Estrelas, Ci^Encia E a Bomba: Uma Entrevista Com Hans Bethe

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Estrelas, Ci^Encia E a Bomba: Uma Entrevista Com Hans Bethe o . Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fsica, vol. 18, n 3, setembro, 1996 143 Estrelas, Ci^encia e a Bomba: Uma Entrevista com Hans Bethe Renato Ejnisman Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627 USA Trabalho recebido em 12 de julho de 1996 Hans Bethe fala de trechos de sua vida como fsico, sobre a fabricac~ao da b omba at^omica, desarmamento e a situac~ao atual da ci^encia. Abstract Hans Bethe talks ab out pieces of his life as a physicist, ab out the making of the atomic bomb, disarmament and the current status of science. sido convidado p elo editor. Alem disso, a entrevista Hans Bethe faz parte de um grup o restrito de fsicos publicada na Folha foi traduzida, o que a faz menos que caram para a Historia. O curioso, no caso de precisa, e leve, em alguns casos, a ordem das p erguntas Bethe, e que, ap esar de seus 90 anos, completados em invertida p or quest~oes editoriais. julho de 1996, ele ainda faz Historia. Atualmente, ele e Antes de continuar, vale descrever um p ouco como um dos lderes em estudos sobre o mecanismo de explo- foi a entrevista. Eu cheguei na sala de Hans Bethe na s~ao em sup ernovas, tendo comecado a trabalhar nesta Universidade de Cornell em Ithaca (EUA) numa terca- area cerca de vinte anos atras, numa idade em que a feira a tarde (21/05/96) e quei surpreso em v^e-lo rme maioria dos fsicos se ap osenta. e forte em seu trabalho: Bethe estava consultando uma Po de-se dizer que Bethe tornou-se uma gura tab ela com a abund^ancia dos elementos no Universo lendariadafsica, sendo o protagonista de uma serie para comparar com alguns de seus resultados. Ap e- de historias passadas de gerac~ao em gerac~ao de estu- sar de morar nos Estados Unidos desde 1935, ainda dantes. Na presente entrevista, Bethe conta o que ha mantem um forte sotaque alem~ao. Ele fala devagar, de verdade em alguns destes mitos. Ele da tambem sua dando a impress~ao de escolher cuidadosamente cada opini~ao sobre como deve ser feito o desarmamento nu- palavra. Bethe me pareceu uma p essoa extremamente clear, conta como foi a fabricac~ao da b omba e comenta mo desta e simpatica e a entrevista transcorreu como o que deve ser feito em a ci^encia ho je em dia. num b om \bate-pap o". Minha ideia original era entrevistar Hans Bethe e No que segue, apresento uma p equena biogra a de mandar o trabalho para algum jornal de grande cir- Hans Bethe e dep ois a vers~ao completa da entrevista culac~ao para que o publico leigo pudesse conhecer me- com este renomado cientista. lhor uma imp ortante gura da fsica. De fato, trechos desta entrevista foram publicados no jornal AFolha de Breve Biogra a S~ao Paulo em 28/07/96. No entanto, como foram dei- xados de lado os trechos de maior interesse para fsicos Hans Bethe nasceu na Alemanha em 2 de julho de e historiadores da fsica, acredito ser op ortuno publicar 1906. Obteve seu diploma universitario p ela Universi- aentrevista completa num veculo mais voltado para dade de Frankfurt e seu doutoramento p ela Universi- fsicos, como no presente artigo, esp ecialmente p or ter dade de Munique, aos 22 anos de idade. O tema era 144 Renato Ejnisman Bethe:Not to do anything for my health. difrac~ao de eletrons em solidos, sob a orientac~ao de ninguem menos que Sommerfeld. Em 1932, jaumreco- Prof. Bahcall from Princeton University nhecido lder da fsica, obteve uma p osic~ao na Universi- once said that you did so many things in ph- dade de Tubingen. No ano seguinte, com a ascens~ao do ysics that if he did not knowyou, he would b e nazismo, Bethe p erdeu seu cargo devido a sua origem tempted to think that you were in fact many judaica. p ersons conspiring to sign pap ers with a single Com a a juda de Sommerfeld, Bethe obteve uma name. If this were true, whichonewould b e p osic~ao na Universidade de Manchester na Inglaterra. your preferred Hans Bethe? Em 1934, receb eu uma oferta de emprego na Universi- Bethe:First of al l, I am a physicist. But, probably, my dade de Cornell (EUA), que ateent~ao n~ao fazia parte most productive years were when I was a nuclear physi- do circuito da fsica mundial. Em fevereiro de 1935, cist, especial ly when I wrote a long comprehensive paper Bethe chega a Cornell onde p ermanece ate ho je. in Reviews of Modern Physics in 1935 and 1936. Then, Bethe trabalhou em diversas areas da fsica, muitas Icontinued in nuclear physics and, in particular, I got vezes com contribuic~oes fundamentais. Ele a judou a interestedinnuclear matter in the 1950's. I triedto formar as bases da fsica nuclear teorica (principalmente prove that the forces between two nucleons are just right atraves de seu artigo na Reviews of Modern Physics nos to explain the binding energy and the density of heavier anos 30), trabalhou em fsica do estado solido, foi pi- nuclei. Wel l, I failed. But, at least, I came somewhat oneiro na criac~ao da Eletro din^amica Qu^antica (Bethe close to it. This is the theory of nuclear matter which explicou o deslo camento Lamb), fez p esquisas em fsica was started by Keith Brueckner. I think I simpli edit aplicada (p or exemplo, estudou materiais que pudessem greatly and then extended it to include the correlation ser utilizados em veculos espaciais), explicou o meca- between threenucleons. nismo de pro duc~ao de energia em estrelas (que lhe ren- deuopr^emio Nob el de 1967), entre outros feitos. Atu- People like to tell stories of hero es and some almente, Bethe trabalha com explos~oes de sup ernovas of them are very fantasized versions of what re- e astrofsica de neutrinos. ally happ ened. In the history of physics there Durante a Segunda Grande Guerra, Bethe traba- are many such stories that involveyou as a main lhou no desenvolvimento do radar e mais tarde na character. Let's talk ab out a few of them to see bricac~ao da b omba at^omica em Los Alamos. Como how they really were. For instance, it is told chefe da divi~ao de fsica teorica do Pro jeto Manhattan, that you havesolved the problem of hownuclear Bethe foi um dos pioneiros na utilizac~ao de computa- disintegrations to ok place in a trip by train and dores, ap esar de ele proprio utilizar p oucas vezes este then in a subway.Howwas that? equipamento. Apos a criac~ao da b omba, Bethe tornou- se um dos lderes da luta p elo desarmamento. Bethe Bethe: I got interested in nuclei in 1933, which was es- teve ativa participac~ao em areas so ciais, combinando sential ly fol lowing the discovery of the neutron by Chad- sua impressionante carreira em ci^encia com imp ortan- wick, and I was working together with Rudolph Peierls. tes participac~oesnavidapoltica, tendo participado de We worked very wel l together at Manchester. We once diversos comit^es norte-americanos e internacionais. went to visit the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge where Chadwick and Goldhaber have discovered the di- AEntrevista sintegration of the deuteron by gamma rays. Chadwick th chal lenged us and said: \I bet you can not make a the- You are now close to your 90 birthday and ory of this process". So, on the train back from Cam- you are still doing research, you are still one of bridge to Manchester, which took a long, long time, we the most imp ortantinvestigators in your eld. produced the theory, which was mainly based on the idea What is your secret? o . Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fsica, vol. 18, n 3, setembro, 1996 145 who knowwhy it shines. Is that true? In any that the forces between nucleons are short range. Using case, how did it feel to b e then the only p erson that theory we then also calculatedthescattering of neu- to knew why stars shine? trons by protons. That was a beautiful theory, very sim- ple. The only problem with it was that it was wrong. It gave a cross-section of 3 or 4 barns and, two years later, Bethe:The story you arereferring to is not mine. There it was shown that it is real ly about 20 barns. Now, this is a great confusion with respect to it. It was Houter- was solved by Wigner in the subway between Columbia mans who told his girlfriend that. I did not. But, wel l, University and Penn Station. Wigner suggestedthat how did it go? The ideaoftheproton-proton reaction the deuteron also had a singlet state but nobody knew was, I think, original ly due to Weiszacker but he didn't where that might belocated. One could deduce that this know how to do it. But Critch eld, who was a gradu- singlet state had a very smal l binding energy. I then put ate student at Ceorge Washington University took it up that into my Reviews of Modern Physics article and la- and said he was going to do it. Indeed, he did it and ter it was extendedbyTel ler and Schwinger and a very Gamow, who was his thesis advisor told him: \Wel l, beautiful theory came out of it.
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