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The Education of Non-Catholic English-Speaxing

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The Education of Non-Catholic English-Speaxing THE EDUCATION OF NON-CATHOLIC ENGLISH-SPEAXING PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDRmT IN MONTREAL A Thesis Subroitted to the Faculty of Graduate Stud.ies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Ma.ster of Arts Department of Education McGill University by Chesley Boyd Mllley Montrea~, Quebec April, 1957 PREFACE This thesis attempts to survey the conditions under which the education of Non-Catholic Englis~speaking children with serious physical handicaps, the deaf, the blind, and the crippled, is conducted in Montreal and the extent to which provision is made in the Protestant school system for children 'dth lesa serious handicaps. An effort is made, by comparison with educational provisions for similar children in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, Kansas City, Missouri, and Toronto, Ontario, to determine to what degree acceptable modern standards are met by the program in Montreal. The author is greatly indebted to Dr. G.W.H. Townsend, Principal School Medical Officer, Aylesbury, Mrs. Nelle Dabney, Director of Special Education, Kansas City, and Mr. T.H.W. Martin, Inspector of Special Education, Toronto for their co-operation in providing information pertaining to the education of physically handicapped children in these three centres, and to the principals of the Mackay School for the Deaf, Hearing Handicapped Inc., the Montreal School for the Blind, and the School for Crippled Clüldren for their assistance in the study of conditions in Montreal. ~LE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . vii Chapt er I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Statement of the Problems . 1 Significance of the Study . 1 Organization of the Thesis • . 3 Sources of Data • • • • • . • • 4 Definitions of Terms Used • • 4 II. REVIEW OF TEE LI TERA.TURE • • • • • • 6 Part I. Intelligence and Academie Achievement of Physically Handicapped Children • • • • • • • • • • • • . 7 Visually Handicapped Children 7 Children wi th Impaired Hearing . 10 Crippled Children • • • • • • . 13 Children with Defective Speech • • 14 Summary . 15 Part II. The Administration of Special Education ••••••• • • 16 The Expansion of Public School Classes • • • • • • • • • • • . 16 Typical State Programs of Special Education • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 City Programs of Special Education ••••••••• . 19 Summary • • • • • • • • • • • 21 ii Chapter Page III. DEVELOPME1iT OF MODERN ATTITUDES TOWABDS THE PHYSI CALLY HANDI CAPPED • • 22 Part I. History of Special Education • • 22 The Legacy of the Past ••• . 22 Development of Education for the Deaf 24 Development of Classes for Hard-of- Hearing Children • • • • • . Development of Education for the :Blind • • • . • • • • • • . • • . Educational Media for the Blind • • • • Development of Classes for the Partially-Sighted • • • • • • • • • • • 35 Development of Education for the Orthopedically Handicapped • • • • • • • 35 The Education of Children with Defective Speech . 39 Part II. Modern Trends in the Education of Physically Handicapped Children • • • • 43 The Influence of Modern Aims of Education •• • • • • • • • • • • . • • Broader Aims of Present Educational Programs for the Handicapped • • • • . 44 Recognition of the Necessity of Special Treatment for Atypical Child.ren • • • • 45 Handicapped Children Accepted as Primarily a Cha.ree on Educational Authori ti es • • • • • • • • • • • . Local Education Authority the Organization Beat Fitted to Provide Special Education ••••••••• • • 51 iii Chapt er Page IV. EDUCATION OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDBEN IN AYLESBURY, KANSAS CITY A1ID TORON'TO • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . 55 Part I. Aylesbury • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 Laws and Regulations Governing Special Education in Britain ••••••••• • • • 56 The School Health Service in Great Britain • 57 Provision Made for Physically Randicapped Children in Aylesbury • • • • • • • • • • • • 58 Part II. Kansas City • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 State Laws and Regulations Governing Special Education in Missouri •••• • • • 61 Admission to Classes • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 Numbers Par Class • • • . 62 Equipment of Classes • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 State Aid for Special Education • • • • • • 63 qualifications of Teachers • • • • • • • • • 64 Special Education in Kansas City . 64 Placement of Children in Special Classes . 66 The School Program . • • • • 66 Part III. Toronto • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 Provincial Laws and Regulations Governing Special Education • • • • • • • • • ••• . Types of Auxiliary Classes for Physically Handicapped Children , • • • • • • • • • 70 Admission to Auxiliary Classes . 71 Maximium Enrolment in Auxiliary Classes • • • 71 iv Chapter Page ~ua.lifications of Teachers . 72 Provincial Aid for Special Education • • • • 72 Special Education in Toronto • • • • • • • 76 Psychiatrie and Psychological Services • . 77 Classes for the Deaf and the Orthopedically Handi capped • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 Classes for Defective Speech and Hard-of- Hearing • • • • • • • • • . 78 Partially Seeing Children . 79 v. EDUCATION OF PHYSICAtLY HANDIC.APPED CHILDBEN IN MONTREAL • • • • • •• • • • • • 80 ~ne School System of ~uebec • • • • • • • • 80 Role of the Provincial Government in Protestant Education in ~uebec •• • • . Difficulty of Obtaining Legislation not in Conformi ty wi th the Wishes of the 1-!a.jori ty 82 Autonomy of Local Boards • • • • • • • • • • 83 Special Education Curtailed by the Financial Position of the Montreal Board • • • • • • • 85 The Macka.y School for Dea.f Mutes . • • 87 Present Position of the School • • • • • • 91 Education for Hearing Handicapped Children Inc. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .• : . 93 Hard-of-Hearing Children in Montreal Schools 95 The l.fontreal School for the Blind • • • • • 96 Financial Position of the School •• . 99 Difficulty of Obtaining Suitable Teachers 100 Partially-Sighted Children in Montreal Schools • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 101 v. Chapt er Page Hospitalized and Home Bound Children •• . 103 The Scho ol for Cri:ppled Children • • . • • • 104 Financial Position of the School •• • • • • • 106 Necessity of an Expa~ed Program . 109 Speech Defective Children in Montreal Schools 111 VI. SUMMA.RY . 116 Legislation and Regulations Governing the Education of Physically Handicapped Children in Missouri, Ontario and Q,uebec • • • • • • • 116 Number of Pupils in Classes for the Pbysically Handicapped • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 117 State Assistance to Classes for the Physically Handicapped • • . Education of Physically Handicapped Children in Kansas City, Toronto and Hontreal • • • • • 120 VII. COUCLUSIONS &'ID RECOlOONDATIONS . 126 Provisions for Special Education in Montreal Compare Unfavourably wi th the Programs of Kansas City and Toronto • • • • • • • • • • • 126 Difficulty of Obtaining Compulsory Legislation for Special Education in ~ebec • • • • • • • 127 Difficulties Presented by the Present Position of Special Education in Montreal • • • • • • 128 A Proposed Solution to the Problem of Special Education in Montreal •••••••••• ·~· 129 Problems Arising from a Program of Special Education Financed by the Board and Using Existing Institutions •••••••••• • • 131 Considerations of Wbat May be Involved in a Program of Special Education Financed by the Board • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 135 vi. Page BIBLIOG:RAPHY • • • • • • • • 140 APPENDIX I • • • • • • • • • • 146 APPENDIX II • • • • • • 147 .APPENDIX III • 152 APPENDIX IV • • • • • • • • • 153 vii LIST OF T.A.:BLES Table Page I. School Grade Achievement of Applicants to Gallaudet Collage on the Stanford Achievement Tests • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • 12 II. Comparison of Intelligence Test Ratings of Cerebral Palsied Children for whom Ra.tings were Determined in Five Recent Studies • • • • •••• III. Number of City School Systems in the United States Operating Classes for Physically Handicapped Children in 1914 • • • • • • • • . 16 IV. Special Education in Chicago - As of November 1954 . • . • . • .. • . • • 20 v. Schools for the Blind in Canada . 33 VI. Handicapped Pupils Requiring Education at Special Schools, Aylesbury, Jan. 31, 1956 • • • • • • • • 59 VII. Ma.ximium Number of Pupils per Class for Physically Handicapped Children, State of Missouri • • • • • 63 VIII. Maximium per Pupil Payments to Boards Conducting Special Classes, State of Missouri • • • • • • • 64 IX. Date of Organization, Classes for Physically Handicapped Children, Kansas City • • • • • • • • 65 x. Pupils in Special Classes and Annual Oost, Kansas City 1955-56 • • • • • • . • • • • . XI. Ma.:x:imium Number of Pupils per Class for Physically Randicapped Children, Province of Ontario • • • • 72 XII. Pupils in Special Classes and Annual Oost, Toronto 1955-56 • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 76 XIII. Number of Pupils Enrolled Mackay School for the Dea! 1955-56 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 91 XIV. Enrolment, Oost of Operation, Income Under ~.P.O.A., School for Crippled Children 1959-54 • • 107 XV. Percentage of Enrolment Accepted for Assistance and Income Received from the ~uebec Public Charlties Act, School for Crippled Children, 1950-54 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lOS viii Table Page XVI. Maximium Number of Physically Hand.icap!Jed Children per Teacher, Missouri, Ontario a.n.d Que bec • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 118 XVII. F1nancial Assistance Payable by Departments of Education to assist Boards in Conducting Classes for Physically Handicapped Children . 119 XVIII. Number of Pupils, Speci~l Classes for Physically Handicapped Children, Kansas City, Toronto and Montreal • • • • • • • • • 122 XIX. Per Pupil Oost of Special
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