to reach max. Everybody yells and claps while a decision. I shall not attempt to de- the band fills the air with music. scribe the game in detail because the The crowd now moves to the center task would require many pages to make of the plaza where two or three bamboo it fully understood. poles stand. Each bamboo is smoothly Fiesta sports: During town fiestas, scraped, about ten meters long, the sur- the most popular games are horse rac- face covered with grease or oil to make ing, Juego de Anillo, and climbing the it very slippery. At the top is tied a greased pole. Races usually are run small bag containing prize money. The straightaway along the street. A big idea is to climb to the top of the pole. crowd lines up near the goal. To make You may be allowed to carry a bag of the event colorful, all participants, ashes with you which you can use to horses and men, are mantled and decor- rub off the grease. The feat requires ated with bright colors. Prizes are endurance. awarded for the different events. The fun starts when a fellow who tries his best comes down exhausted be- Following the race comes juego de fore reaching the middle. But the real Anillo, considered the most colorful na- tive equestrian game, usually with fifty thrill is when the man almost reaches the top, stretches his arm for the bag, or more participants. It calls for expert slides down and misses it only by horsemanship and trained horses. Risky inches. He may do the same thing two physically to riders and spectators, it is or three times before he succeeds. When very much enjoyed by the crowd. The he succeeds, he is cheered as a hero. queen of the day presides. Royally at- He comes down a richer man, but black tired, she sits with her escort and at- tendants on the beautifully decorated as a chimney sweep. palco (stage), in front of which are two Kite flying season comes in October bamboo posts wrapped with colored pa- and November when panagani ( har- pers and supporting a cross-bar to vesting rice) is at its prime, and the which rings with ribbons are attached weather calm and fair. While the people side by side. Each ring represents a are busy harvesting rice with their prize. To win a prize, you have to poke rakem, a native implement, kites of dif- through the ring a pointed stick held ferent makes, sizes and shapes crowd with one hand while riding full speed the sky overhead. It is conceded by from a distance of not less than fifty many that when kites are seen while paces. Danger comes when the horse working out in the field, the heat of the approaches the bar. At this time the sun is less felt. crowd yells and shouts. If the rider A Filipino kite is made of bamboo succeeds in spearing one of the rings, and rice paper. It is flown with a long the band plays to applaud him. With a lubid ( string ) relatively proportionate friends run after it, covering many miles. Story telling is also a famous pas- time of the Filipinos. Bedtime stories deal with adventurous princes, brave kings, and romantic princesses. Adven- ture stories are favorites. Young people sometimes dream about them, and in their dreams play the roles of the heroes. The influence of these stories is very strong. They instill adventur- Their grandfathers might have thought this ous spirit, one of the main reasons why not much of a game, but the youngsters en- Filipinos are found in almost all cor- joy it immensely. Players, left to right: ners of the world. Frisco Macario; Frank Domingo; Edward Perla and Max Velasco.—Star-Bulletin photo. Tadi (cock-fighting) is one of the na- tional native recreations, enjoyed very much by the older generation. It doesn't to the size of the kite which is decor- require physical or mental energy on ated with colored papers in different the part of the player because fighting patterns pasted on the kite or wrapped is all done by the rooster. Two roosters around a string called barandillas. The fight in every bout, each spurred on one most popular types of kites are sinan- leg with a sharp pointed knife called binsang, sinan-gola, kadrena, sinan- tadi. At a signal, the two are loosed kuppit, and sinan-git-git (see illustra- and each goes in to fight, to win, and tion ). Ordinarily, kites are sailed by to kill. the people for recreation but frequently There is an appointed referee for ev- pinnatalao (contests)) are held. Prizes ery bout. Sometimes the referee's de- are given but betting is more prevalent. cision is booed by the fans who com- The contest is held in an entirely dif- promise themselves by high betting. ferent way than in other countries. This recreation is entirely a gambling There are three important factors that game. It doesn't benefit the people help a contestant to win—a good kite, morally, mentally or physically, drives a master kite flier, and a string coated some people to poverty, causes hatred with glue and bits of broken glass. among the gamblers and shouldn't be Through certain manipulations of the encouraged. Even in Hawaii the Fili- string, the contestant can direct his kite pinos indulge in this game. upward, downward or sidewise. Dur- There are many minor native games ing the contest, only two kites are in the Philippines. Some of them are flown. The idea is to cut the string of San Pedro ( hop-scotch ); lipay ( mar- an opponent's kite. The loser usually bles ); tangga (pitch coin ); sabbara loses money, kite, and a long lubid. If ( jack-stones ), and salliona, similar to he wants to recover his kite, he and his ring marbles but played with coins.

Popular Filipino Kites

Types of Filipino kites used in contests, usually with abra- sive strings to cut an opponent's kite adrift: (1) Sinan- kuppit, (2) Sinan-gola, (3) Sinan-binsang, (4) Sinan-git-git. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 51

Up the Sigatoka River To most people Fiji is only a name in the geographies; to some just another South Sea Island but its scenic grandeur and rich economic possibilities are known to only a few. By H. S. F. in the Fiji Times and Herald

F MORE PEOPLE knew of the Leaving there we rode around high beauties of the upper reaches of our bluffs from which good views were ob- I rivers, it is reasonable to think that tained of Nabaka and Deubalevu lease- they would take advantage of their va- holds on the opposite side of the river, cations exploring their treasures. The which were dotted all over with Bayly writer and a friend have just returned & Company's magnificent animals. from a leisurely trip up the Sigatoka A little farther on the astonishing valley and have had a soul-satisfying qualimare cliffs burst on our vision; time. limestone rising in a sheer precipice The motor drive from Vunasalu to many hundreds of feet in the air. The the village of Raiwaqua gave us a good road wound round its base, and as we start, and saved a tedious ride, escaping threaded our way between the huge the environs of the all-pervading cane. boulders that lay strewn about, just as At Raiwaqua we mounted our trusty they had fallen from the cliff face, we steeds, and were soon passing through had a rather crawly feeling that perhaps the freeholds of Lokia, below the village Old Man Coincidence had another por- of Mavua. Lokia gave us the first tion detached and poised for this espe- glimpse of the far-stretching maize cul- cially fated time. Looking back at the tivation that is the predominant crop face of the cliff after we had emerged thence onward. from the danger zone, the Fijian boy Leaving Mavua we passed through pointed out two rocky spurs standing the gigantic freeholds of Bilalevu and right on the apex of the precipice, that Bitu, which at one time were huge had the appearance of the opened beak Chinese banana plantations, and where of some gigantic bird. He said that in it is popularly supposed the insidious olden times people from nearby villages Sigatoka banana disease had its incep- had on occasions seen the rocks lean tion. These lands have a forlorn ap- over until their tips touched each other, pearance, with but a fringe under culti- and whenever that had occurred the vation, and the rest seemingly abandon- reigning chief had been sure to die the ed to the various noxious weeds that same night. On asking whether the so quickly spring up on vacant lands. same thing had been seen prior to the What a difference there would be if the late Ratu Peceli Derederenilagi's death, C. S. R. Company, Ltd., would but ex- they said no, that perhaps now the Lotu tend their operations up this fertile val- had come these warnings were not ley. I'll wager that not an acre would necessary. be idle. The writer recalls the time when the Leaving there we crossed several late Peceli's father died. I was stopping bushy gullies, where we quenched our at Koronisagana at the time, and had thirst from icy-cold water flowing from often seen the little withered old man, the adjacent hills, until after crossing who never emerged from the bure, and the grassy flats of Vunirewa, where a who was said to be incredibly old. One part of J. P. Bayly is Company's herds day Peceli said to me "The Old Man disported themselves, we arrived at the says that he will die tonight, as a por- pretty town of Tubairata. Here at our tion of the wall of the old fighting vil- courteous request native boys climbed lage on the top of the cliffs has fallen some coconut palms and threw us down down." I smiled skeptically, but was some drinking bu. Talk about iced beer, surprised next morning to hear that he it is not in it with bu when you are had passed away during the night. Hav- riding on a hot day. ing nothing much to do, I invited Peceli 52 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 to climb to the village to see the state of thus revealed. Huge stalactites reflect- the wall. I was astounded when we ar- ed the light from their glistening col- rived to see a large portion of the wall umns, darkened momentarily here and freshly thrown down. "There are more there by the wheeling bats which flick- things in earth and heaven, etc." ered in thousands across the light of our Spurring our horses we sped along, torch. In the middle distance was a passing the village of Toga embedded throne, complete with canopy, and jew- among its mango trees and quickly elled with the splendor of the Indies. reached Koronisagana, the halfway Cavern after cavern was explored fol- house to Tuatuocoko, which is a very lowing the thread of water that led on pretty town lying at the foot of another and on, floored with the guano that had huge limestone cliff. Here we had lunch, been deposited through countless ages. under the tree on the rara with a bevy It would pay to have the caves thor- of young girls in attendance who oughly explored, to search for traces of brought us ripe bananas and pawpaws, the aboriginals who may have peopled and freshly brewed tea. As we ate we the islands before the advent of the made arrangements for guides to take Fijians. us into the caves, for which Koronisa- Leaving Koronisagana we passed gana is justly famed. through Sautabu and Vunigoro, in the Several young fairies led the way to latter village seeing Fijian lads shelling the far end of the village and a little maize which they had grown from seed distance up a side creek to the entrance supplied by the experimental farm. It of the caves. They led us into a pool was a very good sample, the cobs that came to our middle, and coming to being from 12 to 14 inches long and the entrance we had to stoop until all well dried. We saw on our journey but our heads were immersed and fol- much evidence of the activities of the low them into a small black causeway. experimental farm in the form of well- After a few paces we were able to kept Fijian agricultural plots, growing straighten up and use our flashlights, maize, cotton and tobacco. It is well when we found ourselves in an immense that they have this encouragement, for cavern, the roof of which failed to ma- otherwise with bananas a back number terialize to our stabbing flashlight, but they would be entirely destitute. Only whose grotesquely carven walls were one thing is now lacking and that is

Charmed with this brown grass but in its emerald setting the photographer's main idea was a still-life study, but curiosity overcame the youngsters who took keen interest in the proceedings, made haste to dress for the occasion. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 53 some form of controlled marketing, for ings, which has a beautiful avenue of they do not get the full benefit from mango trees along its center, forming their labor under the present haphazard the Government road, and also vast method of itinerant buying and selling. areas of flat land under cultivation by All power to the department which is Indians, where maize, tobacco, cotton trying to instil the habits of methodical and rice relieved the eye by tracery of agriculture; they will have many set- shaded greenery. Towering in the dis- backs but their work must in the long tance were the foothills and mountains run be productive of good. in their rugged grandeur. In a little Leaving Vunigoro we cantered across while we entered the avenue of man- Vunigoro flats, where we came in fur- goes leading to Tuatuacoko, and fol- ther contact with Bayly and Company's lowed this for a couple of miles until we herds. The bila lands of Lolonitoto turned off for the river just short of the fronting it near the river had a mag- town, on the far banks of which our nificent growth of para, which must host, Ratu Simioni Durutolu, had his make ideal topping paddocks. Cattle solitary bure. were standing belly-deep in the river We were received with decided mani- under the shady trees. Past the flat the festations of pleasure, and as soon as track appeared to be glued to the face we had off-saddled we took the tired of bluffs overhanging the river for about and weary horses and ourselves for a 200 yards. The horses gingerly picked bath. The swimming pool is one of the their way, as one false step meant kind that one dreams of when sitting on hurtling into the water below. Thence an office stool in hot and muggy over a plateau of brick-red soil, on the weather. Fringed with clumps of bam- farther verge of which we got an excel- boo which staved off the blistering rays lent view of the famous Bemana plains, of the sun, we plunged into water at which cover an immense area. I was least 20 feet deep with the clean gravel- astonished to see in the middle fore- ly bottom clearly to be seen through ground a sizeable village of European the limpid water. A rocky ledge ran houses and buildings, and in their midst out on one side, over which the water the concrete wall of what will be a ran about two feet deep, and here WE most charming church building when lay when we got tired of swimming, ab- completed. On a former trip, 12 years sorbing its vigor-restoring coolness. ago, there had not been the vestige of After an hour of this we sauntered to a building. This is the center of the the bure, where freshly made tea await- Catholic Church's activities in Colo ed us, with ( in such a short period) West. boiled fowl, yams, vudi and tapioca. As On the refectory veranda Father Des- we sank back on the mats after the re- table invited us to afternoon tea, which past we each, I am sure, thought, "this was most acceptable after the heat of is the life." Next day we spent resting, the day, and we had a good view of the eating, and swimming. Oh, that swim- girls' and boys' dormitories where the ming hole, it haunts me still! children were all busily engaged; the Next day the chief gave us two girl boys under Mr. Phillips, and the girls guides to guide us over the range to under Sister Sabine. Korolevu, and letters to the headman Here we left the road and followed to give us another boy next day to bring the river, to escape series of high hills us back over an alternative route. Away which would have meant a walking we went, and when we got to the first pace for some miles, and we wanted to of the foothills we could see the crazy reach our objective by daylight. The track we had to negotiate in the far river was flanked by sandy bilas upon distance, seemingly running up the face which we cantered easily for about six of a sheer precipice. This track saved miles before we reached Kiasi. There many miles of travel, as the river made we were able once more to regain the a wide detour and we were taking a road where it debouched from the hills. short cut to meet it miles above. At last Riding along a plateau of some miles we started to climb in earnest, and what in extent we overlooked Duramoli, an- a climb! Up, and up, and up, and how other of Bayly and Company's hold- the horses failed to turn somersaults Fijian rivers add charm to these amazing islands where Nature has been lavish with gifts of scenic beauty. This boat- load of somewhat sophisticated na- tives may be on business or pleasure bent, but if it's business you may be sure they are getting a lot of fun out of it never- theless.

beats me. I felt as a fly must when guides who had taken a short cut, and crawling upside down on the ceiling. they had about a dozen bu stripped and At long last we reached the crest and ready for drinking. These mountain found ourselves on a razor-back ridge, girls were not the least flustered or hot that I swear was not one yard wide, after their tremendous uphill and down- right on top of the world. It turned me hill walk, and they put us completely to giddy to look out over the vast expanse, shame. with the almost perpendicular drop on From there onward we went up and either hand. I got off the horse rather over spur after spur on the journey up hastily, and sat down and had a smoke, the river, finding at the bottom of each to let the view soak in. We could see spur a beautiful wooded gully with the river winding below us, a silver sparkling water dancing over the grav- streak amongst the bracken-and-reed- elly beds, in some of which we stripped covered foothills, and the tremendous and had a bathe. hills melting away on the far side of the Passing through the pretty town of valley. What impressed me most was Nukuloa, nestling amongst its greenery that even here there were immense on a river bend, we reached in the late areas of flat arable land and, sad to re- afternoon our looked-for goal of Kolo- late, lying completely idle. It will be a levu. This town is girdled with a wall great day when this river comes into its of river boulders breast high, to keep own, and the urgent plow turns its rich out the pigs, of which we saw many river loam into the riches of agriculture. hundreds in the brush outside. With a I vision the day when the hills will re- breath of relief we off-saddled and sur- sound to the hum of machinery treating rendered our horses to a swarm of small the ores of its mineral wealth, its river boys who gleefully mounted them to flats dotted with the homes of contented take them for a swim. And I will give peasantry, and the geometric lines of two guesses to tell what we did first. cultivation plots. Well, we went for a swim, and a more With these reflections in mind we magnificent hole I will bet it's hard to started our downward and onward find. A mile-long white-water rapid journey, I with a lengthened bridle empties its aerated waters into the pool, rein on foot, leading the horse, for I through which the current is running frankly doubted my horse's ability to strongly, making a lave for sunburn and avoid sliding a few hundred feet at a fatigue that has no equal. time, and plunging with me into eternity, After tea the unsophisticated boys so steep it was. On spurs to our right and girls of this mountain fastness came and left we caught glimpses of old in and regaled us with songs and jollity, tracks that had been discarded, owing until, seeing that our interest began to to landslides, leaving great gaps in flag, they melted away and left us to the them. At the bottom we found our silence of the night and sleep. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 55

Your Magazine's Quarter-Century Mark By GEORGE MELLEN Editorial Director, Pon-Pacific Union

ANUARY, 1911, saw the first issue activities ); Mainland U.S.A., chiefly of the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, in- Pacific Coast States of Washington, augurating a plan cherished by Oregon and California, 213; Alaska 29; j Alexander Hume Ford, founder, Canada, chiefly British Columbia, 73; 1907, of the Pan-Pacific Union, to fur- Mexico 28; Central America 9; Panama ther development of the work through 15; Colombia 3; Peru 24. an official organ designed to promote Moving into the South Pacific—Aus- acquaintance between Pacific peoples tralia 278; New Zealand 208; Tasmania by periodical exchange of information 21; Tahiti 13; Marquesas 6; Fiji 40; concerning all countries bordering upon Samoa 41; Solomons 14; Tonga 5; the Pacific Ocean. Papua 4 and 14 generally on South Sea For 25 years the magazine has Islands. appeared regularly, as a monthly to Westward to the Orient we note on April, 1934, when general economic con- China 229 articles; Japan 330; Korea ditions prompted shortening sail tem- 48; Manchuria 22; Mongolia 9; Nether- porarily by adopting a plan of quarterly lands East Indies 84; Indo-China 22; issue. Steady increase in membership Formosa 11; Borneo 5; Macao 5; Ma- in the Pan-Pacific Union-1370 new laya 29; Straits Settlements 5; Guam members since August, 1935—and an 4; Siam 39; Philippines 175; New apparent healthy upswing in universal Guinea 16; New Hebrides 10; Russia, economic conditions indicate the prob- chiefly Siberia, 41; and the Orient gen- ability of return to the monthly sched- erally some 30 articles. ule of publication before long. All Articles on the Pacific area east of members of the Pan-Pacific Union re- the Orient, mentioning numerous re- ceive the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE as gions and their peoples, number about one of the privileges of membership. 300. All regions of the Pacific area have It seems obvious that this exchange been represented in your magazine of ideas and information throughout the through articles, chiefly scientific, deal- Pacific area makes for better acquain- ing with physical characteristics of the tance of its peoples, mutual understand- countries, their ethnology, anthropol- ing, hence more friendly relations to ogy, history, culture, progress, plans which your Pan-Pacific Union is dedi- for the future and their international cated. relations. Generous use has been made Your magazine is received, eagerly of photographs, drawings, maps and read, by leaders of thought and policy graphs for illustration. in every Pacific land. It goes regularly During the past quarter-century your to all embassies, legations, consulates, magazine has published some 4,000 ma- all major public officials, associations, jor articles ( exclusive of the present colleges, universities, libraries and issue ) all but 30 dealing with Pacific through the various Pan-Pacific Clubs countries and their various political affiliated with the Pan-Pacific Union to subdivisions. Space is not available in nobody knows how many readers be- this issue for anything like a full list, sides individual members of the Union yet the scope of your magazine is indi- far and wide. cated by mention of the following geo- That the Pan-Pacific Union's official graphical selections from the Index, magazine is published in English seems each coupled with its number of major no bar to reader interest in any country, articles: to judge by memberships and corre- Hawaii, 1325 ( including 95 on in- spondence. This recalls attention to the ternational conferences held in Hono- apparent natural acceptance of English lulu, and other Pan-Pacific Union as a common language throughout the 56 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

Pacific area. It is, in fact, unusual to upon the Union's objective. Entering encounter anyone in the higher educa- upon its second quarter century your tional brackets in any Pacific country magazine enjoys rapidly increasing whose command of English is not thor- membership support and there is every ough and polished. reason to predict for it, and your Pan- Vital factor in the work of your Pan- Pacific Union which it serves, a splen- Pacific Union, the magazine is being did career of usefulness in the cause of constantly improved and its policy and peace, prestige and plenty in the purpose more sharply brought to focus Pacific.

New Format of Your Magazine

EGINNING with this issue of the press run of the magazine itself. This MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE the sec- service is available as heretofore at ac- B tions heretofore identified as Jour- tual cost of reprinting the pages as they nal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institu- appear in the magazine, closely ap- tion and Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific proximating $5.50 per hundred copies, Union are discontinued as separate sec- while the forms are on the press. Ex- tions. amples: Reprints have been ordered of For index purposes it should be noted all installments of Fishes of the Ameri- that the last issue of the Journal is VoL. can Northwest, the second of which ap- X, No. 4, and of the Bulletin No. 176. pears in this issue. Other reprints from the Oct.-Dec. issue were Racial Pat- Inasmuch as the MID-PACIFIC MAGA- terns in Hawaii by Ray Jerome Baker; ZINE is the official journal of the Pan- Educating for World Citizenship by Pacific Union and is received by all Albert Horlings; The Honolulu Acad- members as one of the privileges of emy of Arts by Marvel Allison; Race membership, and as all activities of the Biological Impressions in Hawaii by Pan-Pacific Union are of equal interest Dr. Wilhelm W. Krauss; Hawaii's Ber- to all members, it is the judgment of nice P. Bishop Museum by Esther An- your officers and trustees that depart- derson; Ancient Hawaiian Sports and mentalization of its contents is no longer Pastimes by Charles W. Kenn. necessary. Cost of reprints would, of course,...be It has been customary in the past to considerably higher if ordered after the reprint papers and articles for authors magazine is issued and the forms have in any quantity desired beyond the been broken up.

Honolulu Meetings of Pan-Pacific Union

EEKLY luncheon meetings of sentative for Pan-American Airways, the Pan-Pacific Union in Ho- on Air Travel Development. W nolulu are held every Mon- Francis T. Letchfield, consulting en- day in beautiful Fuller Hall of the gineer, Wells-Fargo Bank of San Fran- Y.W.C.A. Building opposite Iolani Pal- cisco, on Current Observations in the ace, capitol of the Territory of Hawaii. field of American Industry. Weekly science dinner meetings are Dr. Carl Richter, technical advisor to held on Friday evenings in the assem- the government of Kwangsi Province, bly hall of the Pan-Pacific Union's Re- China, on his work there. search Institution. Recent luncheon Earl Thacker, the Governor of Ha- meeting speakers: waii's representative at the Philippine Emily Warriner, author, formerly Commonwealth inauguration, on Pan- editor of The Friend Magazine, on Do- Pacific Union work in Japan, China, shisha University, Kyoto, where she and the Philippines. had been gathering material for a new Miss Charl 0. Williams, President, book. National Federation of Business and J. Parker van Zandt, Hawaii repre- Professional Women's Clubs; Field Home of the Pan-Pacific Union; Honolulu, Hawaii; now outgrown, making it necessary to carry on part of the work in auxiliary quarters. Plans are being discussed for a building representative of all Pa- cific lands, with ample space for exhibits.

Secretary, National Education Associa- Leonard Hall, Y.M.C.A. worker of tion, on World Peace. Shanghai and Chefoo, China, en route Dr. Dana Coman of Johns Hopkins to a new post in Manila after a trip University, leader of the oceanographic through Germany, Italy, France and expedition to Jarvis, Howland, Baker England, on Recent Slants on the Ori- and Palmyra Islands. on the Expedition ent and Europe. and Results. Yasuo Baron Goto, member of Agri- Walter Y. Mihata, University of Ha- cultural Extension Service staff, Uni- waii, '28, on Flying Over South Amer- versity of Hawaii, recently returned ica. from a four-month tour of the Orient Garland Anderson, noted Negro and East Indies for the study of tropi- playwright and lecturer, of London and cal agriculture, with collections of ag- New York on My Philosophy of Life. ricultural implements and antiques, _Florence Randell, member, League of which were exhibited at the luncheon Nations, Hull branch, formerly a lec- to illustrate his talk on Agriculture of turer in mathematics at the Munici- Java. pal Training College, Hull, England, Recent speakers who have addressed on The League of Nations and the the Friday evening science dinner meet- Present Crisis. ings, and led discussion of their sub- William E. Mead, professor emeritus jects: of English, Wesleyan University, Mid- Capt. S. R. Hinds, instructor in mili- letown, Conn., on Mexico, and his wife, tary science, Kamehameha Boys' Dr. Kate C. Mead, on International School, Honolulu, on Alaska and the Medical Women's Association, of Mackenzie River District, illustrated which she is secretary. with lantern slides. Dr. Arnold A. Bake, noted lecturer, H. L. Kelly, pisciculturist, on Oppor- musician, of University of Leyden, Hol- tunities for the Pearl Industry in Ha- land, and an authority on the poetry waii. and song of India, on Life and Works Otto H. Swezey, entomologist, dele- of Tagore, three of whose compositions gate to 1935 Congress of International he sang in the original. Society of Sugar Cane Technologists Dr. Leonora Bilger, Dean of Women, held at Brisbane and Queensland, on University of Hawaii, on A European Ramblings of an Entolologist in Aus- Tour. tralasia. Sang-Kau Yao, a student at the Pan- Dr. Dana Coman, physician with Pacific Research Institution, Honolulu, Admiral Richard Byrd's Antarctic ex- on A Recent Survey of Student Activi- pedition, also with Ellsworth, 1934, on ties on the U. S. Mainland. Life in Little America. 58 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

Steve Carey; Eugene Ryman and State Institute of Race Biology, Upp- Edw. L. Campbell, on Alaskan Salmon sala, Sweden, on The Idea and Aims of Fishing followed by an open forum on a Pan-Pacific Museum. the subject. J. L. O'Rourke of San Francisco W. 0. Wright, with M. Golden ( not present ) through motion pictures gave a demonstration of telebinocular shown by proxy, on Boulder Dam; with a talk on the work of Keystone Rosebowl Pageant of Pasadena ( in View Company. technicolor ) and Wild Life in Northern Ray Jerome Baker, photographer of California. racial types, on Racial Minorities in the Dr. J. M. Westgate, Department of United States, illustrated. Agriculture, University of Hawaii, on George Schofield, formerly probate Tropical Agriculture as observed during judge with the U. S. Indian Service, on a five-months' world cruise on behalf of American Indians. the University. Mrs. Deborah Woodhull, educator, Dr. Frank A. Plum, eye, ear, nose on Glimpses of Home Life in Samoa and throat specialist, Honolulu, on The during her tour of duty for the Barstow Brain—Facts and Fancies. Foundation at Poyer School, American Pan-Pacific luncheon and dinner Samoa. Illustrated with lantern slides meetings are open to the public, as well and exhibits. as to members, but reservations must be Dr. W. W. Krauss, Race Biologist, made at least 24 hours in advance.

Notables Honored at Tokyo Pan-Pacific Luncheons

MONG many notable achieve- at this luncheon and to convey greet- ments of the Pan-Pacific Club ings from the Pan-Pacific Union of Ho- A of Tokyo in promoting friendly nolulu. About twelve years ago I had relations between Pacific peoples dur- the pleasure of attending your first ing 1935 was the luncheon in honor of luncheon in this hotel, organized by Mr. Miss Lamon M. Vongthonglua of Siam, Alexander Hume Ford. Though Mr. with her party of 50 Siamese classical Ford has recently retired to private life, dancers and singers. Other guests of the principal aim of the Union which honor were Dr. Iga Mori and Mr. and he founded, that of promoting mutual Mrs. Isen Kanno. understanding and friendship among Viscount Inouye, presiding, intro- peoples and countries bordering the Pa- ducing the Siamese guests, said: cific Ocean, has not been changed. "Miss Vongthonglua and her party "It is my belief that American citizens of dancers came from Siam to show us of Japanese ancestry born in the United their classical dances. It is the first time States can do much to contribute to the that a large number of young men and cementing of friendly relations between women from that country have visited these two countries, and it is my humble Japan. I sincerely hope that this visit desire that they should work towards will help to strengthen the friendly re- this end. For the purpose of having lations between Siam and Japan, and American citizens of Japanese parent- that our young friends on their return age, who are known as the second gen- will tell their people about Japan and eration of Japanese in the United States, its sincere friendship for Siam." The and American people in general, under- splendid renditions of classical Siamese stand Japanese culture, I have been songs and dances were received with working for the establishmnt of a Jap- prolonged, enthusiastic applause. anse library in Honolulu, the center of Dr. Iga Mori was introduced as a the Pacific, hoping to make this library member of the Board of Trustees of the serve as a cradle for a new Pacific civil- Pan-Pacific Union in Honolulu of which ization just as the Alexandrian library he is a vice-president and one of its did for the Mediterranean civilization." founders. Dr. Mori said, in part: Isen Kanno, noted Japanese poet and "It is a great honor to be present his American wife, famous portrait Dr. Jerome K. Davis of Yale, son of Dr. J. D. my country is a country of the gods," Davis, founder of Doshisha University, ad- he said. Kanno is working on transla- dressing the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo tion of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam June 14,1935,in the Imperial Hotel,Tokyo. into Japanese. M. Saklatvaia, introduced by Dr. sculptor of the immortals Luther Bur- bank, John Muir, David Starr Jordan, Baty of Tokyo, said that he had in his possession translations into 50 lan- William Keith and many others, were guages of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khay- introduced by Viscount Inouye with an yam, and hoped another might be added outline of their romantic careers, espe- in the Siamese language. "The Siamese cially their first meeting at the home of music has thrilled me. Its lilt, and the Joaquin Miller, poet of the Sierras. harmony of the words of these young Mrs. Kanno spoke briefly of her hap- girls has enchanted me," he said. He piness at being in Japan, and looking then read lines from the Rubaiyat in the forward to "steeping my soul" in its original Persian. beauty. "It is a great pleasure to be attending this luncheon with our sisters At many meetings throughout the from Siam and our brothers of the Ori- year famous guest speakers from ent," she said. abroad were featured, including nota- Mr. Kanno, a graduate of Doshisha bles from England, America, Austria, University, told of his going to America the Philippines, Afghanistan, China, in 1902, of his good fortune in meeting Tasmania, Canada, Russia, France, the and counting among his personal good Argentine, Belgium, Greece, besides friends Joaquin Miller, J. W. T. Mason, numerous home-coming Japanese who John Masefield, Edwin Markham, John had achieved worthwhile things in vari- Galsworthy and others great in the ous foreign countries in art, literature, world of literature. "Now that I return music, the professions, business and to Japan after so many years, I feel that affairs of state.

Shanghai Pan-Pacific Meetings

ROWNING a year of enthusias- nance, representing the Pan-Pacific tic activity, the Pan-Pacific Asso- Union in China, was host to one of the C ciation of China opened Shang- largest parties of the evening including hai's winter season with its first formal some 50 diplomatic representatives and ball in the Paramount ballroom, Nov. their ladies. Many other brilliant din- 15, attended by several hundred and ner parties, chiefly in the Chinese style, planned for the purpose of bringing to- preceded the dance. gether various nationalities in a gala Mrs. Marguerite Chen and Dr. Ku- angson Young, secretaries respectively party. Dr. H. H. Kung, Minister of Fi- of the Pan-Pacific Association of Commemorating the visit of Dr. and Mrs. T. C. Wong to the Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines, Sep- tember 25, 1933: Left to right, seated: Quintin Pa- redes, now Resident Commissioner, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Roxas; Mrs. Arsenio N. Luz; Dr. T. C. Wang; Mrs. Manuel L. Quezon; Mrs. C. T. Wang; Manuel L. Que- zon, now President of the Philippines; Mrs. Jorge Var- gas; Mrs. Carlos P. Romulo. Among others in the group are Arsenio N. Luz; Carlos P. Romulo; Dee C. Chuan; Vicente Madrigal; Jorge Vargas; Alexander Hume Ford, founder of the Pan-Pacific Union (standing behind Mrs. Quezon); Miss Clara Tan Kiang; Mrs. A. Sycip; Dr. Mary Lee: Mrs. Josefa J. Martinez, Chairman Pan- Pacific Women's Association Committee; Dr. M. Nubia; Albino Sycip; H. P. Bond; Gregorio Nieva, Secretary Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines; Alphonso Sycip; Manuel Nieto and the Consuls General of China and Japan.—Photo by New Studio, Manila. 111 Right: Dr. P. W. Kuo, Vice-President Pan-Pacific Association of Shanghai, a director of the Pan-Pacific Association of China and of the China Institute of International Rela- tions.

Shanghai and of China, were responsi- ble for arrangements for the ball, as they were also for a tiffin party, Oct. 22, nized her immediately from her picture for 200 in honor of George H. Dern, in the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, and U. S. Secretary of War, and his party though this is my first visit to the Ori- enroute to the Philippines inauguration ent, I felt that I had at least one ac- ceremony. quaintance here.- Introduced by Mr. Nelson Johnson, Of particular interest to his listeners American Ambassador to China, Secre- were the Secretary of War's remarks tary Dern entertained his audience for a on his journey to the Philippines and its few moments with American backwoods underlying necessity. He explained that humor and "squirrel whiskey" philoso- the United States was reserving certain phy. In serious vein, he outlined his powers for a period of 10 years for ob- trip, stating that this was his first visit vious reasons, but that at the end of this to the Far East. He characterized his time the Philippines would become a Hawaiian experience as being a pleas- democratic member of the family of na- ant one and said that his party seemed tions. Praising the spirit of caution on to be among friends when in Japan. the part of the United States, Secretary Mr. Dern praised the spirit in which Dern said that the "mother" country the Pan-Pacific Association was found- held a moral responsibility in regard to ed and said that it made for a broader the Islands and that it would have to acquaintanceship among Pacific peoples. see its charge through a period of rather "When I met your beautiful secre- violent economic readjustment. tary, Mrs. Chen," he said, "I recog- Greetings to the Pan-Pacific Associa- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 61 tion of the Philippines were sent with dent Pan-Pacific Association of Shang- the inaugural party as the journey to hai, presided. Manila was resumed. In response, there Mr. Bogomoloff said the "best defini- were cordial expressions from the Phil- tion of democracy ever given was that ippine association recalling the good- of Abraham Lincoln—Government of will visit in 1933 of Dr. C. T. Wang, the people, by the people and for the president of the Shanghai Pan-Pacific people." The speaker outlined the ideals Association, and Mrs. Wang, and the of soviet democracy as distinguished Pan-Pacific dinner, Sept. 25, at which from bourgeois democracy, and traced they were guests of honor. a word picture of progress in equality Another notable event in China Pan- of opportunity in his country during 18 Pacific affairs during 1935 was a tiffin years under the Soviet Republic. As meeting, Nov. 25, in the Astor House, evidence he noted increase in popula- to hear an address on Democracy and tion from 139,000,000 in 1913 to 168,- Culture in the USSR, by Mr. D. V. 000,000 in 1934. Of workers, hand and Bogomoloff, Soviet Ambassador to brain, from 139,000,000 to 168,000,000 China. Mr. P. W. Kuo, Vice-Presi- from 1913 to 1934.

Second Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference HE FIRST Pan-Pacific Surgical Pacific, has to offer as a vacation land. Conference, called by the Pan- For information write Dr. Forrest J. T Pacific Union at the request of the Pinkerton, Secretary-Treasurer of the Hawaii Territorial Medical Association Pan- Pacific Surgical Association, and Pacific Coast surgeons, was held in Young Building, Honolulu, in charge of Honolulu August 14 to 24, 1929. At arrangements for delegates from the the close of its sessions a permanent Pacific countries, or to avoid the time organization of Pacific surgeons was lost in corresponding at such a distance, formed—the Pan-Pacific Surgical Asso- communicate with the following chair- ciation, which has extended invitations men in your own or nearby country: to surgeons of all countries bordering Sir James Barrett, 103-105 Collins on the Pacific to attend a second meet- St., Melbourne, Australia; Dr. Hardie- ing in Honolulu August 6 to 14 this Neil, 64 Symonds St., Auckland, New year. The Pan-Pacific Union will Zealand; Dr. J. H. Liu, Executive Yuan, assist in the entertainment of guests, Nanking, China; Dr. Makoto Saito, Hi- present an international pageant on the gashiku, Chikaramachi 228, Nagoya, opening night, and also devote one of Japan; Dr. Y. S. Lee, Severance Hospi- its weekly luncheon meetings to the tal, Seoul, Korea. delegates. Subjects, with their subdivisions, on Those who attended the First Con- which papers have been prepared in- gress held in Honolulu in 1929 are most clude general surgery; surgical research; enthusiatic over the prospects of an- neurosurgery; ophthalmology; otolar- other opportunity of meeting in Hono- yngology; thoracic surgery; urology; lulu as much for the benefits to be de- orthopedics; plastic surgery; anesthesia; rived from the proceedings and discus- radiology; obstetrics; sympathetic sur- sions, as for the enjoyment Hawaii, so gery; traumatic surgery, and hospitals widely known as the Paradise of the and public health.

Comment on the Union and Its Magazine EW PERSONS bother to express headquarters have expressed only favor- by letter their opinions on any sub- able opinions. Within the limits of F ject. Favorable opinion is even less space available, a few are set forth be- likely to become articulate than adverse low: criticism, therefore it will be of interest W. F. Kennedy, Auckland, N. Z.: to members of the Pan-Pacific Union to "All good wishes for the continued suc- learn that fellow members writing to cess of the Pan-Pacific Union. The 62 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

magazines are all very interesting. We cided to give my son a present of mem- like the new emblem signifying ties of bership in the Pan-Pacific Union, for friendship. I enclose money order for which I enclose check." membership renewal." Mrs. E. A. Beck, Los Angeles, Calif.: The Hon. John H. Small, Washing- "The magazine is a thing of beauty and ton, D. C.: "Thank you for my mem- gives us a new and delightful picture of bership card for 1936. Organization of life in the great Pacific." the Pan-Pacific Union was really a fine Mrs. C. C. Fisher, Norton, Va.: conception. If the people of Hawaii can "The magazine is read by all the fam- build up a friendly relationship with ily. Most interesting and entertaining. other nationalities . . . it will also pro- It gives so many new lights on the Pa- mote a friendly attitude on the part of cific. I read most of it without stop- the people of the continental United ping." States." Mrs. Paul A. Brizard, Arcata, Calif.: Mrs. Worthington Scranton, Scran- "Enclosed check for membership, effec- ton, Pa.: "The MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE tive to start with the Hawaii number of is so full of a varied assortment of facts the magazine. We were charmed with and interesting things that we are going the islands and everyone here is keenly to read, learn and digest.... It is going interested in peace and progress in the to make us much more intelligent for our Pacific." visit [to Hawaii] this time. I value my Mrs. Bessie I. Sloan, Alameda, Calif.: membership in the Pan-Pacific Union." "The MID-PACIFIC is a beautiful publi- Mrs. A. S. Higgenbotham, Tazewell, cation, and the objects of the Pan-Pa- Va.: "We enjoy the magazine so much cific Union splendid." and pass it on to many friends who are Maj. Samuel I. Johnson, San Fran- most interested in it and in life in the cisco, Calif.: "It is certainly a most Pacific." beautifully compiled magazine and most Miss Jennie Hoofnagle, Weaverville, efficiently edited.- N. C.: "There are so many things in Will I Sabin, Editor Paradise of the the beautiful magazine that I jump from Pacific, Honolulu: "Congratulations are one to another but shall finish it all, and due MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE'S new cover. then re-read it—an expression of good It might be Harper's or Scribner's or will from over the seas." Atlantic Monthly ( though livelier than Mrs. S. R. Jennings, Johnson City, the latter ). The October - December Tenn: "The magazine is so interesting issue is a credit to all concerned. George and its purpose of working for peace in Mellen, the editor, is to be compli- the Pacific so worthy, that I have de- mented."

Vancouver Plans a Golden Jubilee ROM May 24 to September 7 this Canada and the United States in the Summer the city of Vancouver, development of the trade of the Pacific F British Columbia, will hold high Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the carnival and has invited Pan-Pacifica world's greatest center of future de- and the world to participate. Besides velopment. Its opportunities are great; amusement no end indicated by the its responsibilities are greater. Under prospectus, there is also sharply evident proper leadership we can have in the Pacific Ocean ordered progress with the educational side presented in the peace and economic and social security. form of exhibits, historical and current, I think if the people of the British of Western Canada's resources and achievements. Empire and the United States lead in a great programme of raising the stan- Transmitting an official invitation to dards of living of the people of all the the Pan-Pacific Union, Gerald G. Mc- regions that border upon the Pacific Geer, Mayor of the City of Vancouver, Ocean, we can prove that constitutional wrote: democracy under the sovereignty of "There is a great necessity for real God is a real and enduring blessing to cooperation between the people of mankind." MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 63

Fishes of the American Northwest

A Catalogue of the Fishes of Washington and Oregon, With Distributional Records and a Bibliography

BY LEONARD P. SCHULTZ. AND ALLAN C. DELACY School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, U. S. A.

(Second installment, continued. Copies of issue containing first installment, while available, 75 cents, postpaid to any address in the world.-THE EDITORS.)

96. (515a). APOCOPE OSCULA CARRINGTONI Cope. and Mill Cr. at Walla Walla-Gilbert and Speckled dace. Evermann 1895. Yakima R. near Zillah*. Apocope carringtoni Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Wenatchee R. Mont., 1871: 472, Warm Springs, Utah. Agosia nubila: Fowler 1925. Apocope nubila car- 99. (517). APOCOPE UMATILLA (Gilbert and ringtoni: Gilbert and Evermann 1895; Snyder 1908b. Apocope vulnerata: Cope 1884. Evermann). Dace. Agosia umatilla Gilbert and Evermann, Bull. U. S. RANGE: Upper Columbia River Basin, the Great Fish Comm., 14, 1894 (1895); 192, pl. 9, fig. 2, Basin, and Coast Ranges of southeastern Ore- Columbia R., Umatilla, Ore.*. gon. Freshwater. Abundant. No commercial RANGE: Columbia River Basin east of Coast value. Ranges and in Payette and Salmon rivers, RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Umatilla Idaho. Freshwater. Common. No commercial R.*. Palouse R.*. Smokle Cr.*. Pine Cr.*. value. Hardman Cr.*. Tucannon R.*. Upper Snake RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Umatilla,* R.-Gilbert and Evermann 1895. Naches R.*. Ore.-Gilbert and Evermann 1895. Grande Yakima R. tributary at Ellensburg*. Cle Ronde R.*. Malheur R.*. Yakima R. near Elum*. Long L. and Deep L. in the Grand Zillah*. Wenatchee R. above Leavenworth* Coulee*. Wilson Cr.*, Wash. Little Deep and at mouth*. Cr.* and Deep Cr.* near Spokane. Hangman R. Family 30. AMEIURIDAE7 Catfishes Coast of Oregon: Klamath L. Basin.- Snyder 1908b. 100. (217). AMEIURUS NEBULOSUS (Le Sueur). Oregon Lakes Drainage: Warner and Catfish. Horned pout. Abert Lakes-Cope 1884. Silvies R.*. Mal- Pimelodus nebulosus Le Sueur, Mem. Mus., 5, 1819: 149, Lake Ontario. heur L. and Warner L.-Snyder 1908b. Ameiurus nebulosus: Schultz 1929. Honey Cr.*. Bridge C.* Elder Cr.* Dairy Cr.* Camas Cr.* Chewaucan R.* and Silver RANGE: Now occurring in most of the streams L.-Fowler 1925. and lakes of the United States. Freshwater. Goose Lake Drainage: Goose L.-Snyder Common. Introduced in the northwest. Slight 1908b. Bavers Cr.*. Dog. Cr.*. commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage:* L. Wash- 97. (514a). APOCOPE KLAMATHENSIS (Evermann ington*. L. Sammamish*. L. Stickney,* Sno- and Meek). Klamath dace. homish Co. Agosia klamathensis Evermann and Meek, Bull. Washington: Schultz 1929. U. S. Fish Comm., 17, 1897 (1898): 75, 9, fig. 5, Pelican Bay, Upper Klamath L., Ore.: Gilbert 1898; Columbia River Drainage: * Kalama*, Snyder 1908a. Umatilla*, Moses L., Grant Co., Wash.* RANGE: Klamath Basin. Freshwater. Common. Oregon: Schultz 1929. No commercial value. Oregon Lakes Drainage: Silvies R.* near Burns. Chewaucan R.* L. Abert*. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Klamath R. basin -Snyder 1908a. Upper Klamath L.-Ever- mann and Meek 1898; Gilbert 1898. Lost R. Family 31. SUDIDAE (PARALEPIDIDAE) -Gilbert 1898; Snyder 1908a. 101. (898). ARCTOZENUS CORUSCANS (Jordan 98. (518). APOCOPE FALCATA (Eigenmann and and Gilbert). Pelagic fish. Paralepis coruscans Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Eigenmann). Dace. Nat. Mus. 3, 1880 (1881e): 411, Port Townsend, Agosia falcata Eigenmann and Eigenmann, Amer. Wash.; 1881f, 1882; Goode 1884. Nat. 27, 1893: 153, Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho: Arctozenus coruscans: Jordan and Starks 1895; Gilbert and Evermann 1895; Snyder 1908a. Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Columbia River Basin east of the Coast RANGE: Puget Sound. Marine. Rare. One Ranges. Freshwater. Locally abundant. No specimen known. commercial value. Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque) has been reported RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Willamette doubtfully from the Columbia River and Western Basin-Snyder 1908a. Umatilla, Ore.* Pasco, Washington (Schultz, 1929).

64 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Port Town- Family 33. ALEPISAURIDAE Handsawfishes. send, Wash.—Jordan and Gilbert 1881e, Lancet fish 1881f, 1882; Goode 1884; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. 108. (889-893). ALEPISAURUS FEROX Lowe Lan- cet fish. Alepisaurus ferox Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon., Family 32. MYCTOPHIDAE Lantern Fishes 1, 1883: 395, Madeira; Jordan and Gilbert 1882: Crawford 1925a, 1927a; Schultz 1930. 102. (842). LAMPANYCTUS NANNOCHIR (Gil- Alepidosattrus borealis: Gunther 1864; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Alepidosattrus (Cautopus) bo- bert). realis: Gill 1883. Plagyodus borealis: Eigenmann Myctophum nannochir Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. and Eigenmann 1892. Plagyodus fero.r: Kincaid Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 51, Albatross stations 2925, 1919. 3072, and others in 266 to 685 fathoms. Nannobrachzum nannochir: Gilbert 1895. RANGE: North Atlantic and North Pacific RANGE: North Pacific Ocean in deep water. Oceans. Marine. Not rare. No commercial Marine. Rare. No commercial value. value. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Albatross Sta- RECORDS: Puget Sound Regions*: Gill 1863; tions 3071, 3072—Gilbert 1891. North Pacific Gunther 1864; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; —Gilbert 1895. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Kincaid 1919. 103. (844). LAMPANYCTUS REGALIS (Gilbert). Coast of Washington: Schultz 1930. Off Myctophurn regale Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Cape Johnson*. Grays Harbor—Crawford 14, 1892: 544, Santa Barbara Channel, Albatross 1925a, 1927a. Station 2923 in 822 fathoms. RANGE: Washington to California. Marine. Not Family 34. ESOCIDAE Pickerels common. No commercial value. 109. (922). Esox VERMICULATUS Le Sueur. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Albatross Sta- tion 3070 in 536 fathoms—Gilbert 1892. Little Pickerel Esor vermiculatus Le Sueur in Cuvier and Va- lenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 18, 1846: 333, Wabash 104. (841). LAMPANYCTUS LEUCOPSARUM River, New Harmony, Ind.: Schultz 1929. (Eigenmann and Eigenmann). RANGE: Mississippi River and tributaries of Myctophum (Stenobrachius) leueopsarum Eigen- Great Lakes. Probably introduced into the mann and Bigenmann, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2nd. ser., 3, 1890: 5, off Point Loma, Calif., in stomachs west. Freshwater. Locally abundant. No com- of Sebastodes. mercial value. Nannobrachium leucopsarum: Gilbert 1895. RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Outlet of RANGE: Alaska to San Diego. Marine. Rare. Rock L. (Palouse System)*. Upper Crab Cr. No commercial value. near Odessa*_Schultz 1929. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Albatross Sta- tion 3343—Gilbert 1895. Family 35. NOVUMBRIDAE Western mud- minnow 105. (846, 849). DIAPHUS RAFINESQUEI (COG- 110. co. N yetophus rafinesquei Cocco, Ann. Sci. ). NOVUMBRA HUBBSI Schultz. Western Nat. Bologna, 2, 1838. mud-minnow. Nozmutbra hubbsi Schultz, Univ. Wash. Diaphus theta: Gilbert 1895. Myctophum proto- Pub. Fish. caDs Gilbert 1891. 2, 1929 (1929a); 76, Satsop, Wash.: 1930a. RANGE: Alaska to San Diego in the Pacific. RANGE: Chehalis River at Satsop, Wash. Fresh- Marine. Not common. No commercial value. water. Rare. No commercial value. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Albatross Sta- RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Satsop, Wash.* tion 3072—Gilbert 1891. St. of Juan de Fuca —Schultz 1929a, 1929c, 1930a. —Gilbert 1895. Family 36. SCOMBERESOCIDAE Sauries 106. (858). MYCTOPHUM CALIFORNIENSE Eigen- 111. ( ) . COLOLABIS SAIRA ( Brevoort) . Pacific mann and Eigenmann. saury. Myctophum californiense Eigenmann and Eigen- Sconzberesox saira Brevoort, Perry's Exp. to Ja- mann, West. Amer. Scientist, Nov. 9, 1889: 124, San pan, 1850: 281, pl. vii, fig. 4, on a drawing. Diego, Calif.: Kincaid 1919. Cololabis brezdrostris: Gilbert 1915. Cololabis RANGE: Washington to San Diego. Marine. Not saira: Hubbs 1928; Schultz, Hart, and Gunderson common. No commercial value. 1932. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. RANGE: North Pacific. Japan to Alaska and to California. Marine. Not rare. No commercial 107. (865). MYCTOPHUM CRENULARE (Jordan value. and Gilbert). RECORDS: No record for Washington or Oregon Myctophum crenulare Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 274, Santa Barbara, Calif.: but taken off Vancouver Island, Schultz, Bean, T. H. 1882. Hart, and Gunderson 1932; and in California; Myctophum procellarum: Jordan and Gilbert Gilbert 1915; Hubbs 1928. 1881f. Tarletonbeania crenularis: Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Washington to San Diego. Marine. Family 37. CORYPHAENOIDIDAE (MA- Not common. No commercial value. CROURIDAE) Grenadiers. Rat tails RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. 112. (See hypothetical list.) ( 2961 ) . MACRUROS ACROLEPIS Bean. Macrurus acrolepis Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Coast of Washington: Gulf of Alaska— 6, 1884: 362, Port Townsend, Wash.: Gilbert 1895. (49°N., 151°W.) —Bean 1882; Jordan and RANGE: Alaska to San Diego, Calif. Marine. Gilbert 1881f. Not common. No commercial value. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 65

RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Port Townsend Starks 1896. Saratoga Passage*. San Juan —Bean, T. H. 1884. Is.*—Starks 1911. Port Angeles—Gilbert Coast of Washington: Albatross Station 1895. 3346—Gilbert 1895. Coast of Washington: Collins 1892. Cape Coast of Oregon: Albatross Station 3347-- Flattery—Ayres 1855; Girard 1858. La Push*. Gilbert 1895. Off Cape Johnson and Willapa Bank—Rath- bun 1894. 113. (2948). ALBATROSSIA PECTORALIS (Gilbert). Coast of Oregon: Collins 1892; Washburn Macrurus (Malacocephalus) pectoralis Gilbert, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, 1892: 563, off coast of Oregon, 1901. Astoria*. Tillamook Head and five Albatross Stations 3071, 3074, 3075, in 685 to 877 miles south of Cape Falcon—Rathbun 1894. fathoms. Yaquina Bay*. Yaquina Head*. RANGE: Off the coast of Oregon. Marine. Rare. No commercial value. 116. (2910). GADUS MACROCEPHALUS Tilesius. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Albatross stations Pacific codfish. Gray cod. Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, Hem. Acad. Sci. 3071, 3074, and 3075 in 685 to 877 fathoms— St. Petersb., 2, 1810: 360, Bering Sea: Smiley 1885; Gilbert 1892. Alexander 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; Cobb 1927. Gadus callarias: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. Family 38. GADIDAE Cods Gadus morrhua: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Bean T. H. 1884; Jordan 114. (2904). THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA Pa- 1887; Collins 1892; Tanner 1894. Common name: CENSIS (Jordan and Gilbert). Puget Sound Hammond 1887; Swan 1887. Pollack. Whiting. RANGE: Bering Sea south to Coast of Oregon. Pollaclzius chalcogrammus fucensis Jordan and Marine. Abundant. Commercial value. Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, 1893 (1894): 315, Puget Sound at Tacoma, Wash. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Eleginus navaga: Evermann and Goldsborough bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Ham- 1907.8 Eleginus navaga gracilis: Berg 1934. mond 1887; Collins 1892; Eigenmann and RANGE: Puget Sound and Coast of Washing- Eigenmann 1892; Kincaid 1919; Cobb 1927. ton. Marine. Abundant. Slight commercial Seattle*. Port Townsend—Bean 1884. Dis- value. covery Bay—Swan 1887. San Juan Islands*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and Pt. Angeles--Smiley 1885; Swan 1887. St. Gilbert 1881f, 1882, 1894; Jordan and Jouy of Fuca—Tanner 1894; Gilbert 1895. 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Kin- Coast of Washington: Neah Bay—Jordan caid 1919; Berg 1934. Meadowdale*. Pos- 1887. Cape Flattery—Jordan and Starks 1895; Cobb 1927. session Sd.*. Saratoga Passage*. San Juan Coast of Oregon: Yaquina Bay—Alex- Is.*._Starks 1911. ander 1892. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery— Goode 1884. 117. (2915). ANTIMORA MICROLEPIS Bean. Antimora n:icrolepis Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 115. (2907). MICROGADUS PROXIMUS (Girard). 13, 1890 (1891): 38, lat. 51° 00' 23" N. Long. 130° Pacific Tomcod. 34' W., off Cape St. James, Queen Charlotte Islands, Gadus proximus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. in 875 fathoms. Phila. 7, 1854: 141, San Francisco: Ayres 1855. Eleginus navaga: Evermann and Goldsborough RANGE: North Pacific Ocean off Queen Char- 1907.9 Eleginus navaga gracilis: Berg 1934. lotte Islands in deep water. Marine. Rare. No Morrhiza proxima: Girard 1858. Microgadus proxi- commercial value. mus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Goode 1884; Tanner 1890; Collins 1892; RECORDS: No record for Washington or Oregon Eigenmann and. Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; but probably occurring in our locality. Jordan and Starks 1895; Gilbert 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Washburn 1901; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. 118. (2922). LOTA MACULOSA (Le Sueur). Bur- bot. Ling. Lake lawyer. RANGE: Alaska to Monterey. Marine. Common. Gadus maculosits Le Sueur, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Slight commercial value. Phila., 1, 1817: 83, Lake Erie. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and Lota maculosa: Evermann 1899; Smith 1900. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; RANGE: Eastern and Central United States Goode 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann westward into Columbia River system and 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; north to Arctic waters. Freshwater. Common. Berg 1934. Seattle*--Tanner 1890; Ever- No commercial value. mann and Goldsborough 1907. Pt. Ludlow,— RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Evermann 1899. Lake Chelan*_Smith 1900. 8 Specimens from Puget Sound, Albatross stations 4213, 4218, 4219, on which Evermann and Goldsbor- ough (1907) based their records were reexamined by 119. (2901). MERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS (Ayres). Schultz and Welander and found to be Theragra chal- Pacific Hake. cogramma fucensis. Berg (1934) probably based his Merlangus productus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. record on Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Polla- Nat. Sci., 1, 1855: 64(65), no locality given, types chius chalcogrammus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; from San Francisco market, probably from San Jordan and Jouy 1882; Goode 1884; Eigenmann and Francisco Bay. Eigenmann 1892. Theragra fucensis: Starks 1911; Homaloponzus trowbridgii Girard 1857a: 1857, Kincaid 1919. 1858. Merluccius productus: Jordan and Gilbert Specimens from Puget Sound, Admiralty Island 1881f; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Rath- and Albatross Stations 4218, 4219, and 4220, on which bun 1894; Jordan and Starks 1895; Evermann and Evermann and Goldsborough (1907) based their rec- Goldsborough 1907; Evermann and Latimer 1910; ords were reexamined by Schultz and Welander and Starks 1911; Schmitt et al. 1915; Johnston 1917; found to be Microgadus proxinzus. Berg (1934) prob- Kincaid 1919; Ilubbs and Schultz 1929. Merlucius ably based his record on Evermann and Goldsborough productus: Jordan and Jouy 1882. Common name: 1907. Hake, Rathbun 1894. 66 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

RANGE: Alaska to Gulf of California (Starks RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- and Morris 1907). Marine. Common. Slight bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jor- commercial value. dan 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigen- Seattle*. Off Everett*. Saratoga Passage*. mann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks San Juan Is.". Port Angeles-Gilbert 1895. 1895; Kincaid 1919. Duwamish Head, Seattle Str. Juan de Fuca-Tanner 1894. -Rathbun 1894. Seattle*_Evermann and Washington: Rathbun 1894. Goldsborough 1907. Possession Sound". Sa- Oregon: Rathbun 1894. Off Cascade Hd., ratoga Passage*. San Juan Islands",-Starks Off Newport-Schmitt et al. 1915. 1911. 123. (3051). CITHARICHTHYS STIGMAEUS Jordan Coast of Washington: Off Grays Harbor- and Gilbert. Speckled sand dab. Johnston 1917. Citharichthys stigmaeus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Columbia River Mouth: Chinook, Wash.- U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882; 410, 411, Santa Barbara, Evermann and Latimer 1910. Astoria, Ore.- Calif.: Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks Girard 1857, 1857a, 1858. and Morris 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Coast of Oregon: Off Tillamook, off New- RANGE: Prince William Sound " to San Diego, port, and off Heceta Head-Schmitt et al. California. Marine. Common. Slight com- 1915. Tillamook Head, 5 miles south of Cape mercial value. Falcon; Yaquina Head; off Cape Perpetua; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. Heceta Bank; off mouth Siuslaw R.-Rathbun Seattle*. Hoods Canal near Holly". Admir- 1894. Yaquina Bay*-Hubbs and Schultz alty Inlet (Albatross Station 4219) -Ever- 1929. Off Yaquina Head*. mann and Goldsborough 1907. Saratoga Pas- sage*. Off Bellingham*. San Juan Islands* Family 39. PERCOPSIDAE Trout-perches -Starks 1911. Coast of Washington: Grays Harbor". 120. (1146). COLUMBIA TRANSMONTANA Eigen- Coast of Oregon: Starks and Morris 1907. mann and Eigenmann. Columbia River Trout- Yaquina Bay". Coos Bay*. perch. Columbia transmontana Eigenmann and Eigen- mann in Eigenmann, Science, 20, 1892: 233, mouth Family 42. PLEURONECTIDAE Halibut and of Umatilla River, Oregon: Gilbert and Evermann flounders 1895; Snyder 1908a. RANGE: Columbia River. Freshwater. Not com- 124. (2975). ATHERESTHES STOMIAS (Jordan mon. No commercial value. and Gilbert). Arrow-tooth halibut. PlatysomatIchthys stomias Jordan and Gilbert, RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Willamette Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 301, off San Fran- R.-Snyder 1908a. Umatilla*, Ore.-Eigen- cisco, Calif. Atherestes stomias: Tanner 1890, 1894; Rathbun mann 1892. Wallula, Wash.-Gilbert and 1894; Gilbert 1895; Schmitt et al. 1915; Fowler Evermann 1894. 1923. RANGE: Bering Sea to San Francisco. Marine. Family 40. TRACHIPTERIDAE Ribbon-fishes Common northward. No commercial value. 121. (2972). TRACHIPTERUS REX-SALMONORUM RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Elliott Bay*. Jordan and Gilbert. Ribbon-fish. Saratoga Passage*. San Juan Islands.* St. Trachypterus rex-salmonorum Jordan and Gilbert, Juan de Fuca-Tanner 1894; Gilbert 1895; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 4, 1894: 144, pl. Fowler 1923. 9, open sea, outside Bay of San Francisco: Fowler 1923. Coast of Oregon: Off Tillamook Rock- 7'rachypterus altivelis: Jordan and Gilbert 1882; Tanner 1890; Rathbun 1894; Schmitt et al. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1915. 1895; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Washington to southern California. 125. (in part 2977). HIPPOGLOSSUS STENOLEPIS Marine. Rare. No commercial value. Schmidt. Pacific halibut. Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, Pisces Marium RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Orientalium Imperii Rossici 1904: 224, Aniva Bay, bert 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; South Sakhalin, Pacific: also see Comptes de 1'Acad- Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. [Str. emie des Sciences de l'U.R.S.S. 1929 (1930). Hippoglossus hippog/ossus: Collins 1892; Eigen- of Juan de Fuca at Sherringham Pt. (British mann and Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; Jordan Columbia) -Fowler 1923]. and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Fowler 1923. Hip- poglossus vulgaris: HaBock 1877; Jordan and Gil- Family 41. BOTHIDAE bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Goode 1884; Jordan 1887. Common name: Hammond 1887; Schmitt et al. 1915; Thompson and Freeman 1930; 122. (3048). CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS (Gi- Thompson, Dunlop and Bell 1931. rard). Mottled sand dab. Psettichthys sordidus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. RANGE: Japan, Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 142, San Francisco; Tomales southward to Northern California. Marine. Bay. At one time it formed a great fishery off Citharichthys sordidus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884; Eigen- Washington; stock now somewhat depleted, mann and Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; Tanner but abundant northward. 1894; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Ever- mann and Goldsborough 1907; Schmitt et al. 1915; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Kincaid 1919. Gilbert 1881f; Goode 1884; Hammond 1887; RANGE: Kiska Island (Aleutian chain) (Ever- Jordan 1887; Collins 1892; Eigenmann and mann and Goldsborough 1907) to Cerros Eigenmann 1892; Kincaid 1919; Thompson Island, Lower California. Marine. Common 10 Lawrence Townsend reports the capture of a spec- southward. Slight commercial value. imen at this locality. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 67

and Freeman 1930. Off west coast Whidby RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Island*. St. Juan de Fuca—Jordan and Jouy Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan 1884; Eigenmann 1882; Goode 1884; Fowler 1923. and Eigenmann 1892; Kincaid 1919. Coast of Washington: Thompson and Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery*_ Freeman 1930; Thompson, Dunlop, and Bell Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. La 1931. Cape Flattery—Jordan and Gilbert Push*. Off Grays Harbor—Johnston 1917. 1882; Jordan 1887; Rathbun 1894; Jordan and Washington: Rathbun 1894. Starks 1895. Coast of Oregon: Schmitt et al. 1915. Off Coast of Oregon: Hallock 1877; Thomp- Newport*. Port Orford*. son and Freeman 1930; Thompson, Dunlop, Oregon: Rathbun 1894. and Bell 1931. Tillamook Head and Heceta Bank—Rathbun 1894. Off Yaquina Head*. 129. (2984). PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTUS Gi- rard. Sand sole. Off Yaquina Bar, off Coos Co.—Schmitt et Psettichthys melanostictus Girard, Proc. Acad. al. 1915. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854: 140, San Francisco; Ore- gon: 1857, 1858; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Tanner 1890; Eigen- 126. (2978). LYOPSETTA EXILIS (Jordan and Gil- mann and Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; Jordan bert). Rough sole. and Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Hippoglossoides exilis Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Starks 1.11; Schmitt et al. 1915; Kincaid 1919; U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880, off San Francisco: 1881f, Fowler 1923. 1882; Jordan 1884; Rathbun 1894. Lyopsetta exilis: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; RANGE: Alaska (Kodiak Is.) to Monterey. Ma- Jordan and Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsbor- rine. Common. Slight commercial value. ough 1907; Starks 1911; Gilbert 1915; Schmitt et al. 1915; Kincaid 1919. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- RANGE: Alaska to San Pedro, California. Ma- bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; rine. Common. Slight commercial value. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*_Tanner RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and 1890; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan 1884; Eigenmann Fowler 1923. Off Bellingham*. San Juan and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks Islands*—Starks 1911. St. of Juan de Fuca 1895; Kincaid 1919. Admiralty Inlet (Alba- .—Fowler 1923. tross Station 4219) —Evermann and Golds- Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery.— borough 1907. Possession Sound*. Saratoga Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. La Passage*. San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Push*. Cape Elizabeth near Taholah*. Grays Washington: Rathbun 1894; Gilbert 1915. Harbor. * Coast of Oregon: Off Cascade Head— Washington: Rathbun 1894. Schmitt et al. 1915. Yaquina Bay*. Columbia River Mouth: * Astoria—Girard Oregon: Rathbun 1894; Gilbert 1915. 1857, 1858. Coast of Oregon: Off Cascade Head and 127. (2981). HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON Jor- off Newport—Schmitt et al. 1915. Yaquina dan and Gilbert. Sole. Head*. Yaquina Bay*. Cape Arago*. Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880 (1881a): 278, Puget Oregon: Rathbun 1894. Sound at Seattle and Tacoma Wash.: 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884, 1887; Eigen- 130. (3005). PLEURONICHTHYS DECURRENS Jor- mann and Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan dan and Gilbert. Turbot. and Storks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; Berg 1934. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 453, San Francisco, Mon- terey Bay. RANGE: Alaska to Coast of Washington. Ma- RANGE: Alaska to Santa Barbara Islands. Ma- rine. Common. Slight commercial value. rine. Common southward. No commercial RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and value. Gilbert 1881a, 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy RECORDS: Oregon (occasionally): Walford 1882; Jordan 1884, 1887; Eigenmann and 1931. G. V. Wilby reports the capture of Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; this species in Rivers Inlet, B. C., July 21, Kincaid 1919. Admiralty Inlet (Albatross 1916. Stations 4214, 4215, 4218, 4219, 4220)— Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Posses- 131. (3007). PLEURONICHTHYS COENOSUS Gi- rard. Sole. sion Sound*. Saratoga Passage*. San Juan Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Islands* —Starks 1911. St. of Juan de Fuca Sci., Phila., 7, 1854: 139, San Francisco: Jordan —Gilbert 1895. and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Albatross Station Jordan 1884, 1887; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Coast of Washington: 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; Fow- 3460—Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; ler 1923. Berg 1934. Pleuronichthys nephelus Starks and Thompson 1911: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. 128. (2979). EOPSETTA JORDANI (Lockington). RANGE: Alaska to San Diego. Marine. Com- English Sole. mon. Slight commercial value. Hippoglossoides jordani Lockington, Proc. U. S. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Nat. Mus., 2, 1879: 73, San Francisco: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan 1884; Rathbun 1894. Eopsetta jordani: Eigenmann and Eigenmann Jordan 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Schmitt et 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks and al. 1915; Johnston 1917; Kincaid 1919. Thompson 1911; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Unalaska (Evermann and Goldsborough Seattle*—Fowler 1923. Port Madison—Jor- 1907) to San Diego Bay. Marine. Common. dan 1887. Hoods Canal near Holly*. San Slight commercial value. Juan Islands*—Starks 1911; Starks and 68 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

Thompson 1911. Str. of Juan de Fuca— 134. (3010). INOPSETTA ISCHYRA11 (Jordan and Fowler 1923. Gilbert). Parophrys isehyrus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. 132. (3009). PAROPHRYS VETULUS Girard. Sole. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880 (1881a): 276, 453, Puget Sound: Lemon Sole. 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884. Parophrys retulus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Inopsetta ischyra: Eigenmann and Eigenmann Phila., 7, 1854: 140, California: 1857, 1858; Jordan 1892; Kincaid 1919; Villadolid 1927. and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; RANGE: Puget Sound. Marine. Rare. No com- Jordan 1887; Tanner 1890, 1894; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; Gilbert 1895; Jor- mercial value. dan and Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Seattle—Jor- 1907; Starks 1911; Schmitt et al. 1915; Kincaid 1919. dan and Gilbert 1881a, 1881f, 1882; Jordan RANGE : Unalaska to San Diego. Marine. Com- and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Kincaid 1919; Villadolid mon. Considerable commercial value. 1927. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; 135. (3012). LEPIDOPSETTA BILINEATA (Ayres). Jordan 1887; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Sole. Rock sole. Flounder. 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Platessa bilineata Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1855: 40 (39 of reprint), San Francisco. Seattle*_Tanner 1890. Seattle*, Admiralty Lepidopsetta bilineata: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, Inlet (Albatross stations 4219, 4221), and 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884, 1887; Port Townsend— (Albatross Station 4214) Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Meadow- 1911; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid dale*. Possession Sound". Hoods Canal near 1985198.. Platichthys unibrosus Girard 1857a: 1857, Holly*. Saratoga Passage*, off Bellingham* San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Port An- RANGE: Japan to Alaska and southward to geles and Str. of Juan de Fuca—Gilbert 1895. Southern California. Marine. Abundant. Str. Juan de Fuca—Tanner 1894. Commercial value. Coast of Washington: Grays Harbor*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and Washington: Rathbun 1894. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Columbia River Mouth: Astoria—Girard Jordan 1884, 1887; Eigenmann and Eigen- 1857, 1858. mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid Coast of Oregon: Tillamook Bay*. Nestuc- 1919. Seattle*. Meadowdale*. Hoods Canal ca Bay.* Off Cascade Head and off New- near Holly*. Port Ludlow—Starks 1896. Ad- port—Schmitt et al. 1915. Yaquina Bay*. miralty Inlet (Albatross stations 4212, 4219) Coos Bay*. Port Orford—Girard 1858. —Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. San Oregon: Rathbun 1894. Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Port Angeles— Gilbert 1895. 133. (3023). PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS RUGOSUS Girard. Starry flounder. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery—Gi- Platichthys rugosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., rard 1857, 1857a, 1858. Phila., 7, 1854: 139, 155, San Francisco, Presidio, Washington: Rathbun 1894. Petaluma, Calif.: Suckley 1860; Hallock 1877. Coast of Oregon: Canon Beach*. Platichthys stellatus: Collins 1892; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Oregon: Rathbun 1894. Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Meek 1898; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; 136. (3011). ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS (Lockington). Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. Pleuronectes stellatus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Rock sole. Scaly-finned flounder. Jordan 1884, 1887; Tanner 1890. Lepidopsetta isolepis Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 325, San Francisco. RANGE: Alaska to Santa Barbara County, Cali- Isopsetta isolepis: Rathbun 1894; Evermann and fornia. Marine. Common. Commercial value. Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Pa- rophrys isolepis: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Suckley 1860; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884. Pleuronectes Hallock 1877; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f; Jor- isolepis: Tanner 1890. dan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1887; Collins RANGE: Kodiak Island (L. Townsend, Ms.) 1892; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jor- to Pt. Conception. Marine. Common. No dan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Seattle* commercial value —Tanner 1890; Fowler 1923. Meadowdale*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Pt. Ludlow—Starks 1896. Hoods Canal near Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Holly*. San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Pt. Jordan 1884; Kincaid 1919. Seattle—Tanner Angeles" —Gilbert 1895. Str. of Juan de 1890; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. Fuca*—Fowler 1923. San Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery,— Washington: Rathbun 1894. Collins 1892; Evermann and Goldsborough Oregon: Rathbun 1894. 1907. Quillayute R. mouth*. Beach at La Push*. Quinault R. mouth*. Grays Harbor* 137. (3014). LIMANDA ASPERA (Pallas). —Hallock 1877. Pleuronectes asper Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso.-Asiat., 3, Columbia River Mouth*: Jordan and Gil- 1811: 425, east coast of Siberia: Fowler 1923. bert 1881f; Jordan 1884; Eigenmann and RANGE: Alaska and Queen Charlotte Islands. Eigenmann 1892. One six-inch specimen at Marine. Common. No commercial value. Kalama*. RECORDS: Wharf of Seattle (probably taken by Coast of Oregon:* Tillamook Bay*. Nes- commercial fishermen in Alaska) —Fowler tucca Bay*. Yaquina Bay*. Siuslaw R. and 1923 (see hypothetical list). Ten Mile Cr.—Evermann and Meek 1898. Coos Bay*. 11 Possibly this is a hybrid between Lepidopsetta bilineata and Platichthys stellatus. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 69

138. (3025). MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS ( Lock- Family 44. GASTEROSTEIDAE Sticklebacks ington). Chinese sole. Slippery sole. Slime sole. 142. (1098, 1099, 1100). GASTEROSTEUS ACU- Glyptocephalus pacificus Lockington, Rept. Calif. LEATUS ACULEATUS Linnaeus. Common three- Fish. Comm. 1878-79: 43, off Point Reyes, Calif.: spined stickleback. Jordan 1884. Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. Cynicoglossus pacificus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 10, 1758: 489, Europe: Goode 1884; Regan 1909. 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882. Microstomus pacificus: Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus: Eigenmann Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; and Eigenmann 1892. Gasterosteus (aculeatus var.) Tanner 1894; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks cataphractus: Jordan and Jouy 1882. Gasterosteus 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks (aculeatus) serratus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f. Gas- 1911; Kincaid 1919; Schmidt 1929; Schultz 1930a. terosteus cataphractus: Bean 1892a; Gilbert 1895; RANGE: Alaska (Schmidt 1929) to San Diego, Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Ever- mann and Meek 1898; Snyder 1908a; Kincaid 1919; California (Starks and Morris 1907). Ma- Powers 1921; Fowler 1923. Gasterosteus interme- rine. Common. Slight commercial value. dius : Girard 1857a, 1858. Gasterosteus serratus: RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and Girard 1858. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jolly 1882; RANGE: Europe, Asia and North America. Ma- Jordan 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann rine, brackish, and entering freshwater. Com- 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. mon. No commercial value. Elliott Bay*. Possession Sound.*. Saratoga RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Passage*. Whidby Is. Holmes Hbr.*. San Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Goode Juan Islands*_Starks 1911. San Juan Chan- 1884: Bean 1892a; Eigenmann and Eigen- nel*,-Schultz 1930a. Str. Juan de Fuca- mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Regan Tanner 1894; Gilbert 1895. 1909; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Meadowdale*. Coast of Washington: Albatross Station Hoods Canal near Holly*. Pt. Ludlow- 3343-Gilbert 1895. Starks 1896. San Juan Islands* Starks Washington: Rathbun 1894. 1911; Powers 1921. Str. of Juan de Fuca- Coast of Oregon: Albatross Station 3347 Fowler 1923. Gilbert 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough Coast of Washington: Neah Bay-Gilbert 1907. 1895. Cape Flattery-Girard 1857a, 1858. Oregon: Rathbun 1894. La Push*. Quinault R. mouth*. Grays Har- bor*. Shoalwater Bay (= Willapa) -Girard 139. (3028). GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS12 1858. Lockington. Rex sole. Long-finned sole. Columbia River Drainage: Mouth*. Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, 1879: 88, San Francisco: Tanner Coast of Oregon: All freshwater streams-- 1890, 1894; Rathbun 1894; Gilbert 1895; Starks Snyder 1908a. Tillamook Bay*. Siuslaw R. 1911; Schmitt et al. 1915; Kincaid 1919; Schmidt and outlet of Tsiltcoos L.--Evermann and 1929. Meek 1898. Elk Cr. near Cannon Beach*. RANGE: North Pacific (Schmidt 1929), south to San Pedro Bay*. Marine. Common. 143. (1101a). GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS MICRO- Slight commercial value. CEPHALUS Girard. Three-spined stickleback. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Starks 1911; Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854; 133, Four Creek (Ka- Kincaid 1919. Seattle-Tanner 1890. Posses- waeh R.) San Joaquin Valley, Calif.: Jordan and sion Sound*. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Sa- Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Bean I892a; Eigenmann and ratoga Passage*. Str. of Juan de Fuca-- Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert and Evermann 1895; Jor- dan and Starks 1895; Seale 1895; Rutter 1896. Tanner 1894; Gilbert 1895. Gasterosteus plebeius: Ayres 1855. Gasterosteus Washington: Rathbun 1894. Pugetti Girard 1857a: 1858; Suckley 1860. Gasteros- Oregon: Rathbun 1894. Off Cascade Head teus williamsoni: Rutter 1896. Gasterosteus william- soni microcephalus: Evermann and Meek 1898; and off Newport-Schmitt et al. 1915. Evermann and Latimer 1910. RANGE: Europe, Asia and North America. Family 43. MELAMPHAIDAE Deep sea fishes Freshwater. Common. No commercial value. 140. (1226). PLECTROMUS CRISTICEPS (Gilbert). RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage:* Jordan and Melamphaes cristiceps Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Bean 1892a; Eigenmann Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 60, Albatross Station 3075 and Eigenmann 1892; Freshwater streams of in 859 fathoms. Puget Sound-Suckley 1860. Ft. Steilacoom RANGE: Alaska to Monterey Bay. Marine. Not .-Girard 1857a, 1858. Green and Union common. No commercial value. Lakes* in Seattle-Seale 1895. Lake Wash- RECORDS: Coast of Washington and Oregon: ington at Seattle*-Gilbert and Evermann Albatross Station 3075-Gilbert 1891. 1895; Evermann and Meek 1898. Ballard (Seattle) --Jordan and Starks 1895; Rutter 141. (1223). PLECTROMUS LUGUBRIS (Gilbert). 1896. Evans Cr. near Redmond*. Meadow- Melamphaes lugubris Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, 1890 (1891): 59, coast of California, Al- dale *. batross Station 2923 in 822 fathoms. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery- Ayres 1855. Olympic Peninsula-Evermann RANGE: Bering Sea to Panama. Marine. Rare. No commercial value. and Latimer 1910. L. Quinault*. Humptulips R.*. Chehalis R5.-Gilbert and Evermann RECORDS: No records for Washington and Ore- 1895; Rutter 1896. Satsop R.*. gon but reported from Bering Sea and Cali- Columbia River Drainage: Cowlitz R. near fornia-Hubbs 1928; Jordan, Evermann and Kalama*. Klaskanine R., Willamette R., Mc- Clark 1930. Kenzie R., Walla Walla R.-Gilbert and Evermann 1895; Rutter 1896. 12 Norman (1933: 221) regards Errex as a subgenus of Glyptocephalus in which opinion we concur. Coast of Oregon: Tsiltcoos L.-Evermann 70 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

and Meek 1898. Umpqua R*. Deer Cr. and RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Hubbs 1918; Jor- S. Umpqua R. at Roseburg,-Rutter 1896. dan and Hubbs 1919. Tillamook Bay*. Ya- quina Bay*. Yachats R.*, Orgon-Jordan Family 45. AULORHYNCHIDAE Marine and Snyder 1913. Coos Bay*_Hubbs and Sticklebacks Schultz 1929. 144. (1103). AULORHYNCHUS FLAVIDUS Gill. 147. (1178). ATHERINOPSIS CALIFORNIENSIS Many-spined stickleback. Tube-snout. CALIFORNIENSIS Girard. Jack smelt. Atherinopsis californiensis Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 7, 1854: 134, San Francisco, Phila., 13, 1861 (1862): 169, coast of Washington: Cali f. Steindachner 1877; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Atherinopsis californicus: Figenmann and Figenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Washburn 1901. Ather- inopsis californiensis californiensis: Hubbs 1928; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Ever- Hubbs and Schultz 1929. mann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. RANGE: Alaska to Southern California (San RANGE: Northern Oregon to Lower California. Nicholas Is. Starks and Morris 1907). Ma- (Halkett 1913 gives the range to British Co- rine. Abundant. No commercial value. lumbia, but the jack smelt does not pass the Columbia River mouth). Marine. Common. RECORD: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and Slight commercial value in Oregon. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigen- mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kin- RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. caid 1919. Alki Pt. in Seattle*. Meadow- Yaquina Bay*-Hubbs 1928. Coos Bay*.- dale*. Whidby Island*. Hoods Canal*. Pt. Hubbs and Schultz 1929. Ludlow-Starks 1896. Pt. Townsend - Steindachner 1877; Evermann and Golds- Family 48. SPHYRAENIDAE Barracudas borough 1907. San Juan Islands* ,-Starks 148. (1204). SPHYRAENA ARGENTEA Girard. 1911. Pt. Angeles-Gilbert 1895. Barracuda. Coast of Washington: Gill 1862a. Cape Sphyraena argentea Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Johnson*. Grays Harbor*. Phila., 7, 1854: 144, San Diego, Calif.: Steindachner Coast of Oregon: Tillamook Bay*. Cape 1879; Starks 1896; Kincaid 1919. Arago*. RANGE: Puget Sound to Gulf of California. Marine. Common southward. Little com- Family 46. SYNGNATHIDAE Pipefishes mercial value north of California. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. 145. (1113). SYNGNATHUS GRISEO-LINEATUS Ayres. Pipefish. Gig Harbor-Steindachner 1879. Pt. Lud- low-Starks 1896. Syngnathus griseo-lineatus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1854: 14, San Francisco Bay: Gill 1863a; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Family 49. SCOMBRIDAE Mackerels Siphostoma californiensis: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Figenmann and Figenmann 1892; Jor- dan and Starks 1895. Siphostoma gnseolineatum: 149. (in part 1253). PNEUMATOPHORUS DIEGO Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. Syphostoma griseo- (Ayres). Pacific mackerel. lineatum: Swain 1883; Starks 1896; Fvermann and Scomber diego Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., Meek 1898; Fvermann and Goldsborough 1907. 1, 1856: 101, Santa Barbara, Calif. RANGE: Southeastern Alaska to Monterey Bay. Pneumatophorus diego: Hubbs and Schultz 1929. Scomber japonicus: Marine. Common. No commercial value. Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. RANGE: Prince William Sound, Alaska (Rounse- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and fell and Dahlgren 1934) to Lower California. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Swain 1883; Eigenmann Marine. Common southward. No fishery in and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Washington or Oregon. Starks 1896; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Port Ludlow-Ever- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. mann and Goldsborough 1907. San Juan Str. Juan de Fuca, off Sherringham Pt. on Islands*-Starks 1911. Vancouver Is.-Fowler 1923. Coast of Washington: Grays Harbor*. Coast of Oregon: Coos Bay*, -Hubbs and Columbia River Drainage: Mouth*. Schultz 1929. Coast of Oregon: Tillamook Bay*. Nes- tucca Bay*. Yaquina Bay*. Siuslaw R.- Family 50. THUNNIDAE Evermann andd Meek 1898. Fort Umpqua 150. -Gill 1863a. Coos Bay*. Cape Arago*. (1260). SARDA CHILENSIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Skipjack. California bonito. Pelamys chilensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Family 47. ATHERINIDAE Silversides. Nat. Poiss., 8, 1831: 118(163), Valparaiso. Sarda chilensis: Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. 146. (-). ATHERINOPS AFFINIS OREGONIA Jor- RANGE: Puget Sound to Chile (Starks and dan and Snyder. Bay smelt. Morris 1907). Marine. Common southward. Atherinops oregonia Jordan and Snyder, Proc. Slight commercial value. U. S. Nat. Mus., 45, 1913: 575, Yachats R., Oregon. Atherinops affinis Hubbs 1918; Jordan RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. and Hubbs 1919. Atherinops affinis oregonia: Str. of Juan de Fuca off Sherringham Hubbs and Schultz 1929. Fowler 1923. RANGE: Northern Oregon" to Central Cali- 151. (1258). GERMO ALALUNGA (Gmelin). Al- fornia. Marine. Common. Slight commercial bacore. value. Scomber alalunga Gmelin, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1758: 1330, Sardinia. Halkett's 1913 record for British Columbia is not Germ° alalunga: Hubbs 1928; Hubbs and Schultz valid. 1929. Common name: Scofield, N. B. 1929. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 71

RANGE: Puget Sound to Lower California. Ma- Family 54. ICOSTEIDAE Ragfishes rine, Common southward. Slight commercial value north of California. 156. (1371). ICOSTEUS AENIGMATICUS Locking- ton. Rag fish. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Hubbs and Icosteus aenigmaticus Lockington, Proc. U. S. Schultz 1929. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 63, off San Francisco: Goode Coast of Washington: 47° N. 152° W.- and Bean 1895; Cohn 1905; Schultz 1930a. N. B. Scofield 1929. Schedophilopsis spinosus: Goode and Bean 1895. Coast of Oregon: Coos Bay*_Hubbs RANGE: British Columbia to San Diego, Cali- 1928; Hubbs and Schultz 1929. fornia. Marine. Rare. No commercial value. RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Goode and 152. (1257). THUNNUS THYNNUS (Linnaeus). Bean 1895. Bluefin tuna. Tuna. Washington: Lockington 1880. Scomber thynnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1758: 297, Europe. Columbia River Mouth: Cohn 1905. Ilwa- Thunnus saliens Jordan and Evermann, Occ. Pa- co*-Schultz 1930a. Astoria-Goode and pers, Calif. Acad. Sci., 12, 1926: 10, Santa Catalina Bean 1895. Is., Calif.: Jordan, Evermann and Clark 1930. Thunnus thynnus: Walford 1931. Family 55. ACROTIDAE RANGE: Oregon to Guadalupe Islands. Marine. Common southward. Slight commercial value. 157. (1372). ACROTUS WILLOUGHBY! Bean. Acrotus willoughbyi Bean, T. H., Proc. U. S. Nat. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Jordan, Evermann Mus., 10, 1887: 631, Quinault Agency, Wash.: Bean, and Clark 1930; Walford 1931. B. A., 1899; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Kin- caid 1919; Crawford 1927a. Family 51. TRICHIURIDAE Hairtails. RANGE: Petersburg*, Alaska to San Pedro, Cutlassfishes California. Marine. Not rare. No commercial value. 153. (1277). BENTHODESMUS ATLANTICUS Goode RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. and Bean. Hairtail. Cutlassfish. Gig Harbor and Whidby Is.*-Crawford Benthodesmus atlanticus Goode and Bean, Oceanic. 1927a. Port Townsend-Bean, B. A. 1899. Ichth., 1895: 205, Grand Banks: Gilbert 1917. San Juan Islands*. RANGE: North Atlantic and North Pacific Coast of Washington: Damon-Bean, T. Oceans. Marine. Not common. No com- H. 1887; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. mercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Bentinck Is. Family 56. PERCIDAE Perch near Victoria, B. C.-Gilbert 1917. 158. (1415). PERCA FLAVESCENS (Mitchill). Yellow perch. Family 52. BRAMIDAE Pomfret Morone flavescens Mitchill, Rept. Fish. N. Y. 1814, 18, near New York City. Perca flavescens: 154. (1359). BRAMA RAIL (Block). Pomfret. Evermann and Meek 1898; Schultz 1929. Sparus raii Block, Naturgesch. Ausl. Fische, 5, RANGE: Eastern United States, introduced into 1791: 95; after Ray. Brama raii: Bean, T. H., 1884; Goode 1884; Kin- the western United States. Freshwater. Com- caid 1919; Crawford 1927a. Brama raji; Eigenmann mon. Slight commercial value. and Eigenmann 1892. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage*: Schultz RANGE: Alaska to Santa Catalina Island. Ma- 1929. L. Washington*_Evermann and Meek rine. Not common. No commercial value. 1898. L. Sammamish*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. Columbia River Drainage: Silver L.* Cow- Pt. Townsend-Bean, T. H. 1884. litz Co. Umatilla R.*. Moses L.*, Grant. Coast of Washington: Goode 1884. Cape Co., Wash. Deep L. and Long L. in Grande Flattery* -Crawford 1927a. Coulee*. Washington: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. Family 57. CENTRARCHIDAE Bass and Coast of Oregon: Newport*. sunfish 159. (1410). APLITES SALMOIDES Rafinesque. Family 53. STROMATEIDAE Pampanos Large-mouth black bass. Aplites salmoides Rafinesque, Ichthyologia Ohien- 155. (1367). PEPRILUS SIMILL1MUS (Ayres). sis, 1820: 30, Ohio River: Schultz 1929. Common California pampano. name: McGuire 1898. Poronotus simillimus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. RANGE: Eastern United States, introduced into Nat. Sci., 1st ser., 2, 1860: 84, San Francisco. western United States. Freshwater. Common. Rhombus simillimus: Starks 1896; Kincaid 1919. Stromateus simillimus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f; Commercial value. Goode 1884; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage*: L. Washing- RANGE: Puget Sound to San Diego. Marine. ton*. L. Union*. L. Sammamish*. San Juan Common southward. No commercial value in Is. in a lake*. Washington or Oregon. G. V. Wilby re- Washington: Schultz 1929. ports the capture of this species in the Straits Columbia River Drainage: Mouth*. Silver of Juan de Fuca in 1903 and 1908. Specimens Lake*, Cowlitz Co. Kalama*. Willamette in Provincial Museum, Victoria. R.-McGuire 1898. Mouth Umatilla R.*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Rock L.*. Moses L.*., Grant Co., Wash. bert 1881f; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Hangman R.*. Kincaid 1919. Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896. Oregon: Schultz 1929. Coast of Oregon: Goode 1884. Goose Lake Drainage: Dog Cr.*. 72 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

160. (1409). MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEU Lacepede. Columbia River Drainage: Silver L.* Cow- Small-mouth black bass. litz Co. Kalama*. Moses L.*, Grant Co., Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Wash. 4, 1802: 325: Schultz 1929. Oregon: Schultz 1929. RANGE: Eastern United States, introduced into the western United States. Freshwater. Not 166. (1382). Pomoxls SPAROIDES (Lacepede). common. Slight commercial value. Black crappie. RECORDS: Washington: Schultz 1929. Labrus sparoides Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, Oregon: Schultz 1929. 1802: 517 and 518, S. Carolina: Schultz 1929, 1930a. RANGE: Eastern United States, introduced 161. (1387). CHAENOBRYTTUS GULOSUS (Cuvier into the western United States. Freshwater. and Valenciennes). Warmouth bass. Common. Slight commercial value. Pomotis gulosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage: L. Wash.*; Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829: 367 (498), New Orleans. Chaenobryttus gulosus: Chapman and DeLacy L. Union* in Seattle-Schultz 1930a. 1933. Washington: Schultz 1929. RANGE: Introduced into western United States. Columbia River Drainage: Kalama*. Freshwater. Not common. No commercial Mouth Umatilla R.*. Grande Ronde R. at value. Elgin*. Moses L.*. Oregon: Schultz 1929. RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Kalama R.*-Chapman and DeLacy 1933. Family 58. MORONIDAE Sea bass 162. (1403). HELIOPERCA INCISOR (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Bluegill sunfish. 167. (1530). Roccus SAXATILIS (Walbaum). Pomotis incisor Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Striped bass. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831: 350 (466), New Orleans. Perca saxatilis Walbaum, Artedi Gen. Pisc., 1792: Helioperca incisor: Chapman and DeLacy 1933. 330, New York. Roccus lineatus: Scofield and Bryant 1926; Hubbs RANGE: Introduced into western United States. and Schultz 1929. Roccus saxatilis: Schultz 1929, Freshwater. Common. Slight commercial 1931. value. RANGE: Atlantic Coast of North America. In- RECORDS: Columbia River Drainage: Kalama troduced to Pacific Coast; now taken from R.*-Chapman and DeLacy 1933. northern Oregon to southern California. Marine and freshwater. Common. Consider- 163. (1408). EUPOMOTIS GIBBOSUS (Linnaeus). able commerce value. Pumpkinseed sunfish. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Schultz 1929. Coos Perca gibbosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1758: 293. Carolinas. Bay*-Scofield and Bryant 1926; Hubbs and Eupomotis gibbosus: Schultz 1929. Schultz 1919; Schultz 1931. RANGE: Eastern United States. introduced into the western United States. Freshwater. Com- Family 59. OTOLITHIDAE mon. Slight commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage: In lakes 168. (1789). ATRACTOSCION NOBILIS (Ayres). generally*. L. Washington*. L. Sammamish*. White sea bass. Johnius nobilis Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., Washington: Schultz 1929. 2, 1860: 77, San Francisco. Columbia River Drainage: Silver L.*, Cynoscion nobilis: Jordan 1894; Kincaid 1919; Cowlitz Co. Umatilla R. at Pendleton, Ore.*. Fowler 1923. Crab Cr.* near Odessa, and in Moses L.*. RANGE: Gulf of California, occasionally taken Deep L. and Long L. in Grande Coulee*. as a visitor as far north as southeastern Wenatchee R.* Alaska. Marine. Rare northward. Common Goose Lake Drainage: Dog Cr.* in southern California. No commercial value Oregon: Schultz 1929. northward. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. 164. (1391). APOMOTIS CYNELLUS (Rafines- Sooke Harbor, 20 miles west of Victoria- que). Green sunfish. Jordan 1894. Str. Juan de Fuca, Sherring- Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque, Jour. de Physique 88, 1819: 420, Ohio River. ham Pt.-Fowler 1923. RANGE: Eastern United States, introduced into western United States. Freshwater. Com- Family 60. TRICHODONTIDAE mercial value. 169. RECORDS: Doubtful record from southern Ore- (2632). TRICHODON TRICHODON ( Tilesius). gon. Sand fish. Trachinus trichodon Tilesius, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., 4, 1811: 73, fig. 8, Kamchatka. 165. ( 1381 ) . Pomoxis ANNULARIS Rafinesque. Trichodon trichodon: Washburn 1901. White crappie. RANGE: Kamchatka to Oregon. Marine. Com- Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, Amer. Month. mon northward. No commercial value. Mag., 4, 1818: 41, falls of Ohio River: Schultz 1929. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: San Juan Is- RANGE: Eastern United States, introduced into lands*. the western United States. Freshwater. Com- Coast of Washington*: Grays Harbor*. mon. Slight commercial value. Seaview.*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Drainage: L. Wash- Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. Ya- ington*, L. Union*. quina Bay*. Winchester Bay near Reeds- Washington: Schultz 1929. port*. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 73

Family 61. SCORPAENIDAE Rockfish. RECORDS: Columbia River Mouth*:_Hubbs Rock cod and Schultz 1933. 170. (2176). SEBASTOLOBUS ALTIVELIS Gilbert. 175. (2183). SEBASTODES MELANOPS (Girard). Spiny-headed rockfish. Lobe-finned rockfish. Black bass. Sebastolobus altivelis Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish. Sebastes melanops Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Comm., 19, 1893: 410, pl. 23, Albatross Station 3338 Phila., 8, 1856: 135, Astoria, Ore.: 1858; Gunther in 625 fathoms-south of Alaska Peninsula: Hubbs 1860; Suckley 1860. 1926b. Sebastichthys melanops: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, RANGE: Aleutian Islands to San Diego, Cali- 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884a, 1887; Collins 1892. Sebastodes melanops: Eigenmann and fornia, in deep water. Marine. Not common. Eigenmann 1892; Rathbun 1894; Cramer 1895; Jor- No commercial value. dan and Starks 1895; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923; Hubbs and Schultz 1933. Sebastoso- RECORDS: Coast of Washington: Albatross mus simulans Gill 1864. Station 2871-Hubbs 1926b. RANGE: Southern Alaska to Pt. Arguello, Cali- 171. (2175). SEBASTOLOBUS ALASCANUS Bean. fornia. Sitka to Monterey (Cramer 1895). Spiny-headed rockfish. Lobe-finned rockfish. Marine. Common. Considerable commercial Sebastolobus alascanus Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. value. Mus., 13, 1890: 44, off Trinity Islands, Alaska: Gil- bert 1895; Hubbs 1926b. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Suckley RANGE: Alaska to Santa Barbara Islands 1860; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan (Stark and Morris 1907). Marine. Not com- and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884a, 1887; Eigen- mon. No commercial value. mann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Tacoma, Wash. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Str. Juan de -Collins 1892. Seattle-Hubbs and Schultz Fuca-Gilbert 1895. 1933. San Juan Islands*-Starks 1911. Str. Coast of Washington: Albatross Station Juan de Fuca-Fowler 1923. 3343-Gilbert 1895. Albatross Station 2866 Coast of Washington: Hubbs and Schultz -Hubbs 1926b. 1933. Neah Bay-Jordan and Jouy 1882; Coast of Oregon: Albatross stations 3346, Jordan 1887. Cape Flattery-Girard 1857a, 3347-Gilbert 1895. 1858; Gunther 1860; Gill 1864. Cape John- son*; La Push*; Pt. Grenville near Moclips* 172. (2180). SEBASTODES PAUCISPINIS (Ayres). -Hubbs and Schultz 1933. Cape Elizabeth Bocaccio, grouper. near Taholah.* Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1854: 6, San Francisco. Columbia River Mouth: Astoria-Girard Sebastodes paucispinis: Rathbun 1894; Cramer 1857a, 1858; Gunther 1860. 1895; Eigenmann and Beeson 1895; Schmitt et al. Coast of Oregon: Hubbs and Schultz 1933. 1915. Ecola Rocks*. Cape Falcon*. Three Arch RANGE: Barclay Sound, B. C., to San Diego Rks. near Oceanside*. Nestucca Bay*. Otter (Eigenmann and Beeson 1895; Cramer 1895). Rock to Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*; Marine. Common southward. Some com- Yaquina Bay*; Cape Arago*; Port Orford* mercial value. -Hubbs and Schultz-1933. Off Siuslaw R. RECORDS: Washington: Rathbun 1894. Off mouth-Rathbun 1894. Newport and on Heceta Bank-Schmitt et al. 1915. 176. (2185). SEBASTODES MYSTINUS (Jordan and Oregon: Rathbun 1894. Yaquina Bay*. Gilbert). Black bass. Sebastichthys mystinus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, 1881: 71-72, San Francisco: 173. (in part 2181 and 2182). SEBASTODES 1881f (nomen nudum); Jordan 1884a. FLAVIDUS Ayres. Yellowtail rockfish Primospina mystinus: Eigenmann and Beeson Sebastodes flavidus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. 1895. Sebastodes mystinus: Eigenmann and Eigen- Sci., ser. 1, 2, 1862: 209, fig. 64, San Francisco: mann 1892; Cramer 1895; Kincaid 1919; Fowler Rathbun 1894: Washburn 1901; Hubbs 1928; Hubbs 1923. and Schultz 1933. Sebastosomus flavidus: Eigenmann and Beeson RANGE: Alaska to San Diego. Puget Sound to 1895. San Diego (Eigenmann and Beeson 1895; RANGE: Washington to Lower California. Ma- Cramer 1895). Marine. Common. Slight com- rine. Common. Slight commercial value. mercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Eigenmann RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- and Beeson 1895. bert 1881f, 1882a; Jordan 1884a; Eigenmann Coast of Washington: Northward to Cape and Eigenmann 1892; Kincaid 1919. Seattle Flattery*_Hubbs 1928; Hubbs and Schultz and Str. Juan de Fuca-Fowler 1923. 1933. Coast of Oregon: Off Coos Bay*. Pt. Or- Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. Ya- ford*. quina Bay*. Heceta Bank-Rathbun 1894; Hubbs and Schultz 1933. Off shore from 177. ( 2195) . SEBASTODES PINNIGER (Gill ) . Cape Arago*, Cape Blanco* and Port Or- Orange rockfish. Sebastosomus pinniger Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., ford*-Hubbs and Schultz 1933. Phila., 16, 1864: 147, San Francisco. Sebastichthys pinniger: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 174. (-). SEBASTODES COLUMBIANUS Hubbs 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884a, 1887; Collins 1892; Tanner 1892. Sebastodes pinniger: and Schultz. Collins 1892; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Sebastodes columbianus Hobbs and Schultz, Univ. Rathbun 1894; Cramer 1895; Evermann and Golds- Wash. Publ. Biol., 2(2) 1933: 24. Columbia River borough 1907; Schmitt et al. 1915; Johnston 1917; Mouth. Kincaid 1919. Sebastomus pinniger: Eigenmann and RANGE: Columbia River mouth. Beeson 1895. 74 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

RANGE: Hecate Str. (Thompson. W. F., 1915a) RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Starks 1911; to Lower California (Wales 1932). Marine. Kincaid 1919. Off Everett. Common. Slight commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- 183. (2200). SEBASTODES SAXICOLA (Gilbert). bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jor- Olive-backed rockfish. dan 1884a, 1887; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Sebastichthys saxicola Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. 1892; Cramer 1895; Kincaid 1919. Hoods Mus., 13, 1890: 78, Santa Barbara Islands. Canal near Holly*. Admiralty inlet—Ever- Sebastodes saxicola: Starks and Morris 1907. mann and Goldsborough 1907. RANGE: Southeastern Alaska (Evermann and Coast of Washington: Neah Bay—Jordan Goldsborouggh 1907) to San Diego. Marine. and Jouy 1882. Flattery Bank—Rathbun No commercial value. (The Alaskan record 1894. Grays Harbor—Collins 1892; Johnston has not been confirmed.) 1917. Shoalwater Bay (= Willapa) —Tan- RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Starks and Morris ner 1892. 1907. Coast of Oregon: Cape Falcon, Cape Lookout, Yaquina Head*, Heceta Bank, off 184. (2201). SEBASTODES CRAMERI Jordan. mouth Siuslaw R., off Tahkenitch Cr., off Sebastodes crameri Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, 1896 (1897): 451, Coast of Oregon, Albatross mouth Umpqua R., off mouth Coquille R., Station 3091, in Gilbert 1897. Port Orford Reef—Rathbun 1894. Off Cas- RANGE: Coast of Oregon. Marine. Rare. No cade Head—Schmitt et al. 1915. Yaquina commercial value. Bay*. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Off Tillamook— 178. (2196). SEBASTODES MINIATUS (Jordan Gilbert 1897. and Gilbert). Vermilion rockfish. Sebastichthys miniatus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. 185. (2203). SEBASTODES DIPLOPROA (Gilbert). U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 70, Monterey. Sebastodes miniatus: Rathbun 1894. Lobe-jawed rockfish. Sebastichthys diploproa Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. RANGE: Oregon to San Diego. Marine. No Mus., 13, 1890: 79, Coronado Islands at Albatross commercial value. Station 2935 in 124 fathoms. Sebastodes diploproa: Hubbs 1928. RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Port Orford Reef —Rathbun 1894. RANGE: Nanaimo, B. C., to Coronado Islands. Marine. Not common. No commercial value. 179. (2194). SEBASTODES PRORIGER (Jordan and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Hoods Canal* Gilbert). Red-striped rockfish. —Hubbs 1928. Sebastichthys proriger Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 3, 1880: 327, Monterey. Sebastodes clavilatus Starks 1911: Kincaid 1919. 186. (—). SEBASTODES EMPHAEUS Starks. Sebastodes emphaeus Starks, Ann. Cam. Mus., 7, RANGE: Puget Sound to San Diego. Marine. 1911: 183, San Juan Islands: Kincaid 1919. No commercial value. RANGE: Puget Sound. Marine. Not common. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Starks 1911; No commercial value. Kincaid 1919. Elliott Bay*. Saratoga Pas- sage*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Elliott Bay*. Saratoga Passage*. San Juan Islands*_ 180. (—). SEBASTODES WILSONI Gilbert. Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. O'Neal Island, Sebastodes wilsoni Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., San Juan Co.*. 48, 1915: 333, pl. 16, fig. 8, Monterey Bay. RANGE: Swiftsure shoal, British Columbia 187. (2210). SEBASTODES ROSACELIS (Girard). (Hubbs and Schultz 1932a) to Monterey. Sebastes rosaceus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Marine. No commercial value. Phila., 8, 1854: 146, San Diego, San Francisco. ,Sebastodes rosaceus: Rathbun 1894; Evermann RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Albatross Station and Goldsborough 1907. Sebastodes rosaceus parvus: 3078, off Oregon—Hubbs 1928. Ayres 1855. RANGE: Puget Sound and Cerros Island, Lower 181. ( 2193 ) . SEBASTODES ALUTUS (Gilbert). California (Starks and Morris 1907). Ma- Long-jawed rockfish. rine. Common. Slight commercial value. Sebastichthys alutus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 13, 1890: 76, Santa Barbara Islands, Calif. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Evermann and Sebastodes alutus: Gilbert 1895; Evermann and . Golclsborough 1907. Goldsborough 1907. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery.— RANGE: Bering Sea to Santa Barbara. Marine. Ayres 1855. No commercial value. Washington: Rathbun 1894. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Str. Juan de Oregon: Rathbun 1894; Evermann and Fuca—Gilbert 1895. Goldsborough 1907. Coast of Washington: Albatross Stations 3449, 3459—Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. 188. (2216). SEBASTODES RUPESTRIS (Gilbert). Sebastichthys rupestris Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. 182. Mus., 13, 1890: 76, Santa Barbara Islands, at Al- (2206). SEBASTODES INTRONIGER (Gilbert). batross Station 2946, in 150 fathoms. Alaska red rockfish. Sebastichthys introniger Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. RANGE: Southeastern Alaska and Cerros Island, Mus., 13, 1890: 81, Santa Barbara Islands. Lower California (Starks and Morris 1907). Sebastodes introniger: Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Marine. No commercial value. RANGE: Bering Sea to Santa Barbara. Marine. RECORDS: No records for Washington or No commercial value. Oregon. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 75

189. (2207). SEBASTODES RUBERRIMUS Cramer. Clark 1930. Sebastichthys auriculatus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan Red rockfish. Red rockcod. Red snapper. 1884a. Sebastodes auriculatus: Eigenmann and Sebastodes ruberrimus Cramer, Proc. Calif. Acad. Eigenmann 1n92; Washburn 1901. Sebastodes auri- Sci., 2nd ser., 5, 1895: 597, pls. 62, 63, and 69, culatus dalli: Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Monterey: Jordan and Starks 1895; Schmitt et al. 1915; Fowler 1923. RANGE: Puget Sound to San Martin Island, Sebastichthys ruber: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, Lower California. Marine. No commercial 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884a, 1887; Collins 1892; Tanner 1892. Sebastodes ruber: Rath- value. bun 1894. Sebastomus ruber: Eigenmann and Bee- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and son 1895. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; RANGE: Southeastern Alaska to San Diego. Jordan 1884a; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Marine. Common. Considerable commercial 1892; Eigenmann and Beeson 1895; Jordan value. and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. San Fran- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and cisco to Puget Sound—Jordan, Evermann Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; and Clark 1930. Jordan 1884a; Cramer 1895; Jordan and Columbia River Mouth: Eigenmann and Starks 1895. San Diego to Alaska—Eigen- Eigenmann 1892. San Diego, Columbia R. mann and Beeson 1895. Seattle* and Str. of to Puget Sound—Eigenmann and Beeson Juan de Fuca—Jordan 1884a; Fowler 1923. 1895. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay.—Jordan 1887. Cape Flattery, Capt Johnson, Willapa 194. (2224). SEBASTODES CAURINUS (Richard- Bank—Rathbun 1894. Bank off Grays Har- son). Yellow-backed rockfish. bor—Collins 1892; Schmitt et al. 1915. Shoal- Sebastes caurinus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ich- water Bay (Willapa) —Tanner 1892. thyology, 1845: 77, pl. 41, fig. 1, Sitka. Coast of Oregon: Schmitt et al. 1915. Off Pteropodus caurinus: Eigenmann and Beeson 1895. Pteropodus Eigenmann and Beeson 1895. Tillamook Head, off Cape Meares, off Ya- Sebastichthys caurinus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, quina Head*, off Cape Perpetua, off Heceta 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884a. Sebas- Bank, off mouth of Siuslaw R., and Port Or- tichthys vexillaris: Jordan and Gilbert 1882. Sebas- todes caurinus: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; ford Reef—Rathbun 1894. Pt. Orford*. Cramer 1895; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Goldsborough 190. (2221). SEBASTODES RUBRIVINCTUS (Jordan 1907; Kincaid 1919; Hobbs and Schultz 1933. and Gilbert). Spanish flag. RANGE: Sitka, Alaska to Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Sebastichthys rubrivinctus Jordan and Gilbert, Marine. Common. Commercial value. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 291, Santa Barbara Channel. RECORDS:Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and Sebastodes rubrivinctus: Hubbs 1928. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan 1884a; Eigen- RANGE: British Columbia to San Diego, Cali- mann and Eigenmann 1892; Cramer 1895; fornia. Marine. No commercial value. Eigenmann and Beeson 1895; Jordan and RECORDS: No records for Washington and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919; Hubbs and Schultz 1933. Seattle*_Evermann and Oregon. Goldsborough 1907. Off Everett.* Hoods Canal near Holly*. Pt. Ludlow*—Starks 191. (2218). SEBASTODES ZACENTRUS (Gilbert). 1896. San Juan Islands* Starks 1911. Str. Sebastichthys zacentrus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, 1890: 77, Santa Barbara Islands, at Alba- Juan de Fuca*_Gilbert 1895. tross Stations 2893 and 2946 in 145 and 150 fathoms. Coast of Washington: Albatross Station Sebastodes deani Starks 1911: Kincaid 1919; 3449—Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. (Hubbs 1928, authority for synonym.) Coast of Oregon: Yaquina Bay*. RANGE: Puget Sound to San Diego, Cali- fornia. Marine. No commercial value. (2226). SEBASTODES MALIGER (Jordan and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: San Juan Is- 195. Gilbert). Speckled or brown rockfish. Orange- lands—Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919. Coast of Oregon: Coos Bay—Starks and spotted rockfish. Sebastichthys maliger Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Morris 1907. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 322, San Francisco: 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884a; Tanner 1890. 192. (2219). SEBASTODES ELONGATUS (Ayres). Pteropodus maliger: Eigenmann and Beeson 1895. Green-striped rockfish. Sebastodes maliger: Eigenmann and Eigenmann Sebastes elongatus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. 1892; Cramer 1895; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923; Sci., 2, 1858-1862, (Oct. 17, 1859) : 26, San Fran- Hobbs and Schultz 1933. cisco. Sebastodes elongatus: Rathbun 1894; Hubbs 1928. RANGE: Sitka, Alaska to Monterey Bay. Ma- RANGE: Puget Sound to Lower California. Ma- rine. Common. Commercial value. rine. Not common. No commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Hoods Canal* Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; —Hubbs 1928. Saratoga Passage*. Jordan 1884a; Eigenmann and Eigenmann Washington: Rathbun 1894. 1892; Eigenmann and Beeson 1895; Kincaid Oregon: Rathbun 1894. 1919; Hubbs and Schultz 1933. Seattle*_ Tanner 1890; Fowler 1923. Elliott Bay*. 193. (2222 and 2222a). SEBASTODES ALIRICU-• Possession Sound*. Hoods Canal*. Saratoga LATUS (Girard). Brown rockfish. Passage*. San Juan Islands*. Str. Juan de Sebastes auriculatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Fuca—Jordan 1884a; Fowler 1923. Phila., 8, 1854: 131, 146, San Francisco. Coast of Oregon: Port Orford*_Hubbs Auctospina auriculatus Eigenmann and Beeson 1895. Auctospina dalli: Jordan, Evermann, and and Schultz 1933. 76 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

196. (2229). SEBASTODES CHRYSOMELAS (Jordan Jordan 1884b; Collins 1892; Eigenmann and and Gilbert). Black and yellow rockfish. Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Sebastichthys chrysomelas Jordan and Gilbert, Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 455, 465, Monterey, Calif. 1919. Off docks, Seattle*. Saratoga Pas- RANGE: Central California to San Diego. Ma- sage*. San Juan Islands*. Str. Juan de rine. No commercial value. Fuca-Jordan 1884b; Fowler 1923. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery- RECORDS: Although Jordan, Evermann and Swan 1885. Flattery Bank to Grays Harbor* Clark 1930, and Walford 1931 give the range -Johnson 1917. Cape Johnson, near Destruc- from Puget Sound to San Diego, we are un- tion Is. in 859 fathoms, Willapa Bank-Rath- able to verify any record outside of Cali- bun 1894. Off Shoalwater (Willapa) Bay fornia. -Tanner 1892. 197. (2230). SEBASTODES NEBULOSUS (Ayres). Washington: Rathbun 1899. Chinese rockcod. Yellow-spotted rockfish. Coast of Oregon: Off Nestucca Bay, off Sebastes nebulosus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Cascade Head, off Cape Perpetua, off Sius- 1, 1854: 5, San Francisco. law R., Heceta Bank and Port Orford Reef- Pteropodus nebulosus: Eigenmann and Beeson Rathbun 1894. 1895. Sebastichthys nebulosus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884a, Family 63. ERILEPIDAE 1887. Sebastodes nebulosus: Eigenmann and Eigen- mann 1892; Rathbun 1894; Cramer 1895; Kincaid 200. (2256). ERILEPIS ZONIFER (Locking ton). 1919; Fowler 1923. Giant sea bass. Priest-fish. RANGE: Hecate Strait (Thompson 1915) to Myriolepis zonifer Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880: 248, Monterey. Pt. Conception. Marine. Not common. No Erilepis zonifer: Kincaid 1919. commercial value. RANGE: Alaska to Monterey (Jordan, Ever- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and mann and Clark 1930). Marine. Not com- Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; mon. No commercial value. Jordan 1884a; Eigenmann and Eigenmann RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. 1892; Kincaid 1919. Seattle-Fowler 1923. Puget Sound to Pt. Harford. (San Luis Family 64. HEXAGRAMMIDAE' Greenling. Obispo) California-Cramer 1895; Eigen- Rock trout mann and Beeson 1895. 201. (2258). CHIROPSIS DECAGRAMMUS (Pallas). Coast of Washington: Rathbun 1894. Neah Rock trout. Kelp greenling. Bay-Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1887. Labrax decagrammus Pallas, Mem. Acad. St. Oregon: Rathbun 1894. Petersb., 2, 1810: 386, pl. 22, fig. 2, Elias Bay. Chiropsis guttatus Girard 1858. Hexagrammos 198. (2232). decagrammns: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and SEBASTODES NIGROCINCTUS Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884b; Eigenmann and Eigen- (Ayres). Black-banded rockfish. mann 1892; Gilbert 1895; Washburn 1901; Ever- Sebastes nigrocinctus Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. mann ad Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid Nat. Sci., 2, 1859: 25, fig. 6, San Francisco. 1919; Fowler 1923. Sebastichthys nigrocinctus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1887; RANGE: Kodiak Island to Point Conception. Eigenmann and Beeson 1895. Sebastodes nigrocinc- Marine. Common. Slight commercial value. tus: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Cramer 1895; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and RANGE: Alaska to Monterey Bay (Eigenmann Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan and Beeson 1895). Marine. Common. Com- 1884b; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Kin- mercial value. caid 1919. Seattle-Fowler 1923. San Juan Islands*-Starks 1911. Sucia Is.-Evermann RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- and Goldsborough 1907. Pt. Angeles-Gil- bert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; bert 1895. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892. San Juan Coast of Washington: Neah Bay-Jordan Islands-Kincaid 1919. Str. Juan de Fuca* -Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. Vancouver Is. 1. Jordan and Starks (1895) report the capture of to Monterey-Cramer 1895. H. ordinatus at Port Angeles. We think this record of octogrammus (= ordinatus) to be invalid for the Coast of Washington: Neah Bay-Jordan following reasons: 1. Obviously the identification was 1887. made by the aid of Jordan and Gilbert's Synopsis (1883). 2. In this Synopsis the identification would depend largely upon the differences in the character Family 62. ANOPLOPOMIDAE of the lateral line pattern among three species, stelleri (= aspen), octogrammus ordinatus) and supercilio- 199. sus. The description of the fourth lateral line in each (2255). ANOPLOPOMA FIMBRIA (Pallas). species, is: "one from just below the pectoral fin, Skil fish. Coalfish. Black cod. Sablefish. undulating along the sides of the abdomen, ceasing "Mackerel". in front of tips of ventrals" (stelleri); "the fourth Gadus fimbria Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 3, 1811: commences below and in front of the basis of the pec- 200, probably Aleutian Islands. toral, and extends to a point a little behind that Anoplopoma fimbria: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, measured by the extremity of that fin" (octogrammus); 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 1884b; Swan and "one from throat to about middle of anal" (super- 1885; Collins 1892; Eigenmann and Eigenmann ciliosus). The lateral lines of the first two could be 1892; 'Tanner 1892; Rathbun 1894, 1899; Jordan easily confused since there is no mention of a branch and Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; of the fourth lateral line, extending to the base of the Johnston 1917; Kincaid 1919; Fowler 1923. ventral, in the description of ordinatus. H. octogram- mus and stelleri are very much alike except for the RANGE: Alaska to southern California. Ma- fourth lateral line. Therefore, we believe the record rine. Common. Considerable commercial was for stelleri. 3. Further, among the several hun- value. dreds of specimens of rock trout caught by us and associates in Puget Sound and along the open coast, RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and octogrammus has never been found in our waters. We Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; have many specimens of octogrammus from Alaska, and we are thoroughly familiar with all of these species. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 77

and Jouy 1882. Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Hoods Canal near Cape Elizabeth near Taholah*. Pt. Grenville Holly*. San Juan Islands-Starks 1911. Str. near Moclips*. Juan de Fuca-Fowler 1923. Columbia River Mouth: Astoria-Girard Coast of Oregon: Tillamook Bay*, 1858. Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901. Cape 205. (2264). ZANIOLEPIS LATIPINNIS Girard. Falcons. Three Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. Long-spined greenling. Broad-finned green- Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. Ya- ling. quina Bay*. Ecola Rks*. Cape Arago*. Zaniolepis latipinnis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 9, 1857 (1858a): 202, Ft. Steilacoom, Puget Sound, Washington: 1858; Gunther 1860; Suckley 202. (2260). HEXAGROMMOS STELLERI Tilesius. 1860; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Greenling. Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius, Mem. Acad. St. Kincaid 1919. Petersb., 2, 1810: 335, Kamchatka: Jordan 1884b; RANGE: Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; North Pacific southward to San Diego, Kincaid 1919. California (Starks and Morris 1907). Ma- Chiropsis nebulosus: Girard 1858. Chirus hexa- rine. Common. No commercial value. grammus: Gunther 1860. Chirus nebulosus: Gun- ther 1860. Hexagrammos asper: Suckley 1860; Jor- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Suckley 1860; dan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Starks 1896. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. Steilacoom- Hexagrammos hexagramnzus: Jordan and Starks 1895. Hexagrammos octogrammus: Washburn 1901. Girard 1858, 1858a; Gunther 1860. Seattle* Hexagrammos ordinatus: Jordan and Starks 1895. -Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. RANGE: Kamchatka to San Francisco. Marine. Common. Slight commercial value. Family 65. OPHIODONTIDAE Ling cod RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and 206. (2263). OPEnonotv ELONGATUS Girard. Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Ling cod. Cultus cod. Jordan 1884b; Jordan and Starks 1895; Ever- Ophiodon elongates Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854; 133, San Francisco: Jordan and mann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 1919. Gilbert 1881f; Jordan and Jouy 1882; Jordan 188413; Steilacoom-Girard 1858; Gunther 1860; Collins 1892; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Suckley 1860. Seattle*. Hoods Canal near Rathbun 1894, 1899; Gilbert 1895; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Latimer Holly*. Pt. Ludlow-Starks 1896. Pt. An- 1 992130.; Schmitt et al. 1915; Kincaid 1919; Fowler geles-Jordan and Starks 1895. San Juan Islands*, -Starks 1911. Sucia Island-Ever- Ophiodon pantherinus: Gunther 1860. Oploponta pantherina Girard 1857a: 1857, 1858; Hallock 1877. mann and Goldsborough 1907. RANGE: Columbia River: Eigenmann and Eigen- Alaska to San Diego, California mann 1892. (Starks and Morris 1907). Marine. Common. Coast of Oregon: Washburn 1901, Considerable commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- 203. (2261). LEBIUS SUPERCILIOSLIS (Pallas). bert 1881f; Jordan 1884b; Collins 1892; Red greenling. Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Labrax superciliosus Pallas, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., 2, 1810: 388, Unalaska. Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Seattle,* and Hexagrammos lagocephalus: Jordan 1884b. Hexa- Str. Juan de Fuca*-Fowler 1923. Pt. Lud- grammos superciliosus: Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, low-Starks 1896. San Juan Islands*-Starks 1882; Bean, T. H., 1884; Eigenmann and Eigen- mann 1892; Kincaid 1919. 1911. Pt. Angeles-Gilbert 1895. Str. Juan de RANGE: Bering Sea to Monterey Bay. Marine. Fuca-Hallock 1877. Common. Slight commercial value. Coast of Washington: Neah Bay-Jordan RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- and Jouy 1882. Cape Flattery*_Girard 1857, bert 1881f, 1882; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1857a, 1858; Gunther 1860; Rathbun 1894. 1892; Kincaid 1919. Pt. Townsend-Bean, Cape Johnson*. La Push*. T. H. 1884. San Juan Islands". New Orcas Washington: Rathbun 1899. Islands-Gunther 1860, Columbia River Mouth: Chinook, Wash. Coast of Washington: Cape Flattery-- -Evermann and Latimer 1910. Jordan 1884b. Cape Johnson*. La Push*. Coast of Oregon: Schmitt et al. 1915. Off Cape Elizabeth near Taholah*. Pt. Gren- Cape Meares, Heceta Bank, off mouth Co- ville near Moclips". quille R., and Port Orford Reef-Rathbun 1894. Coos Bay". Cape Arago*. Coast of Oregon: Ecola Rks*. Cape Fal- con*. Three Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. Family 66. COTTIDAE "" Sculpins Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. Cape Arago*. 207. (2267). JORDANIA ZONOPE Starks Jordania zonope Starks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 204. (2266). OXYLEBIUS PICTUS Gill. Convict Phila., 47, 1895 (1896a): 410, Port Orchard, Puget fish. Painted greenling. Sound: 1911; Kincaid 1919; Schultz 1930a. Oxylebius pictus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. RANGE: Puget Sound and Pt. Joe, California. Phila., 14, 1862: 278, California: Jordan and Gil- (Mr. Bolin reports a specimen at Pt. Joe, bert 1881f; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Ever- mann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid Calif., coughed up by a rockfish taken at 1919; Fowler 1923. 21 fathoms. Marine. Not common. No com- RANGE: Puget Sound to San Miguel Island, mercial value. Lower California (Starks and Morris 1907). RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. Marine. Common. No commercial value. Pt. Orchard-Starks 1896a. San Juan Islands* RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Jordan and -Starks 1911; Schultz 1930a. Asemichthys taylori Gilbert, Contr. Can. Biol, 1912: Gilbert 1881f; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 215-216, Departure Bay, Vancouver Island. There is 1892; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; no record for Washington or Oregon. 78 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

G. V. Wilby just loaned us for examination the 213. (2277). ICELINUS BOREALIS Gilbert. second known specimen of this species, taken in a Icelinus borealis Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., dredge at Tasu Harbour, Queen Charlotte Islands, 7 19, 1893 (1895): 415, pl. 24, Aleutian Islands and to 25 fathoms, June 27, 1935. Bristol Bay: Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Miles 1918; 208. (2268). PARICELINUS HOPLITICUS Eigen- Kincaid 1919. mann and Eigenmann. Icelinus strabo Starks 1896. Paricelinus hopliticus Eigenmann and Eigenmann, RANGE: Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Com- West Amer. Sci., 6, 1899: 131, Cortez Banks off mon. No commercial value. San Diego: Starks and Morris 1907. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Starks 1896; RANGE: Off Oregon to Cortez Banks. Kincaid 1919. Seattle, Admiralty Inlet.—Al- RECORDS: Coast of Oregon: Starks and Mor- batross stations 4205, 4209, 4212, 4213, 4217 ris 1907. and 4218—Evermann and Goldsborough 209. (2271). CHITONOTUS PUGETENSIS (Stein- 1907. Hoods Canal near Holly*. San Juan dachner). Rough-backed sculpin. Islands*—Gilbert and Thompson 1905; Starks Artedius pugetensis Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., 1911; Miles 1918. Str. Juan de Fuca—Gilbert 5, 1876, 1877: 133, pl. 14, fig. 2, Puget Sound: 1895. Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1822; Jordan and Jouy Coast of Washington: Albatross Station 1882; Goode 1884. Chitonotus pugentensis: Eigenmann and Eigen- 3597. Evermann and Goldsborough 1907. mann 1892; Jordan and Starks 1895; Starks 1896, 1911; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Kincaid 214. (2281, 2284). ASTROLYTES FENESTRALIS 1919; Fowler 1923. (Jordan and Gilbert). RANGE: Puget Sound to San Diego, California. Artedius fenestralis Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Marine. Common. No commercial value. U. S. Nat. Mus. 5, 1882 (1883): 577, Puget Sound: Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Gilbert 1895. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Jordan and Artedius asperulus Starks 1896. Astrolytes fene- Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Goode 1884; Eigenmann stralis: Jordan and Starks 1895; Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Starks 1911; Kincaid 1919; and Eigenmann 1892; Jordan and Starks Hubbs 1926. 1895; Kincaid 1919. Ft. Steilacoom, Pt. RANGE: Unalaska to San Francisco Bay* Townsend—Steindachner 1877. Elliott Bay.* (Hubbs 1926). Marine. Common northward. Seattle"—Evermann and Goldsborough 1907; Rare southward. No commercial value. Fowler 1923. Pt. Ludlow—Starks 1896. Pos- session Sound*. Saratoga Passage*. San RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Jordan and Gil- Juan Islands*—Starks 1911. Str. Juan de bert 1883; Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892; Fuca—Jordan and Jouy 1882. Jordan and Starks 1895; Kincaid 1919. Seattle*. Meadowdale*. Hoods Canal near 210. (2273). TARANDICHTHYS FILAMENTOSUS Holly*. Pt. Ludlow—Starks 1896. Admiralty (Gilbert). Long-rayed sculpin. Head, Whidby Is.—Evermann and Golds- Icelinus filamentosus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. borough 1907. San Juan Islands*_Starks Mus., 13, 1890: 85, off Santa Barabara Islands, in 1911. Pt. Angeles—Gilbert 1895. 145 and 55 fathoms. Tarandichthys filamentosus: Gilbert and Thomp- Coast of Washington: La Push*. Cape son 1905; Kincaid 1919. Elizabeth near Taholah*. Pt. Grenville near RANGE: Alaska to Santa Barbara Islands. Ma- Moclips*. rine. Not rare. No commercial value. Coast of Oregon: Ecola Rocks*. Cape Falcon*. Three Arch Rks. near Oceanside*. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region:* Kincaid 1919. Off Everett*. Saratoga Passage*. Hoods 215. (2280). PARASTROLYTES NOTOSPILOTUS Canal—Gilbert and Thompson 1905. Hoods (Girard). Canal near Holly*. Artedius notospilotus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, 1856: 134, Tomales Bay, Calif.: 1858; Suckley 1860; Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Jor- 211. (2274). TARANDICHTHYS TENUS (Gilbert). dan and Jouy 1882. Icelinus tenuis Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, Parastrolytes notospilotus: Hubbs 1926. 1890: 86, off Santa Barbara Islands, Albatross sta- tions 2893, 2946 and others, in 45 to 150 fathoms. RANGE: Straits of Juan de Fuca southward to Tarandichthys tenuis: Hubbs 1928. southern California. Marine. Rare northward. RANGE: Alaska to southern California. Marine. No commercial value. Not rare. No commercial value. RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Suckley 1860; RECORDS: Puget Sound Region*: Possession Jordan and Gilbert 1881f, 1882; Hubbs 1926. Sound*. Hoods Canal near Holly*_Hubbs Pt. Townsend—Girard 1858. 1928. Saratoga Passage*. 216. (2285). AXYRIAS HARRINGTONI Starks. 212. (—). ICELINUS BURCHAMI Evermann and A.ryrias harringtoni Starks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd ser., 6, 1896: 554, pl. 74, Port Ludlow, Goldsborough. Wash.: 1911; Kincaid 1919. Icelinus burchami Evermann and Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906: 297, fig. 48, off RANGE: Puget Sound to Monterey Bay. Cali- Loring, Alaska: Hobbs 1928. fornia. Marine. Common. No commercial RANGE: Alaska to Santa Barbara Islands. (de- value. cribed as Icelinus tuscescens Gilbert). Ma- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Kincaid 1919. rine. Rare. No commercial value. Seattle*. Hoods Canal near Holly*. Pt. Lud- RECORDS: Puget Sound Region: Hoods Canal low—Starks 1896. San Juan Islands*_Starks near Holly*_Hubbs 1928. 1911. Coast of Washington: Cape Johnson*. La '5 Gilbert (1895) recorded "Pariscelinus thaburni" Push*. Gilbert from the coast of Oregon 'Albatross Station 3350". However, we find this station to be in north- Coast of Oregon: Ecola Rocks*. Cape Fal- ern California. con*. Cape Foulweather*. Yaquina Head*. '6 Asemichthys tavlori Gilbert. Cape Arago*. (To be continued through all issues in 1936) MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-1 Greetings to the Philippine Commonwealth from Friends in the Territory of Hawaii, U. S. A.

HE Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Asso- to assimilate new ideas and have entered Tciation extends sincere good wishes progressively into the social and business and congratulations to the Common- life of their respective communities. They wealth of the Philippines. have shown themselves to be upright, The Association has had close contact respectable, friendly neighbors. with the Filipino people in Hawaii and is We are fully confident that the Filipino duly appreciative of their trustworthiness people will carry through to success the and integrity. They have done and are great national enterprise which they have doing important work in the sugar indus- undertaken. try here. They have proved their ability Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.

Oldest Filipino Publication in the Hawaiian Islands extends TI SILAW Aloha and Mabuhay to the PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

CLEMENTE REYES—Editor CAYETANO LIGOT—Publisher

G. A. LABRADOR CORNER KING STREET AND WAIAKAMILO ROAD, HONOLULU, HAWAII Importer and Distributor of Philippine Products Extends Greetings of MABUHAY to the Philippine Commonwealth Government

To the PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH, GREETINGS and ALOHA from the SAMPAGUITA CLUB of the HONOLULU Y. W. C. A.

President—LINA DEL ROSARIO Secretary-Treasurer—NITTA MEJIA Vice-President—ANN TANGCAYO Adviser—I. N. VIERNES

The FILIPINO COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION of Honolulu extends "MABUHAY" to the COMMONWEALTH of the PHILIPPINES

VICTORIO FAJARDO, President ANTONIO ARZADON, Secretary ENRIQUE ALBA, Treasurer

THE FILIPINO COMMONWEALTH CLUB Extends ALOHA and MABUHAY to Government and Officials of the Philippine Islands

President—MRS. P. V. LIGOT Secretary—MRS. R. P. VALENTIN Treasurer—MRS. T. OCAMPO Page A-2 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

Wailuku Sugar Co. Wailuku, Maui in Behalf of the

UNITED FILIPINOS OF WAILUKU SUGAR COMPANY extends Aloha to PRESIDENT QUEZON and the PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH.

LONG LIVE THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH Success to President Quezon and Vice-President Osmena Greetings of the PEARL OF THE ORIENT CLUB President MISS INEZ VIERNES Secretary MISS JUANA CRISOSTOMO Vice-President—MRS. ROSE SUA Treasurer MRS. DALMACIA BALTONADO Adviser MRS. ROMAN CARIAGA

WAIANAE COMPANY WAIANAE, OAHU

conveys, through the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, its appreciation of the Filipino people and hopes for the continued success of the Philippine Commonwealth.

MABU HAY! Commonwealth of the Philippines from the Supreme Council of Hawaii Legionarios del Trabajo JULIO GUZMAN, Grand Delegate N. C. VILLANUEVA, Assistant Grand Delegate B. N. BALINGIT, Assistant Grand Delegate S. M. PALOMARES, Grand Secretary EMILIO C. YADAO, Assistant Grand Secretary BENITO BATUMBAKAL, Grand Treasurer MATEO BAANG, Assistant Grand Treasurer BILLY B. DIONIO, Grand Auditor

MEMBERS M. C. AGCAOILI A. M. PALOMARES M. GOROSPE NICK RODILLAS JUAN CAPANAS LAURO PASAY WORSHIPFUL MASTERS Aloha Lodge, 409, N. C. VILLANUEVA Malayan Lodge, 701, IGNACIO VILLALUZ Tila Pass Lodge, 702, DOMINGO LOS BANOS 19 De Junio Lodge, 703, JULIO GUZMAN T. Pinpin Lodge, 704, SEVERINO ARAGON Valley Isle Lodge, 705, E. A. CENTENO Ricarte Lodge, 707, FLAVIANO SANTA ANA Kau Lodge, 708, M. C. AGCAOILI Quezon Lodge, 711, A. S. PATAO Mabini Lodge, 712, HERMENEGILDO ACOSTA Maria Clara Lodge 714, MRS. RICO ARREOLA MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-3

THE MABUHAY!!! Upon the estab- CAPICENIO CLUB lishment of the Com- monwealth of the OF OAHU Philippines, 1) e 1 e - gate H. C. Moncado, Supreme President Extends Mabuhay of the Filipino World Federation, foresaw to President Quezon the Filipino Nation to win for itself a and the place of importance Philippine Commonwealth among the Pan-Pa- rifle Countries. The whole world President—Martin Araneta will, therefore, soon realize that the Ma- 1st Vice-President---Felipe Suon lay People who have MR. COLLADO 2nd Vice-President---Francisco Lopez been in existence Corr. Secretory—Jose Nervis since the beginning Rec. Secretary—Bartolorne Espanola of time will again in the future rank Treasurer—Juan B. Beldia as a "World Power." Asst. Treasurer—Eulogio Del Mundo Chief Auditor—Pedro Abangan Deputy Auditor—Costudio Rozal FILIPINO FEDERATION Asst. Auditor—Sebastian Dumaldal OF AMERICA, INC. Territory of Hawaii Adviser—Rodrigo Rodriguez Doroteo Meneses Collado, Executive Secretary.

GENERAL ANTONIO LUNA, POST NO. 2915 VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS FILIPINO POST OF HONOLULU, HAWAII extends MABUHAY!! to the PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH Ponciano Bernardino, Post Commander; Eusebio de la Pena, Post Adjutant; Clemente Gelito, Senior Vice-Commander

The Officers and Members of the FILIPINO COMMUNITY CLUB OF AIEA working under the Honolulu Plantation Company, extend their heartfelt Aloha and Mabuhay to Hon. President Manuel L. Quezon and to THE NEW PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

OFFICERS: President, Alfredo Fonseca; 1st Vice-President, Juan Fontanilla; 2nd Vice-President, Carlos Ramos; Secretary, Julian Ganal; Assistant Sec- retary, Pantaleon Yadao; Treasurer, Rosendo V. Morden; Assistant Treasurer, Mrs. Remy D. Infiesto; Auditor, Miguel Infiesto; Adviser, Eustaquio Fresco. EASTMAN STORE J. W. PODMORE & SONS 1059 Fort Street 77 South Queen Street And on the Beach at Waikiki 2401 Kalakaua Avenue HONOLULU, HAWAII HONOLULU, HAWAII Wholesale and Commission Merchants Kodak Supplies—Hawaiian Curios

GRAN ORIENTE FILIPINO of the Territory of Hawaii extends ALOHA TO THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

THE FILIPINO COMMUNITY OF WAIMANALO SUGAR PLANTATION Extends Aloha and Best Wishes to President Quezon and the Philippine Commonwealth

The Waialua Agricultural Company

in behalf of the FILIPINO COMMUNITY of Waialua Plantation extends Aloha to THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

Names of Filipino Organizations in Waialua Plantation and their Officers: WAIALUA FESTIVAL ASSOCIATION LAOAG SILAW Eugenio Soriano, President Gerardo Gabriel, President Andres Rania, 1st Vice-President Lucas de la Cruz, Vice-President Pedro Polendey, 2nd Vice-President Glicerio Castillo, Secretary Cipriano Aquilizan, Secretary Dionicio Pascua, Treasurer Juan T. Coloma, Adviser Faustino Baysa, Treasurer T. A. Cabacungan, Adviser SAN NICOLENEOS Eugenio Bumanglag, President KAWAILOA FESTIVAL ASSOCIATION Marcelo Ulep, Vice-President Frank D. Gueco, President Narciso Ramos, Secretary Florentine Ancheta, Vice-President Oligario Saoit, Treasurer Jaime Cadiente, Secretary Narciso Tolentino, Adviser Cesario Saladino, Treasurer WAIALUA FILIPINO SEA SCOUTS HELEMANO MALAYAN SOCIETY Reymundo T. Sarmiento, Sc't Master Ciriaco Costelo, President Pedro Ramos, First Mate Angel Dangaran, Vice-President Florencio Marikita, Second Mate Fernando Gomez Mauricio Bunda, Secretary Troop Leaders Pedro Ragaza Victor Armenio, Treasurer WAIALUA PANGASINAN ORGANI- WAIALUA VISAYAN ORGANIZATION ZATION Mamerto Cahucom, President Isidoro Sumili, Vice-President Billy B. Dionio, President Narciso Abayabay, Secretory Federico Penuliar, Vice-President Pedro Iman, Sub-Secretary Dominador Biacan, Secretary Norberto Navarro, Treasurer Severino Cabico, Asst. Secretary Vicente Bios, Sub-Treasurer Juan P. Diones, Treasurer, Adviser Florencio Marquita, Adviser MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-5

AMERICAN CAFE 174 South King St. * HONOLULU, HAWAII U. TAKARA, Manager W. A. Ramsay, Ltd. Mechanical and Electrical Engineers Machinery and Mill Supplies The Filipino Women's Club, Y.W.C.A., FORT AND QUEEN STREETS Congratulates the PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A. Mabuhay! President: Consuelo Peralta V ice- Pres.: Ponciana Abaro Secretary: Siceria Saldania Treasurer: Rafaela Valentin

ALOHA and MABUHAY to ALL FILIPINOS from the FILIPINO TRIANGLE ATHLETIC CLUB, Honolulu, T.H. Mr. Maximino Velasco, President Mr. Jose Galura, Treasurer Mr. Romualdd S. Manuel, Vice-President Mr. Marcelino Castillo, Asst. Treasurer Miss Esperanza Suyat, Secretary Mr. Abraham Farolan, Auditor Mr. Cayetano Ligot, Advisor

THE KAHUKU PLANTATION FILIPINO COMMUNITY extends MABUHAY and ALOHA to the new PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

The Ewa Plantation Filipinos have cooperated to express their best wishes for the coming of the NEW PHILIPPINES GOVERNMENT which shall be their light, pride and joy forever.

"B" VILLAGE CLUB "M" VILLAGE CLUB President Tomas Coloma President Maximo Cambia Vice-President Domingo Bungcayao Vice-President Lauriano Sopnet Secretary Eduardo Aroban Secretary Max. H. Castillano Sub-Secretary Domingo Nonisa Sub-Secretary Angel Quibuyen Treasurer Toribio Gomez Treasurer Marcilino Pagdilao Sport Mgr. Celedonio Ellamil Sub-Treasurer Bacilio Anchita Sergeant-at-Arms Juan Ramos Athletic Mgr. Max. H. Castillano

"F" VILLAGE CLUB "L" VI LLAGE CLUB President Alfredo D. Bautista President Vicente Carpo Vice-President Felorneno Ladera Vice-President Ponciono Olan-olan Secretary Federico Cadiz Secretary Sesinando Aboc Sub-Secretary Dioscoro Paraz Treasurer Teodoro Manuel Treasurer Primitivo Unabia Adviser Pablo Lagmay

ADVISER OF ALL THE CLUBS H. A. Nelson, Welfare Worker, Ewa Plantation Company.

Lfn ca • S, ca., _ w 0a, .., >0 —rt (!) .0 1`7 2 f.., )— v ct• -0U 6 5,) — CG O a . Es' "CA 0•72. o o • 71 -cf L' > E ,: o N. o t.) x -6 .E 2 w —4., 1-4 0 '6) fw a, L mu. -i-J — 5 Ci) •-• Ci) 0 = Ci ,,_, ,-• E . ,.., Cn Cn ,-,-1 • 0.) '' 0 -->) ° 4-1 M .- .4 '' C f, a, 4-' 0 W ''' "C '2--'' RI ° O. co:„), 0U ',7i' 0 0 .-ti E *E o W Cg) L ;-.4 E ,-,0.)cts.,--64' cnC).•-■ z./

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g a. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-7

THE INSULAR LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, LTD. OF MANILA, PHILIPPINES

VICENTE SINGSON ENCARNACION, President

Pioneer Life Insurance Company of the Philippines Organized in Manila in 1910

Represented in Hawaii by its HAWAII AGENCY EARL CARROLL, Manager 315 Alexander and Baldwin Building HONOLULU

HAWAII AND SOUTH FOR SEAS CURIO CO. Largest Pacific-Souvenir BOOKS Store in the World Young Building ON HAWAII Royal Hawaiian and and Moana Hotels 2385 Kalakaua Avenue Hawaiian Lore HONOLULU, HAWAII "On the Beach at Waikiki"

Novels based on Hawaii and Books on Plant and For 85 years, serving quality Bird Life of the Islands bakery products at a price com- mensurate with standard quality.

GET THEM AT fionolulure Paper Co., Ltd. BISCUIT AND BREAD COMPANY 1045 BISHOP STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII Honolulu, Hawaii Since 1851 CITY MILL COMPANY, LTD. 660 Prison Road

HONOLULU, HAWAII

Established 1899

Dealers in Lumber, Hardware, etc. Rice and Planing Mill BUILDERS

It's Better .111-Ways HALEKULANI HOTEL and BUNGALOWS ICE At Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii CREAM HO- IN Owned and Operated by SERVICE COLD STORAGE CO., LTD. Honolulu, Hawaii CLIFFORD KIMBALL

FRED. L. WALDRON, LTD. IMPORTERS — EXPORTERS — INSURANCE — SHIPPING FEED MILLERS

AGENCIES International Mercantile Marine Company F. J. Walker, Ltd., Australia Red Star Line Beech-Nut Packing Co. Baltimore Mail Line H. G. Prince & Co. Panama Pacific Line Van Camp's, Inc. Roosevelt Steamship Co., Inc. Pet Milk Sales Corporation United States Lines Kraft-Phenix Cheese Corp. American Merchant Lines Owens-Illinois Pacific Coast Co. General Steamship Corporation, Ltd. Globe Grain & Milling Co. Johnson Line, Stockholm, Sweden Terminal Flour Mills Co. Silver-Java Pacific Line Johnson-Pickett Rope Co. Canadian National Steamships Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. Canadian National Railways American Wire Fabrics Corp. Amalgamated Dairies, Ltd., N.Z. Gulf States Steel Co. W. & R. Fletcher (N.Z.), Ltd. Wickwire Spencer Steel Co. The Royal Exchange Assurance of London The Franklin Fire Insurance Co., Marine Dept. St. Paul-Mercury Indemnity Co. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co.

SUGAR Wailea Milling Co., Ltd.

Correspondence Solicited Honolulu, Hawaii—Hilo, Hawaii-503 Market St., San Francisco, California MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-9

The Only Complete DEPARTMENT STORES In the Philippines

L.R../IGUINRLDO & Co. 11,4CCIP.P. C31-1A E-

500 Juan Luna, MANILA ILOILO — CEBU — BACOLOD

FAMED PHILIPPINE FURNITURE

In the Philippines or overseas, the name PUYAT stands synonymous with Fine Furniture . . . of famed Philippine hardwoods . . . of rattan. All styles. Prices within reason.

PUYAT'S also manufactures Bowling Alleys, Billiard Tables, Barbers' Chairs, Steel Beds, Den- tal Chairs, Invalid Chairs, Beauty Parlor Chairs, and Custom-built Furniture and Equipment.

Write or Cable for Full Particulars GONZALO PUYAT & SONS INC. 219 Solana, Walled City MANILA, P. I. CABLE ADDRESS: -GONPU"-ALL CODES USED Page A-10 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

S.S. MONTEREY * S.S. MARIPOSA * S.S. LURLI NE * S.S. MALOLO Serving California, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand

Distinguished craft, designed to provide ideal South Seas cruising, these great white liners offer ample space for gracious and leisurely living. Your voyage will be filled with joy- ous relaxation from the very first minute when you choose a Matson-Oceanic Ship.

MATSON LINE * OCEANIC LINE Castle and Cooke, Limited, Merchant Street, Honolulu, General Agent

McCABE, HAMILTON AND RENNY CO., LTD. 20 South Queen Street HONOLULU, HAWAII Only Commercial Stevedoring Firm in the Territory Established 1900

Modern equipment. Quick and efficient loading and unloading of vessels in Honolulu

GUMP'S

The finest arts of the East and the West meet logically in a beautiful setting here in the Heart of the Pacific— yours to enjoy or possess. A visit to Gump's will be a memorable pleasure.

S. & G. GUMP COMPANY

OPP. ROYAL HAWAIIAN HOTEL [ 2206 KALAKAUA ... HONOLULU HAWAI IAN TRUST COMPANY LTD.

HONOLULU, HAWAII MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-11

On the Pacific where VISIT VICTORIA, B. C. North and South meet

GRAY LINE TOURS 756 YATES STREET Operators of Parlour Coaches, Limousines and Gray Cars. Phone G-4151 on arrival.

AETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY and its Affiliated Companies

Writing Every Form of Insurance THE B. F. DILLINGHAM CO., LTD. AGENTS Dillingham Transportation Bldg. HONOLULU, HAWAII

."Chr (;Nipiptt- 'L-0441iji Leading Japanese Newspaper in Hawaii Published in Japanese and English every afternoon except Sundays and holidays at 920 Nuuanu Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A. Founded in 1895 (41st Year)

ANG TI BAY Footwear Factory 710 Ilaya MANILA, PHILIPPINES

Capacity: 350,000 shoes and slippers per annum. The factory is expected to reach the 500,000 mark this year. Modestly born, today is the largest shoe and slip- per factory in the Philippines. Only the best American, Philippine, and imported material used. Correspondence solicited.

TORIBIO TEODORO Manager. Page A-12 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

Since "horseless carriage" days Schuman Carriage Company, Ltd has served the transportation needs of Hawaii

Distributors for

BUICK PONTIAC Passenger Cars CADILLAC-LaSALLE WHITE and INDIANA TRUCKS GOODRICH TIRES

No R). \ Packard, Hudson, and Nash VANCOUVER SEATTLE PORTLAND go YOKOHAMA Automobiles ta 7, SHANGHAI SAN DIEGO

KONG'-- Cummings Diesel Engines oQG e^ MANILA HONOLULU C Frigidaire 4ti. PA NA Atwater-Kent Radios

CALLAk Marshall Field Dry Goods -9'

MACHINERY for Every Purpose BRISBA VALPARAISO", "1 CONE

NE EA- All Types of Insurance LAN D

Ea4siKArVII*45,4

THE BANK OF HAWAII von HAMM-YOU NG Honolulu, Hawaii ASSETS OVER $50,000,000 co., LTD. Geographically Situated for ci the Clearing House of the HONOLULU, HAWAII PACIFIC AREA. atvoy3mtoymplaww,d,copuiii4mid.s.-7-. = MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-13

Home of the American Factors, Limited Fort at Queen Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

Sugar Plantation Agents Wholesale General Merchandise Insurance

American Factors, Limited HONOLULU, HAWAII Page A-14 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

For your home . . . When building, renovating or remodeling your home, you will find a splendid selection of materials in our stock. In addition to building supplies, paint, tools, hardware and plumbing fixtures, we have a well-selected stock of interior decorating materials, electric, gas, and oil ranges, stoves and heaters, electric appliances, and garden supplies. LEWERS & COOKE LIMITED Building Material Specialists Since 1852 HONOLULU, HAWAII

HAWAII M EAT COMPANY, LTD. The World's Finest Kaahumanu and Merchant Sts. Channel Service Honolulu, Hawaii Linking the entire group of Hawaiian Islands by Plane or Steamer Wholesale Meat and Provision Dealers INTER-ISLAND STEAM NAV. CO., LTD. Supply finest quality Island meats and all Federally inspected at the most INTER-ISLAND modern and sanitary plant in the AIRWAYS, LTD. Hawaiian Islands. General Traffic Agents for Pan-American Air- ways, United Air Line and American Airways. Reservations and tickets on any air line in the MEAT is man's food and Hawaii world are obtainable at our offices. produces finest in the world. Call, Write or Phone 2941

HONOLULU HAWAII

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A- 1 5

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. NYONE who has visited the Hawai- Ltd. ; Baldwin Packers, Ltd.; The Mat- A ian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd.; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 30 years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd.; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co. ; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd. ; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. Page A-16 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

CITY TRANSFER CO., LTD. H. J. ANCILL, MANAGER

Moving-Shipping-Storage Fumigating Cold Storage Department Gifts Packed and Shipped to All Parts of the World for Furs, Clothing, etc. Agents Everywhere

702 FORT STREET, MALOLO DOCK PHONES 1281 AND 3579 HONOLULU, HAWAII

THOSE Teed/oils Syes ARE IN YOUR CARE

They are wonderful eyes today—but how strong will they be in ten years from now? Proper care of a child's eyes plays an important part in his development. Neglect takes its toll in weak eyesight, nervousness, and impaired health. Good light plays the leading role in eyesight protection. That protection is your responsibility during your child's early life. Keep his eyes young, as you would your own. Use good light. Always ask for Westinghouse Mazda lamps. Then you'll be sure of good light at low cost.

THE HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC CO., LTD. PALACE SQUARE — HONOLULU, HAWAII — PHONE 3431 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936 Page A-17

RO E or R 1

KONA or KOBE

Regardless of where you plan to go, see us first ... we can save you time and money, procure your transportation over any steamship line, railroad, or air line and furnish much helpful information.

CASTLE AND COOKE TRAVEL BUREAU Merchant Street Honolulu Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels Agents for All Types of Transportation . . Air, Rail, Steamship or Bus All Tours and Cruises—Telephone 1221 Page A-18 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JANUARY-MARCH, 1936

BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED, Hono- Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plan- C • lulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, tation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Com- was established in 1826. It represents the fol- pany, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paa- lowing Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Com- uhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson pany, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Baldwin Locomotive Works and Kapapala Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Ranch. Agents for all forms of insurance.

ROYAL HAWAIIAN HOTEL On Waikiki's Famous Beach

MOANA-SEASIDE HOTEL AND BUNGALOWS (Nearby the Royal Hawaiian)

FOR over a third of a century * DAIRYMEN'S has brought safe WAIALAE GOLF CLUB pure milk, from smiling meadow- (Ten min. by motor from Hotels) lands to your doorstep—and made delicious, nourishing ice cream for Reservations, Rates, etc., may be ob- little folks to eat. DAIRYMEN'S tained through an authorized Steam- ship, Railroad or Travel Agent, or by is in business to bring Health and writing direct to: Happiness to little children. ARTHUR BENAGLIA, HONOLULU DAIRYMEN'S Managing Director ASSOCIATION, LIMITED HAWAIIAN HOTELS, LTD. HONOLULU, HAWAII Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. See Jil Land of COLOUR, COURTESY and CHARM

BOARD OF TOURIST INDUSTRY, JAPANESE GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS

drittiVall• • Cultural and Economic Center of the Pacific

LOncf V'DCITS gold rush - daYS of '49, her well-Lc)-cic, families their children to Honolulu's Puna'riou Schou ho ,--,clitcaion. And HmivaiLth growrs shipped haY, fruits and ,,ect,ini-,!e..3 to Catit:THi: Yr:.[P]g nion inn111 jctvy,, A!.-.;tralia.. the Philip- mid Sc,ith A Irina to shoda SO..jar technol- H L) , 1;:,:,&.Isi!y Fir.twcM, that advdic.eri

gecK-Tiaplucalty in :mid- 1- , :_12 all counts 'pord.erino the H. tropic c_,euuty, with a climate 00. or .Mtelilgotat, friendly people

y THE PEOPLE OF HAWAII 1 ,1H11a,r, no A.