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Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in South Asia Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in South Asia Edited by Ashis Kumar Samanta Shaikh Mohammad Bokhtiar Mohammad Younus Ali SAARC Agriculture Centre A Regional Centre of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) BARC Complex, Dhaka Bangladesh Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in South Asia. SAARC Agriculture Centre and ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology conducted the Regional Expert Consultation Meeting on “Identification of Best Practices in Livestock Feed and Fodder production and Management” during 21st to 23rd May, 2019 in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Edited by Ashis Kumar Samanta, Senior Programme Specialist Shaikh Mohammad Bokhtiar, Director Mohammad Younus Ali, Senior Technical Officer December, 2019 © SAARC Agriculture Centre 2019. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by SAARC Agriculture Centre, BARC Complex, Farmgate, New Airport Road, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh (http//www.sca.org.bd). A catalogue record for the book is available from the SAARC Agriculture Centre Library, BARC Complex, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ISBN: 978-984-34-7647-0 Citation: Samanta, Ashis Kumar, Bokhtiar, Shaikh Mohammad and Ali, Mohammad Younus (Editors). Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in South Asia. SAARC Agriculture Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Pp 280. This book contains the country paper, invited paper and proceedings of the SAARC Regional Expert Consultation Meeting on “Identification of Best Practices in Livestock Feed and Fodder production and Management” held from 21st to 23rd May, 2019 in Bengaluru, India and jointly organized by SAARC Agriculture Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh and ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The experts for the country paper presentation were the representative of their respective government of SAARC Member States. Other experts invited for technical paper presentation delivered talks in their official capacity from the host country. The opinions expressed/ images used/ tables presented in this publication are those of the authors and do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of the SAARC Agriculture centre, specifically regarding the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities. Cover design: Ms. Sanjida Akhtar Printed by: Momin Offset Press, Dhaka, Bangladesh Price US$ 50 for SAARC Member States US$ 80 for rest of the world ii Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in South Asia iii iv Foreword Livestock occupies significant niche on the socioeconomic fabric among all South Asian countries since time immemorial. The primary function of livestock is to provide safe and healthy food for the human society after due contemplation to food safety, consumer awareness, animal welfare, and environment. In fact, livestock farmers of South Asian region could feel proud because they laid the foundation for making the region as natural habitat of numerous world’s best breeds of livestock species including buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat and poultry. Often, the productivity of livestock is adversely affected owing to inadequate quantity or quality of feeds and fodder. Furthermore, the expenses on account of feed and fodder shares 65 to 70% of the total expenses of livestock. Hence, any strategy on cutting down the cost of livestock feeding with sustained productivity is expected to ensure higher economic returns. As the livestock in South Asia is primarily owned by small and marginal farmers, it has strong potential to make platform for achieving multiple SDGs such as ‘no poverty’, ‘zero hunger’, ‘good health and well-being’, ‘gender equality’, ‘reduced inequalities’. As a result, South Asian livestock population is growing at faster rate than rest of the world and it becomes the important driver of the growth engine of regional economy. Often, the growth of any sector is trailed with numerous challenges. Inadequate availability of livestock feeds and fodder becomes one of the greatest challenges faced by the current South Asian livestock farmers. Under the above backdrop, the SAARC Agriculture Centre carried out the Regional Expert Consultation Meeting on “Identification of Best Practices in Livestock Feed and Fodder production and Management”. The book is the outcome of country paper presentation, sharing of successful technology with fellow Member States, future need of livestock particularly on the issues of feeds and fodder. I hope the recommendations emanated from the regional expert consultation meeting coupled with adoption of successful nutritional technologies among livestock farmers of South Asian region could pave the way for inching up the productivity to meet the growing demands of livestock origin products. “Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in South Asia” is published with the aim to have in-depth analysis of feed and feeding practices among Member States to guide the policy makers, developmental agencies, livestock cooperatives for taking necessary steps towards sectoral improvement. I convey my sincere thanks to ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India for hoisting the program and SAARC Member States for nominating the participants. I would like to appreciate Dr. Ashis Kumar Samanta and his team for their outstanding works in publishing this book. Dr. S.M. Bokhtiar Director SAARC Agriculture Centre v vi Contents Page No. Chapter 1 An overview of South Asian Livestock Production 1 Ashis Kumar Samanta Country Paper Chapter 2 Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in Bangladesh 10 Mohammad Mohi Uddin Chapter 3 Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in Bhutan 40 Kuenga Namgay Chapter 4 Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in India 64 Raghavendra Bhatta, S. Anandan and K. Giridhar Chapter 5 Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in Nepal 101 Grishma Neupane Chapter 6 Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in Pakistan 129 Muhammad Musa and Muhammad Iqbal Mustafa Chapter 7 Livestock Feeds and Feeding Practices in Sri Lanka 181 W.M.P.B. Weerasinghe Invited papers Chapter 8 Alternate Feed Resources and Technologies for Their 207 Safe Usage in Livestock Feeding N. K. S. Gowda, S. Anandan, K. Giridhar, S. B. N. Rao and K. S. Prasad Chapter 9 Feeding Strategies for Profitable Dairying 224 V. Sridhar and Bhupendra Phondba Chapter 10 Strategies to Improve Fodder Production in India 234 K. Giridhar, N.K.S. Gowda and S. Anandan Chapter 11 National Feed Inventory Development: Methodology 247 and Challenges S. Anandan and K. Giridhar Chapter 12 Current Status and Challenges of Indian Poultry Feed 256 Industry A. Natarajan Chapter 13 The Future of Animal Feed Sector in India 267 Dinesh T. Bhosale Chapter 14 Brief report of the Expert Consultation Meeting 272 Ashis Kumar Samanta vii viii Chapter 1 An Overview of South Asian Livestock Production Ashis Kumar Samanta Senior Programme Specialist – Livestock SAARC Agriculture Centre BARC Complex, Farmgate Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh The South Asian region is represented by eight countries namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Currently, the region is inhabited by 1.89 billion human population over the landmass of 5.2 million square kilometre. Numerically, it represents approximately 25% of global population over the 3.5% of the world’s land surface area. Since the beginning of the twenty first century, the region has showcased itself as one the fastest growing economic zone in front of the rest of the world. As per the prediction of World Bank for 2019, the real term GDP growth rate in South Asia is estimated to be 7.5% for India, 7.3% for Bangladesh, 6.0% for Nepal, 5.7% for Maldives, 5.4% for Bhutan, 3.5% for Sri Lanka, 3.4% for Pakistan, and 2.4% for Afghanistan. On the highway of South Asian economic development, transformation of livestock sector has been taken place not only to meet the spectacular increasing demands of animal sourced food (meat, egg, milk and milk products), but also to support millions of poor and marginal farmers for ensuring food and nutrition security, livelihood and prosperity, health and welfare and natural resource management. As the economy grows, the purchasing power of consumers also parallelly advances leading to the demand of high valued products particularly animal sourced foods. Livestock is central pillar to the livelihoods of rural people living in South Asian region and is strategically important to the region’s food and nutritional security and economic prosperity. It shares approximately 29% (ranges from 8 to 56%) of the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in different Member States of South Asia and has the potential to deliver both the agricultural-led growth and the socio-economic transformation as envisioned by the respective governments (Enahoro et al., 2019). In fact, population growth, urbanization, enhanced purchasing power coupled with globalization continue to fuel the “livestock revolution” in South Asia and offers opportunities to the primary livestock producers to be linked with the global market. Eventually, the livestock value chain system of South Asia is stirring up the production to meet the growing demands and adapting to satisfy the changing consumer’s choice of an increasingly well-off and urbanized people. Nevertheless, such kind of higher growth-linked 1 SAARC Agriculture Centre production sector offers not only
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