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Mikronationen Ein Königreich Für Die (Eigene) Fantastik Ein Staat Hat

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Mikronationen Ein Königreich Für Die (Eigene) Fantastik Ein Staat Hat Mikronationen Ein Königreich für die (eigene) Fantastik Ein Staat hat: • ein definiertes Staatsgebiet • ein Staatsvolk • eine effektive Staatsgewalt (mit Gewaltmonopol) • die Fähigkeit, mit anderen Staaten Beziehungen zu unterhalten. • Anerkennung, UNO-Mitgliedschaft, gemeinsame Sprache(n), Staatsform, Regierungsform sind prinzipiell unerheblich (aber sehr nützlich. Die Staatenwelt heute: • Seit 2011 gibt es 193 UNO-Mitgliedsstaaten • Beobachterstatus haben außerdem: Heiliger Stuhl, EU-Kommission, Palästina, Souveräner Malteser-Ritterorden. • Nichtmitglieder, die von mind. 1 Mitgliedsstaat anerkannt sind: Taiwan, Westsahara, Kosovo, Südossetien, Abkhasien, Nordzypern. • Nicht anerkannte, aber de facto unabhängige Gebilde sind: Transnistrien, Nagorno-Karabach, Somaliland, Puntland. • Diese Staaten bedecken die gesamte Landfläche des Planeten plus der bis zu 12 Seemeilen breiten Territorialgewässer. • Die gesamte Fläche? Weiße Flecken – heutzutage? (1) • Im Antarktisvertrag von 1959 wurden sämtliche Territorialansprüche südlich des 60. Breitengrads als nicht anerkannt festgelegt. Weiße Flecken – heutzutage? (2) • Manchmal interpretieren Nachbarstaaten die Grenzziehung unterschiedlich. Dies tritt z. B. bei willkürlichen oder bei Flußgrenzen auf. Bir Tawil ist herrenlos. ‚Liberland‘ nicht ganz so. ← Ägypten/Sudan Vertragliche Grenze (linear) vs. Tatsäch- liche Verwaltungs- grenze vor Ort. → Serbien/Kroatien Flussverlauf der Donau vor und nach Begradigung Wie entsteht ein neuer Staat? • Friedliche (oder fast friedliche) Abspaltung/Trennung. Tschechien/Slowakei, Niederlande/Belgien, Serbien/Montenegro, Manche UdSSR-Nachfolgestaaten • Bewaffnete Rebellion/Bürgerkrieg/ Intervention. Panama, Südsudan, Eritrea, Nordzypern, Biafra, USA usw. • Unabhängigkeit von Kolonien - früher besonders außerhalb Europas. Biafras Unabhängigkeitskrieg Ich will Herrscher sein– aber wie? Hast Du ein Hast Du eine Bist Du bereit zum Gründe einen eigenen Riesenvermögen oder aussichtsreiche Marsch durch die Staat, in dem Du sehr einflussreiche Position in der demokratischen Herrscher bist! Thronfolge? Instanzen? skrupellose Freunde? In der Partei Söldner- oder hocharbeiten und Rebellenarmee kaufen Abwarten und Premierminister oder und Umsturz/ Monarch werden. Staatspräsident Abspaltung werden. durchführen. Harte Realität Gelebte Fantastik Warum ruft man eine (Mikro-)Nation aus? 1. Schlupfloch im Völkerrecht – Anerkennung auf dem ‚Rechtsweg‘. 2. Öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit für einen empfundenen Missstand oder aus touristischen Gründen. 3. Persönlicher Geltungsdrang. 4. Freude am Aufbau einer Modellnation, z.B. als Internetseite. 1. Schlupfloch im Völkerrecht - Beispiele • Bir Tawil unbeansprucht/ • Liberland strittig • Fürstentum Sealand künstliches ‚herrenloses‘ Territorium in internat. Gewässern • Minerva Republic Riff in intern. Gewässern, künstlich aufgeschüttet (existiert nicht mehr) Ausnutzen der Sonderstellung im Völkerrecht • Ein entsprechendes Gebiet finden und besetzen. • Reaktion des ‚umgebenen‘ Staates abwarten. • Meistens ignorieren Staaten solche Versuche als Lappalie. • Ist der umgebende Staat duldsam, kann sich solch ein Projekt als dauerhaft erweisen. • Aber: Erfolgsquote bei internationaler Anerkennung: bisher null 2. Mikronation als Werbemittel • Aufmerksamkeit erregen, indem man eine Mikronation ausruft. • Beispiele: - Bürgerinitiative gegen ein Aluminiumschmelzwerk in Neuseeland - Protest gegen ruinös geringe Weizenabnahmequoten in Australien - Waveland auf dem Rockall-Felsen durch Greenpeace - Protest gegen eine Polizeiabsperrung auf den Florida Keys - Hausbesetzer in Kopenhagen Independent State of Aramoana - 1979 - 1985 Principality of Hutt River - 1970 gegründet Waveland – 1977 proklamiert Conch Republic – 1982 gegründet Flughafen Key West Fristaden Christiania – 1971/1972 begonnen 3. Persönlicher Geltungsdrang • Der Initiator möchte seinen Bekanntheitsgrad erhöhen bzw. schaffen (Der Unterschied zu einer ‚Model Nation‘ gemäß 4. ist fließend) • Beispiele: - Empire of Atlantium (Sydney, 1981) - Republic of Molossa (Nevada, 1999) - Sovereign State of Forvik (Shetland Islands, 2008) • Es ist jeweils das Vorhaben eines Mannes, der auf diese Weise bekannt werden will. Wenn die Medien mitspielen, gelingt dies in begrenztem Umfang. 4. Modellnationen (analog Modelleisenbahnen) • Dies ist eine zurückhaltendere Version der Geltungssucht gemäß 3. • Der Initiator verfolgt das Projekt ausschließlich zur eigenen Erbauung, erfreut sich an selbst erstellten Insignien wie Flagge, Pass, Briefmarken, Banknoten, Nationalhymne usw. • Das beanspruchte Territorium ist das eigene Kinderzimmer, der Vorgarten, irgendein beliebiges Stück Land, das gesamte Universum oder ein irreales Gebilde. • Der Unterhaltungswert für den Initiator besteht in der Praxis z.B. aus dem Verkauf der selbstgefertigten Insignien, der Passkontrolle an der Zimmertür oder ähnlichem. YOU RULE! Create Your Own Country! • Das gleichnamige Kinderbuch führt in einfachen Worten durch alle Themen, die beim Erschaffen eines neuen Staats vorkommen. Übersicht über einige Mikro- nationen der Welt Sonderfall: Königreich Elleore – 1944 gegr. • Gründer: Gruppe Refendare, die schon lange utopistische Ideen hegten. • Kauf einer Insel im Roskildefjord, um dort zu zelten, zunächst im Freundeskreis, später mit Schülergruppen ihrer Schulen. • Erfindung eines fantasiereichen Königreichs mit vielen kuriosen Eigenheiten, die zumeist Zustände in Dänemark gutgelaunt karikieren. • Wahl ihres Schuldirektors zum ersten König 1945. • Regelmäßige Präsentation des „Königreichs“ in allen Klassen eines Jahrgangs der Kildegård-Schule in Kopenhagen. Königreich Elleore - heutzutage • Zeltlager – 1 Woche Anfang August in jedem Jahr (150 v. 250 Bürgern) • Prunkvoller Hofball im Festsaal der Schule – jährlich Anfang April • Info-Wochenende für interessierte Schüler im Schullandheim – ähnelt einem Pfadfinderlager – jährlich im Frühjahr • Arbeitstage nach Bedarf – z.B. Pflege des riesigen Rathauszelts, der beiden Motorboote, der Küchenutensilien • Separate Treffen des Kabinetts, des Marine-Offizierskorps, des Kronrats und weiterer Gremien • Prunkvolle Feste zu besonderen Anlässen z.B. 70 Jahre Elleore. .
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