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Wangunk Ethnohistory: a Case Study of a Connecticut River Indian Community

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Wangunk Ethnohistory: a Case Study of a Connecticut River Indian Community W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2001 Wangunk Ethnohistory: A Case Study of a Connecticut River Indian Community Timothy Howlett Ives College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ives, Timothy Howlett, "Wangunk Ethnohistory: A Case Study of a Connecticut River Indian Community" (2001). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626299. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-xcrv-vp43 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WANGUNK ETHNOfflSTORY: A CASE STUDY OF A CONNECTICUT RIVER INDIAN COMMUNITY A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Timothy Howlett Ives 2001 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, April 2001 Kartiim- Y- /°fl*9d<rv- Kathleen J. Bragdon Norman F. Barka Marley'jL Brown III TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ABSTRACT vii CHAPTER 1-GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER 2-TRADE, WARFARE, AND COLONIZATION, CA. 1600-1645 10 2.1 The Sequins and the Fur Trade 10 2.2 The Smallpox Pandemic and English Colonization 15 2.3 Early Troubles at Wethersfield 17 2.4 War and Fear in the Connecticut Colony 19 CHAPTER 3-COLONIAL EXPANSION AND EROSION OF LOCAL NATIVE POWER, CA. 1645-1676 23 3.0 Introduction 23 3.1 Wethersfield Grows and Middletown is Established 23 3.2 The Political Strength of the River Indians Dissolves 25 3.3 Middletown's Indian Reservations are Created 28 3.4 King Phillip’s War, ca. 1675-1676 31 CHAPTER 4-NATIVE SOCIAL NETWORKING IN CENTRAL CONNECTICUT, SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 37 CHAPTER 5-THE WANGUNKS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS, CA. 1680-1750 43 5.0 Introduction 43 5.1 Aspects of Wangunk Reservation Life 43 5.2 A Colonial Village is Founded 50 5.3 The Wangunks Under English Colonial Rule 51 5.4 The Wangunks and Land Ownership 54 5.5 Missionary Efforts in Central Connecticut 60 iii 5.6 The Wangunk Community Diaspora 63 5.7 A Growing Village Covets Wangunk Land 66 CHAPTER 6-DISSOLUTION OF THE WANGUNK RESERVATION, CA. 1750-1785 69 6.0 Introduction 69 6.1 Negotiations with Cushoy 70 6.2 Negotiations with Richard Ranney 72 6.3 Christian Indians and the Brotherton Movement 74 6.4 Group Land Claims Reveal a People in Motion 76 6.5 The Wangunks as a Dispersed People 81 CHAPTER 7-WANGUNK IN A REGIONAL SOCIAL CONTEXT 85 7.0 Introduction 85 7.1 Intraregional Social Context 86 7.2 The Shared Social Experience in Central Connecticut 95 7.3 Extraregional Social Connections 97 7.4 Social Networking: Results and Conclusions 101 APPENDIX A 107 Deed confirming the sale of Middletown 107 APPENDIX B 109 A deed of Middletown 109 APPENDIX C 110 Deed of Wangunk reservation 110 APPENDIX D 111 “Mr. Treat's Statement, 1737” 111 APPENDIX E 114 European settlements in Connecticut, ca. 1636 114 APPENDIX F 115 Communities of the Central Connecticut social region in the mid-seventeenth century 115 APPENDIX G 116 Middletown’s colonial and Indian settlements, ca. 1700 116 APPENDIX H 117 “Plan of Indian at Wongunk,” A survey map by William Welles, 1756 117 APPENDIX I 118 A key to the William Welles survey map 118 APPENDIX J 120 Wangunk Web of Social Interaction, ca. 1670-1780 120 APPENDIX K 121 Biographical Sketches of Wangunk Reservation Proprietors 121 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis allows me the opportunity to formally thank the individuals who have contributed to this study. I wish to express my appreciation to Miriam Chirico, who provided a thorough proofreading and criticism of the first draft. Brian Jones donated his time and assistance in producing maps, and Bruce Clouette provided me with many helpful tips pertaining to document research. I am especially grateful to my wife for formatting this document and providing invaluable technical support whenever the computer turned against me, which was all too often. I also extend a special thanks to my parents, who provided encouragement and support throughout my college education. I would also like to thank the committee members - Kathleen Bragdon, Marley Brown III, and Norman Barka - for their insights concerning the significance and framing of this research. ABSTRACT This is an ethnohistory the Wangunk Indian community, which occupied a reservation during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in what is now Portland, CT. This historic “River Indian” community is among several in Central Connecticut that have scarcely been studied from an anthropological perspective. This Wangunk ethnohistory is submitted as an empirical case study of a single community and place in this region. Aside from providing a historical context and basic ethnohistory, this study combines a regional approach with social network theory to reveal two basic truths about the nature of Wangunk as a community. First, the Wangunk community was not a socially bounded entity, but rather, an entity socially interfaced with other communities throughout its known history. Second, although this community largely dispersed toward the end of the reservation period, the Wangunks did not “disappear” as popular history might recall. They reintegrated among other groups, surviving as a Native people. It appears that the Wangunks’ social connections facilitated their reintegration among other Native communities as they adapted to changing social contexts. WANGUNK ETHNOHISTORY: A CASE STUDY OF A CONNECTICUT RIVER INDIAN COMMUNITY CHAPTER 1—General Introduction This is an ethnohistory of the Wangunk Indian community. The first matter of importance is to define the word "Wangunk,” which has enjoyed a variety of spellings throughout history. This Algonkian word denotes a place where a river bends (Trumbull 1870:29). The Connecticut River takes a marked bend just above Middletown, and that is the Wangunk with which this narrative is concerned. This river bend is flanked by a floodplain which local historic records commonly refer to as "Wangunk Meadow," located in present day Portland, CT. At the southern end of this floodplain was a three hundred-acre Indian reservation occupied by an Indian community during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This reservation was considered to be a part of the locality called Wangunk. Thus, for the purposes of this narrative, the word Wangunk refers to an area in Portland, and/or the Indians who occupied a reservation there. This narrative is intended to contribute toward a greater knowledge of Central Connecticut's historic Indians. Nineteenth and twentieth century historians have produced summary literature on this topic (Cook 1976; DeForest 1853; Speiss 1933; Trumbull 1886; Twitchell 1907), and some relatively recent history articles have also been published, focusing on specific topics or areas in the region (Cooper 1986; Hermes 1999; Vaughan 1966). However, the culture of these Indians has scarcely been examined from an anthropological perspective. To date, the only anthropologist to produce a body of research pertaining to Central Connecticut's historic Indians is Kenneth Feder, who 2 focuses on the Farmington Valley. Feder has published ethnohistoric research pertaining to the Tunxis of Farmington (Feder 1980; Feder 1982), in addition to a comprehensive study of the "Lighthouse Tribe," a small historic Indian community in Barkhampstead located in the Western Uplands (Feder 1993; Feder 1994). No detailed ethnohistoric studies have yet been produced pertaining to any of the Indian communities that lived in Central Connecticut’s valley. This Wangunk ethnohistory is presented as a first attempt at filling this void. The author has not had the luxury of building upon preexisting templates. For that reason, it seemed necessary to provide a thorough historical context for the Wangunks as a River Indian community, and hopefully this end has been sufficiently achieved. This is a case study of a River Indian community. Aside from providing a historical context and basic ethnohistory, this study combines a regional approach with social network theory to reveal two basic truths about the nature of Wangunk as a community. First, the Wangunk community was not a socially bounded entity, but rather, an entity socially interfaced with other communities throughout its known history. Second, although this community largely dispersed toward the end of the reservation period, the Wangunks did not “disappear” as popular history might recall. They reintegrated among other groups, surviving as a Native people. It appears that the Wangunks’ social connections facilitated their reintegration among other Native communities. To introduce the author's research approach, he refers to two previous studies that establish a conceptual background. The first is a paper presented by Ann McMullen at a recent archaeological conference. McMullen explains that although the study of "tribes" 4 has become a part of our scholarly heritage, regional histories and intertribal relationships have largely been neglected (McMullen 2000). This trend has been reinforced by recent politics where proving a tribe's distinctiveness and relative isolation can provide political advantages. In her own research, McMullen portrays Native communities as part of larger social systems by emphasizing regional interaction. These notions can be traced to an earlier paper by Kathleen Bragdon, which presents a regional analysis of social networks in southern New England (Bragdon 1998). Bragdon encourages current research to transcend tribe as a unit of analysis to pursue a regional approach in tribal studies.
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