A Contribuição De Chien Shiung Wu Para a Teoria Quântica

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A Contribuição De Chien Shiung Wu Para a Teoria Quântica UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS ANGEVALDO MENEZES MAIA FILHO PARA UMA HISTÓRIA DAS MULHERES NA CIÊNCIA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE CHIEN SHIUNG WU PARA A TEORIA QUÂNTICA Salvador 2018 ANGEVALDO MENEZES MAIA FILHO PARA UMA HISTÓRIA DAS MULHERES NA CIÊNCIA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE CHIEN SHIUNG WU PARA A TEORIA QUÂNTICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Indianara Lima Silva Salvador 2018 ANGEVALDO MENEZES MAIA FILHO PARA UMA HISTÓRIA DAS MULHERES NA CIÊNCIA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE CHIEN SHIUNG WU PARA A TEORIA QUÂNTICA Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de mestre em 19 de abril de 2018, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. 19 de abril de 2018 Banca Examinadora _______________________________________________ Professora Doutora Indianara Lima Silva _______________________________________________ Professora Doutora Maria Margaret Lopes _______________________________________________ Professor Doutor Olival Freire Júnior AGRADECIMENTOS Como não poderia deixar de ser, os agradecimentos revelam o quão importante são as pessoas que nos cercam e o quanto pode ser difícil, no meu caso, absolutamente impossível, realizar um trabalho individualmente. Agradeço a Josenice Assunção Maia e Angevaldo Maia, pessoas que tive a sorte de ter enquanto genitores me apoiando incondicionalmente desde sempre, confiando e acreditando nas minhas escolhas, a maior e inesgotável fonte de amor que pude encontrar na vida. Às minhas irmãs, Séfora Maia e Monalisa Maia apesar de distantes sempre apoiando as minhas decisões e minha maneira de viver, às vezes apenas aceitando outras vezes também compreendendo. Saudades define. A Adielle Almeida, à pessoa que tive a sorte de me acompanhar durante meu processo de escrita, agradeço pelo companheirismo, pela disposição em ouvir as ideias, ainda seminais da dissertação, pelas sugestões, pelos comentários, por ser a “plateia” mais importante das minhas apresentações prévias, por me incentivar nos momentos de tensão, por fomentar e me ajudar a compreender as questões sobre o feminismo e a luta do que é ser mulher na sociedade em que vivemos. Agradeço a Rene Azevedo por estar presente desde a infância, a qual compartilhamos sonhos, esperanças e reflexões que só agora conseguimos entender. Obrigado pelos momentos de celebração e pelas palavras sempre assertivas que me fazem acreditar. Venceremos! Ao meu irmão Fernando Ribeiro que sempre fez questão de estar presente em todos os momentos da minha vida, o qual agradeço pelo companheirismo de sempre e pela necessidade mútua de estarmos de alguma forma sempre próximos. A Dalila Santos, pelos anos de convivência que vivemos e pela compreensão. Agradeço por me apresentar e iniciar em questões associadas ao feminismo. Este trabalho é também fruto do que pude aprender contigo e que irei carregar por toda vida, assim como nossa amizade. A Daniele Fil, pela amizade de longas datas e apoio de sempre e a banda FRIDHA pela compreensão das minhas ausências nos ensaios. Somo muito “Mais que antes” Agradeço à minha orientadora Indianara (Pró Indi), a qual tenho tanta admiração e orgulho. Agradeço pela paciência e compreensão e por orientar a minha narrativa, acreditar e me confiar um trabalho tão urgente quanto importante para o contexto da Física. Que seja apenas o começo. A professora Iole Vanin pelas contribuições que, certamente, irei levar por toda a minha trajetória acadêmica. Ao professor Olival Freire, que muito me inspirou nas questões do ensino e história da física durante a graduação e que pode contribuir fortemente com os comentários e sugestões principalmente no capítulo 2. Agradeço ainda à professora Maria Margaret Lopes pela disposição em avaliar minha dissertação e pelas valiosas sugestões para o trabalho. Essas são as pessoas que, além de queridas, são também coautoras desse trabalho. MAIA FILHO, Angevaldo Menezes. Para uma história das mulheres na ciência: a contribuição de Chien Shiung Wu para a teoria quântica. 2018. XX p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA. Salvador – BA, 2018. RESUMO Neste trabalho, discute-se o papel de um experimento de 1950, realizado pela física sino-estadunidense Chien Shiung Wu, em colaboração com seu assistente de pesquisa, Irving Shaknov, nas discussões sobre os fundamentos da teoria quântica. A experiência realizada é comumente apontada como sendo o primeiro experimento capaz de representar o fenômeno que hoje é conhecido como entrelaçamento quântico, tornando-se a chave para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, tais como, a criptografia, a teleportação e a computação quântica. Esse experimento garante a Wu um papel fundamental no que diz respeito à corroboração da mecânica quântica. A trajetória de vida e intelectual dessa cientista é também um rico episódio tanto para se discutir a questão de gênero quanto para dar visibilidade às mulheres das ciências. Palavras-Chave: Chien Shiung Wu. Mulheres na ciência. História das mulheres. História da Física. História da Mecânica Quântica. MAIA FILHO, Angevaldo Menezes. Para uma história das mulheres na ciência: a contribuição de Chien Shiung Wu para a teoria quântica. 2018. XX p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA. Salvador – BA, 2018. ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss the role of a 1950 experiment carried out by physics Chien Shiung Wu, in collaboration with his research assistant, Irving Shaknov, in the discussions on the foundations of quantum theory. The experiment performed is commonly referred to as the first experiment capable of representing the phenomenon that is now known as quantum entanglement, becoming the key to the development of new technologies, such as cryptography, teleportation and quantum computing. This experiment guarantees Wu a fundamental role in the corroboration of quantum mechanics. The life and intellectual trajectory of this scientist is also a rich episode both to discuss the gender issue and to give visibility to the women of the sciences. Keywords: Chien Shiung Wu. Women in science. History of women. History of Physics. History of Quantum Mechanics. LISTA DE FIGURA Figura1 – Wu no laboratório................................................................................ 09 LISTA DE SIGLAS E ABREVIATURAS AIP American Institute of Physics APS American Physics Society EPR Einstein, Podolsky e Rosen GM Geiger-Muller MQ Mecânica quântica NBS National Bureau of Standards SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO............................................................................................. 12 CAPÍTULO I – DANDO VISIBILIDADE ÀS MULHERES DA CIÊNCIA: A TRAJETÓRIA DE CHIEN SHIUNG WU E A SUA CONTRIBUIÇÃO À FÍSICA............................................................................................................... 18 INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................. 18 1 A FORMAÇÃO DE WU NA CHINA................................................................... 20 2 A CHEGADA DE WU NOS EUA....................................................................... 23 3 A CONQUISTA DO PRIMEIRO EMPREGO..................................................... 27 4 A PARTICIPAÇÃO NO PROJETO MANHATTAN............................................. 30 5 A CONSOLIDAÇÃO DE WU ENQUANTO FÍSICA EXPERIMENTAL .............. 31 6 O EXPERIMENTO DE 50.................................................................................. 35 7 O NOBEL DE 1957............................................................................................ 37 8 RECONHECIMENTOS OUTROS, QUE NÃO O NOBEL.................................. 42 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.............................................................................. 43 REFERÊNCIAS................................................................................................. 45 CAPÍTULO II – O EXPERIMENTO WS DE 1950 E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A SEGUNDA REVOLUÇÃO DA MECÂNICA QUÂNTICA.................... 48 INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................... 48 1 CHIEN SHIUNG WU, UM BREVE HISTÓRICO................................................ 51 2 O ARGUMENTO EPR....................................................................................... 53 3 O EXPERIMENTO WS..................................................................................... 56 4 A RELEVÂNCIA DO EXPERIMENTO WS PARA A TEORIA DE DAVID BOHM................................................................................................................ 58 5 A SEGUNDA REVOLUÇÃO QUÂNTICA........................................................... 62 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.............................................................................. 68 REFERÊNCIAS................................................................................................. 70 Figura 1 – Wu no laboratório Fonte: www.history.com1 1 Disponível em: <http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/BE055194.jpg>.
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