Emaranhamento E Estados De Produto De Matrizes Em Transições De Fase Quânticas / Thiago Rodrigues De Oliveira

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Emaranhamento E Estados De Produto De Matrizes Em Transições De Fase Quânticas / Thiago Rodrigues De Oliveira Universidade Estadual de Campinas Emaranhamento e Estados de Produto de Matrizes em Transições de Fase Quânticas por Thiago Rodrigues de Oliveira Orientado por Marcos Cesar de Oliveira Co-orientado por Amir Ordacgi Caldeira Tese submetida ao Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin” para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Física. Campinas, São Paulo agosto 2007 − FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO IFGW - UNICAMP Oliveira, Thiago Rodrigues de OL4e Emaranhamento e estados de produto de matrizes em transições de fase quânticas / Thiago Rodrigues de Oliveira. -- Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2008. Orientador: Marcos César de Oliveira. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física “Gleb Wataghin”. 1 1. Emaranhamento quântico. 2. Transições de fase 2 quânticas. 3. Estados de produto de matrizes. 4. Criticalidade 3 (Engenharia nuclear). I. Oliveira, Marcos César de. 4 II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Física “Gleb 5 Wataghin”. III. Título. 6 (vsv/ifgw) - Título em inglês: Entanglement and matrix product states in quantum phase transitions - Palavras-chave em inglês (Keywords): 1. Quantum entanglement 2. Quantum phase transitions 3. Matrix product states 4. Criticality (Nuclear engineering) - Área de concentração: Física da Matéria Condensada - Titulação: Doutor em Ciências - Banca examinadora: Prof. Marcos Cesar de Oliveira Prof. Francisco Castilho Alcaraz Prof. Luiz Davidovich Prof. Carlos Ourivio Escobar Prof. Guillermo Gerardo Cabrera Oyarzún - Data da Defesa: 22/08/2008 - Programa de Pós-Graduação em: Física ii iii iv Agradecimentos Com essa tese encerro minha formação formal em Física. Foram dez anos de árduo mas pra- zeroso estudo. Muitos contribuíram e tornaram mais agradável esta jornada. Começo agra- decendo ao Prof. Marcos Cesar de Oliveira pela orientação e incentivo nesses últimos quatro anos. No decurso deste doutorado também tiveram participações fundamentais o Prof. Edu- ardo Miranda e Gustavo Rigolin. Ambos ajudaram a construir parte dos resultados dessa tese. Por último devo lembrar do Prof. José Ignacio Latorre, meu orientador, durante um estágio de um ano na Universidade de Barcelona e dos Pós-Doutorandos Luca e Sofyan. Merecem ser mencionados também os meus professores de graduação e pós-graduação, em particular ao Prof. Guilhermo G. Cabrera, Peter A. B. Schulz, Luiz Guimarães Ferreira e Eduardo Miranda. Não posso deixar de mencionar o Prof. Amir O. Caldeira, o qual me introduziu na pesquisa em Física durante o mestrado, participou de diversas discusões sobre emaranhamento e desde então se tornou um grande amigo. Gostaria de agradecer aos companheiros de graduação pelas discussões em Física e Chur- rascos infinitos, entre eles: Rodrigo, David, Picin, Paulo, Odilon, “Dupickles”, Chico, Manaus, Rafael, Sergio, Pedrão, Davi. Lembro também dos amigos de Barcelona: Arnau, Xavi, Javier, Davi, Dani, Martin, Vicent, Luca e Sofyan. Por último agradeço aos meus pais Neusa e José Franco por haver proporcionado condi- ções e incentivos para chegar aqui. Deve-se mencionar também que esta tese teve apoio financeiro da Fapesp (05/00155-8), CAPES e Unicamp. v vi Resumo Esta dissertação tenta contribuir ao entendimento das possíveis interconexões entre a Teo- ria de Informação Quântica e Matéria Condensada, um novo campo de pesquisa em amplo desenvolvimento. Mais especificamente, investigamos o papel do emaranhamento, ou corre- lações quânticas, em transições de fase quânticas contínuas. Enquanto o papel do primeiro na Teoria de Informação dispensa apresentação, as últimas são de grande interesse por exi- bir um comportamento universal, o qual se origina na divergência de um comprimento de correlação. É esta origem mútua em correlações de ambos os fenômenos que cria uma expec- tativa de uma possível relação entre estes. Nosso trabalho, embasado no estudo do modelo XY unidimensional em um campo transverso, aponta evidências de um favorecimento do emara- nhamento multipartite em detrimento do bipartite na transição, e assim da importância do primeiro no estabelecimento de correlações de longo alcance. Nessa tarefa, acabamos por defi- nir uma classe de medidas de emaranhamento multipartite, generalizando o Emaranhamento Global introduzido por Meyer e Wallach em 2002. Mostramos que algumas destas classes pro- vêem informações adicionais à do Emaranhamento Global, além de serem escritas de forma simples em termos de funções de correlação. Tal simplicidade permite o estabelecimento de uma relação formal entre uma dessas classes e transições de fase sinalizadas por divergências na energia. Ao final estudamos o papel da quebra de simetria no emaranhamento bipartite e multipartite, evidenciando, uma vez mais, a maior importância do último em relação ao primeiro. Em uma segunda parte, examinamos o uso de estados de produtos de matrizes na apro- ximação de estados fundamentais de sistemas críticos. Estes estados podem ser vistos como o ansatz utilizado no Grupo de Renormalização de Matriz Densidade (DMRG), quando este é encarado como um método variacional. Analisando o poder de aproximação de tais estados, agora no modelo de Ising, descobrimos que a "dimensão" do ansatz (ou número de graus de liberdade renormalizados) é uma variável relevante do grupo de renormalização de maneira análoga ao tamanho finito do sistema. Isto possibilita uma análise de escala em relação a essa "dimensão" dos estados de produto de matrizes, com uma possível obtenção de propriedades críticas a baixo custo computacional. vii viii Abstract This thesis attempts to contribute to the understanding of possible connections between Quan- tum Information and Condensed Matter theories, a new field of research in broad develop- ment. Specifically, we investigated the role of entanglement, or quantum correlations, in conti- nuous quantum phase transitions. While the importance of the first in the theory of Quantum Information is well known dispense presentation, the latter are of great interest as they exhibit a universal behavior, which descent from the divergence of the correlation length. This mutual origin of both in correlations is what creates an expectation of a possible link between them. Our work, based on the study of XY dimensional model in a transverse field, brings evidence of multipartite entanglement being favored, in detriment of bipartite in the transition, and thus in the importance of the first in the establishment of long-range correlations. During our journey, we define a class of measures of multipartite entanglement, generalising the Global Entanglement introduced by Meyer and Wallach in 2002. We show that some of these clas- ses provide additional information to the Global Entanglement, as well as being written in a simple way in terms of correlation functions . This simplicity allows the establishment of a formal relationship between those classes and phases transitions marked by non-analycities in the energy. At the end, we studied the role of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the bipartite and multipartite entanglement, demonstrating once again a major role of the last over the first. In a second part, we examine the use of Matrix Product States to approximate ground states of critical systems. This class of states can be seen as the ansatz used in the Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG), when this one is understood as a variational method. Analyzing the power of approximation of these states, now in Ising model, we found that the "dimension" of the ansatz (or number of renormalized degrees of freedom) is a relevant variable in the renormalization group, in a analogous way to the finite size of the system. This enables an analysis of scaling regarding the "size" of Matrix Product States, with a possible acquisition of critical properties at low computation cost. ix x Sumário 1 Introdução 1 2 Emaranhamento 5 2.1 Asorigens ....................................... 5 2.2 Qualificando...................................... 8 2.2.1 Operações locais e comunicação clássica . ........ 8 2.2.2 EmaranhamentoversusSeparabilidade . ...... 11 2.2.2.1 Estadospuros ............................ 11 2.2.2.2 Estadosmistos ............................ 12 2.3 Quantificaçãooperacional . ..... 13 2.4 Regimeassintótico ............................... 14 2.5 Quantificaçãoabstrata . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... 16 2.6 EmaranhamentoMultipartite . ..... 21 3 Transições de Fase 29 3.1 AtransiçãoMagnética .............................. 31 3.2 TeoriadeLandau .................................. 33 3.3 TeoriadeEscala .................................. 34 3.4 TeoriadeEscalaparaSistemasFinitos . ......... 38 3.5 QuebraEspontâneadaSimetria . ...... 41 3.6 TransiçõesdeFaseQuânticas . ...... 45 3.7 OModeloXY ...................................... 49 4 Emaranhamento e Transições de Fase Quânticas 55 4.1 EmaranhamentoeTransiçõesdeFaseQuânticas . ......... 55 4.2 Emaranhamento Global e Transições de Fase Quânticas . ........... 65 4.3 (2, n) esuaRelaçãocomTFQdePrimeiraeSegundaOrdem . 69 G 4.4 EmaranhamentoGlobalnoModeloXY. 72 4.5 Efeitos da quebra de Simetria no Emaranhamento Bipartite............ 78 4.6 Efeitos da quebra de Simetria no Emaranhamento Multipartite.......... 83 5 Aproximação de Estados Críticos usando Estado de Produtos de Matrizes 85 5.1 Introdução...................................... 85 5.1.1 MPS ....................................... 87 5.2 SimulandoumMPS................................... 91 5.3 FiniteDScaling .................................. 96 5.3.1 Entropiademeiacadeia . 99 5.3.2 Deslocamentodopontocrítico . 100 5.3.3 Magnetização
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