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® About ICRISAT® ® The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a non-profit, non-political organization that does innovative agricultural research and capacity building for sustainable development with a wide array of partners across the globe. ICRISAT’s mission is to help empower 600 million poor people to overcome hunger, poverty and a degraded environment in the dry tropics through better agriculture. ICRISAT belongs to the Alliance of Centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Contact Information ICRISAT-Patancheru ICRISAT Liaison Office ICRISAT-Nairobi ICRISAT-Niamey (Headquarters) CG Centers Block (Regional hub ESA) (Regional hub WCA) Patancheru 502 324 NASC Complex PO Box 39063, Nairobi, Kenya BP 12404 Andhra Pradesh, India Dev Prakash Shastri Marg Tel +254 20 7224550 Niamey, Niger (Via Paris) Tel +91 40 30713071 New Delhi 110 012, India Fax +254 20 7224001 Tel +227 20722529, 20722725 Fax +91 40 30713074 Tel +91 11 32472306 to 08 [email protected] Fax +227 20734329 [email protected] Fax +91 11 25841294 [email protected] ICRISAT-Bamako ICRISAT-Bulawayo ICRISAT-Lilongwe ICRISAT-Maputo BP 320 Matopos Research Station Chitedze Agricultural Research c/o IIAM, Av. das FPLM No 2698 Bamako, Mali PO Box 776, Station Caixa Postal 1906 Tel +223 2223375 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe PO Box 1096 Maputo, Mozambique Fax +223 2228683 Tel +263 83 8311 to 15 Lilongwe, Malawi Tel +258 21 461657 [email protected] Fax +263 83 8253/8307 Tel +265 1 707297/071/067/057 Fax +258 21 461581 [email protected] Fax +265 1 707298 [email protected] [email protected] Visit us at www.icrisat.org 03-2008 Citation: Parthasarathy Rao, P and Birthal, PS. 2008. Livestock in mixed farming About NCAP systems in South Asia. National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, The National Centre for Agricultural and Policy Research (NCAP) was established by New Delhi, India; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with a view to upgrade agricultural Patancheru, 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India. 156 pp. economics research through the integration of economics input in the planning, design, and evaluation of agricultural research programs, and to strengthen the compentence in agricultural policy analysis within the Council. The Centre is assigned a leadership role Abstract in this area, not only for various ICAR institutions, but also for the State Agricultural Animal production in South Asia is predominantly part of mixed crop-livestock farming Universities. In order to make agricultural research a more effective instrument for systems vital for the security and survival of large numbers of poor people. In such systems, agricultural and rural change and to strengthen policy-making and planning machinery, livestock generate cash income, provide draught power and manure, utilize crop residues NCAP undertakes and sponsors reserach in agricultural economics relating to problems of and by-products making them partially, closed systems, and thus the most benign from regional and national importance. the environmental perspective. Mixed farming systems however, are extremely complex and heterogeneous in terms of crops grown, livestock species raised and in their responses to development initiatives. Further, recent decades have seen significant changes in mixed systems in terms of livestock demography, increased commercialization (degree About the SLP of integration with markets), etc. Factors contributing to this change include growing human population, mechanization of cultivation and rural transportation, use of inorganic The CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP, http://www.vslp.org/vslp/) is a fertilizers and government programs to promote animal production. On the demand side, consortium of 11 CGIAR centres (CIAT, CIP, CIMMYT, ICARDA, World Agroforestry an important factor contributing to the change has been the growing demand for livestock Centre/ICRAF, ICRISAT, IFPRI, IITA, ILRI, IRRI and IWMI) and their partners. The SLP products (milk and meat) driven by income growth, urbanization and changes in tastes conduct research that helps people who live in regions with high levels of rural poverty. and preferences in the region. Meeting this growing demand is both an opportunity and Focusing on small-scale crop-livestock producers, the Programme exploits synergies in the a challenge for small-scale mixed crop-livestock farmers. Unlike in the past, productivity CGIAR and development systems to look at food-feed crops as a key entry point for increases should contribute a larger share to output growth owing to increasing pressure improving the productivity and sustainability of smallholder mixed farming systems. on land and competing resources. Low productivity of livestock in mixed crop-livestock systems in South Asia is due to non-adoption of available technologies or their uptake has not been sustainable, because they were improperly targeted into the farming systems (for example, introducing cross-breeding technology in areas with poor feed resources, improved forage crops in low rainfall areas etc). To better understand the nature of small scale mixed farming systems in South Asia, the recognition of the strong nexus between crop and animal production, the striking variation in systems and the need for differential intervention, a Crop–Livestock Systems typology has been constructed that delineates the regions of each country into homogenous crop- livestock zones /systems with similar response to technology uptake and development initiatives. Thus, the typology would enable better targeting of technical and socio- economic interventions aimed at improving animal productivity and protecting the natural resource base on the farms in South Asia. © International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 2008. All rights reserved. ICRISAT holds the copyright to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for non-commercial purposes. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part(s) or all of any publication for non-commercial use is hereby granted as long as ICRISAT is properly cited. For any clarification, please contact the Director of Communication at [email protected]. ICRISAT’s name and logo are registered trademarks and may not be used without permission. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice. Livestock in Mixed Farming Systems in South Asia P Parthsarathy Rao and PS Birthal ® ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India NCAP National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research DBS Marg, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012, India SLP Systemwide Livestock Programme International Livestock Research Institute Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2008 Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... x Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xii 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 1.1. Rationale for this Study .......................................................................................1 1.2. Scope of the Study……… ..................................................................................4 2. Livestock and the Poor ..............................................................................................6 2.1. Livestock’s Contribution to Income……… ..........................................................6 2.2. Livestock and Poverty Reduction .........................................................................9 2.3. Challenges to Pro-poor Livestock Growth ........................................................12 3. Demand and Supply of Livestock Products ............................................................17 3.1. Demand for Livestock Products……………………… ........................................17 3.2. Supply of Livestock Products………………………… ........................................21 3.3. Productivity of Livestock Products …………………… ......................................24 3.4. Projected Demand for Livestock Products to 2020…………………… ..............25 4. Crop-Livestock Systems in South Asia: Methodological Approach ........................28 4.1. Evolution of Livestock Production Systems ………………… ............................28 4.2. Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems (MCLS) ………………………… .....................30 4.3. Capturing System Diversity – A Typological Approach ………… ......................31 4.4. Data and Methodology……………………… .....................................................34 5. Typology of Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems in India ..............................................39 5.1. Crop-Livestock Systems Typology ....................................................................39 5.2. Characteristics of Crop-Livestock Systems…………… .....................................43 5.3. Factors Infl uencing System Dynamics …………… ............................................57 5.4. Livestock, Poverty and the Environment ...........................................................67 6. Typology of Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems in Sri Lanka .......................................79
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