Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. mtK Chowdhury K. Amit 2021 16, August 1 Mondal Surajit Chowdhury Kumar Amit a turning AMPHAN? in Super-cyclone catalyst a a into like cyclone act Lockdown Countrywide the Did ffce yisipc ntecat aycnen r asdo h rbbeipc fgoa warming global of impact getting probable people the the of on number of raised and study are area concerns The the Many decides squalls. coast. it or the as rotating rain on importance rapidly heavy impact paramount by its inner produce of accompanied by tropical by the is that characterized circulation, a affected which cyclones be thunderstorms atmospheric of could in the arranged of cyclone formation disturbance of level tropical spirally The intensity precursor typical low and A a a 2003). wind of rotation. with Emanuel, center solid-body strong center near (K. the low-pressure ocean in ocean near a is tropical the climate flow having occurring the and from and disturbance over high transfer metrology the originates is heat dynamical stability to primarily in the due cyclone Tropical by phenomena is driven unexplained cyclone 2003). is the Emanuel, and of K. one area 2009; is al., cyclones et tropical (Dunkerton of origin The the Introduction: in cyclonic increment a The of earth. transformation the the Keywords: of Amphan. caused budget storm that radiative super-cyclonic temperature the a surface increased into sea impact it depression increased indirect sudden have as an the have might super-cyclone to might budget attributed major This a radiative be a of lockdown. could play the to formation increase might due than the temperature concentration temperature higher on aerosol This sea-surface like much Amphan. pollutants in was cyclone criteria profile increase of super temperature lowering unexpected temperature of surface this formation the sea the that Moreover, in average suggested role the This lockdown. entire period years. five lockdown the profile last the during temperature the during fall to temperature, answer that temperature surface an indicated average of find the almost to indication increasing restricts tried the for no lockdown article known Although indicated with This emission lockdown. industrial collided Bengal. pandemic-related of West the Amphan types of during all state super-cyclone cyclone Indian super the the devastating mainly a lockdown, such hitting country-wide India, of and coast pandemic eastern CoVID-19 the Amid Abstract 5 4 3 2 1 SRNtoa hsclLbrtr,D.K rsnnMr,NwDli India Delhi, New Marg, Krishnan KS Dr. Laboratory, Physical CSIR-National et fEetia n lcrnc niern,Sho fEgneig PS Dehradun UPES, Engineering, of School Engineering, Electronics and Dehradun Electrical UPES, of Science, Dept. Heath Dehradun of UPES, School Engineering, Microbiology, of of School Environment, Dept. and Safety Heath of Dept. Ltd. Corporation Operation System Power ffiito o available not Affiliation : oI-9 okon admc uSApa;Toia Cyclone Tropical Amphan; SuCS Pandemic; Lockdown; CoVID-19; 1 1 ra Mondal Arnab , 1 ra Mondal Arnab , 2 ued Manna Suvendu , 1 ued Manna Suvendu , 1 3 alm Ghosh Paulami , 1 alm Ghosh Paulami , 4 uai Mondal Surajit , 1 and , 5 Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. uSApa a n ftems oefladdal rpclccoe hthdhtteesenpr of part eastern the hit had that cyclones tropical deadly and powerful most the of one was Amphan SuCS Amphan Super-cyclone speed wind associated their (IMD) on Department based (see Meteorological cyclones speed Indian tropical the wind The of at associated Classification drop their cyclone. pressure 1: on the Table of upon based of amount categories caused strength The warm 7 with damage the into side. areas relative to cyclones outer low-pressure classifies intense the the proportional by on directly and characterized increasing is is speed gradually cyclone eye their pressure the the of on eye with based The temperatures classified landmass. the primarily with are collision cyclones tropical Observatory; The Earth NASA (Source: Categories Terra-MODIS Cyclone from taken image Amphan cyclone https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov) Tropical 1: Figure the Figure reaching significantly. space. radiation increase from taken to solar Amphan temperature more cyclone surface in tropical ocean resulted the the of has triggered image by pandemic turn the radiation in the shows reflected which of 1 atmosphere’s ocean effect the the the of of estimated top to surface (2000) the due Ramanathan surge concentration & ocean aerosol Satheesh Indian the 1987). over Wm sea-surface Emanuel, aerosols ˜10 the A. of when presence (K. 1 the oceans ˜5% about that by the of over increases upsurge form theoretically an cyclones cyclone With 25.5 The of 2015). 2005). temperature Dare, threshold Emanuel, the (K. exceeds cyclones temperature of intensity the on -2 hc eut ntedces fsraesrahn aito y˜9Wm ˜29 by radiation reaching surface’s of decrease the in results which ylncsom(S 2–8 kmph 88 kmph – 49 62 – 31 kmph kmph 118 61 – – 89 50 kmph 221 – 119 (SuCS) storm cyclonic (VSCS) Super storm cyclonic severe Very (SCS) storm cyclonic Severe (CS) (kmph) storm Cyclonic speed 7 wind (DD) Associated depression Deep 6 (D) Depression (LPA)5 area pressure Low 4 3 2 disturbances of 1 Type No. S. : : o ntoia ca ufc eprtr,tewn pe fthe of speed wind the temperature, surface ocean tropical in C 2 o eo hc h yln osntfr Tr & (Tory form not does cyclone the which below C > < 2 kmph 222 kmph 31 al 1 Table -2 h eraei the in decrease The . ). Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 08------References 2019 - April 26 2017 May 28 (Source: 2016-2020 2016 May May of 19 month the for Bengal of Fani Bay of profile Observatuions) - temperature Earth sea-surface NASA Mean Affected Mora Areas 3: Table Roanu Reported Speed Wind Highest Dissipation 2019 of Date – Formation 2018 of Date 2017 Name Cyclone 2016 in April-May Origin of of months Year the during 2020. Bengal May of during Bay SST the of in (2016-2019) values originating years years higher the cyclones past the for tropical the to May on Pre-monsoon compared during formed 2: temperatures as being Table values sea-surface depression of lesser normal concentration of a the are from shows which SuCS also 2016-2019 the figure of and The transformation May surface. the during ocean in 30 resulted have below might remained Amphan. which 2019 CuCS recorded. the and were to intensity 2018 From compared higher 2017, of as years severe cyclones the much significant for not no 2016. hence and temperature May limited mean sea-surface was The of mean Bangladesh. impact that The and Roanu’s Lanka to CS Sri the similar of 30.3 temperature, coasts is the was 30.2 the 2020 in was 2020 May hit provided 2016 May for had data SST May kmph) during (˜85 The during sea-surface Roanu 2016-2019. SST CS of of recorded the years profile 2016, BoB year preceding temperature of the the the During profile to that temperature compared sea-surface shows as The table 2020 in April-May. given May of is during months May the temperature for (NEO). during 2016-2020 Observatory years years Earth the 5 during NASA past the the from in the taken originated to were supply Bengal 16.5 moisture of coordinates greater Bay surface certain providing of the temperature evaporation increasing sea-surface greater for The water. in responsible over are results formed warming comes this are which global and that moisture and of cyclones water change supply the constant Climate the of from below. surface. temperature comes water sea cyclones conditions warm tropical the These the of over 1996). energy from depression the al., a that et results well-known (Shetye of which is surface formation It stratification the the to near-surface the for compared strong from of ideal as in water depth formation conditions with fresh results the the salinity of Brahmaputra make in of inflow the increase aids constant rapid and which and the BoB Ganges higher precipitation in and the relatively the higher over trigger SST of movement addition, the rivers that wind In keeps Indian weaker factors 2002). that The driving (Shenoi, circulation 2014). easily the oceanic Zhang, cyclones are sluggish & humidity (Tao a cyclones and in tropical results shear of wind formation vertical Bengal the West (SST), enhance of temperature coast surface storm the Sea hit cyclonic kmph. had severe 185 Amphan very to The gusted to which decreased Bengal. Discussion: kmph West gradually 155-165 of intensity of landmass the speed the but the on at 17 (SuCS) onset intensified on kmph the it BoB north-northwestwards, 260 during southeast moving (VSCS) be over While to (SCS) 16 evening. recorded a storm of the as was morning cyclonic by originated early severe Amphan (CS) the a storm on properties. as (BoB) private cyclonic Bengal and a of public into Bay 20 the transformed south-eastern on to the Bangladesh damages over of huge (D) parts caused depression and Amphan Bengal SuCS West the in that especially havoc causing India iue2 Figure ti ut vdn httesasraetmeaueide nrae uigMy2020 May during increased indeed temperature sea-surface the that evident quite is it , º hget31.5 (highest C º hget31.65 (highest C º ;lws 28.74 lowest C; al 3 Table – – – 3 1My21 1 mhBnlds,NrhesenIda yna hra 2017 Sharma, 2018 al., et Mandal Myanmar India, Bangladesh North-eastern India, Bangladesh, of coast Eastern Lanka, Sri kmph 114 kmph 86.4 2017 May 31 2016 May 23 a 0915kp dsa etBna,Adr rds,Bnlds hua ta. 2021 al., et Chauhan Bangladesh Pradesh, Andhra Bengal, West Odisha, kmph 175 2019 May 5 º ti la rmtetbeblwta h sea-surface the that below table the from clear is It . 21.5 - N th º º ;lws 29.32 lowest C; ) ept uhsmlrte ntesea-surface the in similarities such Despite C). a 00 h aiu pe fAmphan of speed maximum The 2020. May º n 87.5 and N al 2 Table th º º 92.5 - E )wietema recorded mean the while C) a 00 twsestimated was It 2020. May it ieetccoe that cyclones different lists th º hc a vrthe over lay which E a 00adlater and 2020 May Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 4 ( 3 2016 2 Longitude 1 Latitude No. S. 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º 92.5 91.5 N 90.5 N 89.5 N 88.5 N 87.5 N 92.5 N 91.5 N 90.5 N 89.5 N 88.5 N 87.5 N 92.5 N 91.5 N 90.5 N 89.5 N 88.5 N 87.5 N 92.5 N 91.5 N 90.5 N 89.5 N 88.5 N 87.5 N 92.5 N 91.5 N 90.5 N 89.5 N 88.5 N 87.5 N 91.5 N 90.5 N 89.5 N 88.5 N 87.5 N N º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E 03 993.82.131.21 31.5 31.36 29.61 30.78 30.19 29.46 30.34 29.46 30.78 31.5 29.61 30.78 29.17 30.19 30.92 28.74 30.78 30.48 29.61 30.63 29.9 29.32 29.61 29.32 30.63 30.05 29.46 29.17 30.34 30.92 29.03 30.48 30.48 30.34 30.63 28.88 29.9 30.19 30.34 30.05 28.88 30.48 30.19 30.05 30.05 29.46 30.63 29.76 31.65 30.19 29.32 28.74 29.76 30.63 29.32 29.61 29.61 30.48 30.34 29.17 29.32 31.36 30.48 30.63 29.03 30.48 29.61 30.05 30.34 30.05 30.05 29.76 28.59 30.05 28.88 31.5 29.61 29.9 30.48 28.44 29.76 29.46 30.19 30.34 29.32 28.74 29.03 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.03 29.46 29.9 30.48 29.9 29.61 28.59 30.05 30.05 29.17 30.19 28.59 29.61 30.48 29.76 29.9 29.03 29.61 30.48 29.03 29.76 28.59 29.61 29.9 29.03 29.61 29.32 28.15 29.32 29.03 30.78 29.76 29.46 30.19 28.88 30.92 29.46 29.46 30.19 28.3 29.61 28.88 29.03 29.9 29.61 30.48 28.3 29.76 30.05 29.61 29.17 28.3 29.32 30.05 27.57 28.88 29.76 30.05 28.88 28.74 29.76 30.34 29.03 29.17 29.46 30.63 29.17 28.44 30.34 28.74 30.05 29.76 28.44 30.19 29.46 29.46 29.9 29.9 30.19 29.61 30.19 29.76 29.76 30.05 º C) 4 07( 2017 º C) 08( 2018 º C) 09( 2019 º C) 00( 2020 º C) Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. n c,wihmgthv rgee h nraeo h vrg e ufc eprtr u otedirect the to due temperature 3(a) surface water figures sea surface in average sea seen the are the be of (BC) of can increase carbons heating matter the black the particulate triggered as have of reducing such might amounts matters thereby which Particulate Decreased Sunlight (c), from 2020). 2008). and heat al., Carmichael, et Mahato absorb & of Vadrevu 2020; can inflow (Ramanathan country-wide 2020; al., the that et al., transportation, the (Karuppasamy aerosols radiative and et but drastically factories the those Singh reduced industries, changing phenomenon 2020; BoB the by natural al., of the cyclone over closure et a super the load to a concentration are Due matter into BoB particulate surface. Amphan earth’s the of the transformation over neighboring of the the an budget depressions and driven seen sub-continent had have The as Indian have might the temperature might over lockdown surface atmosphere clean. sea India the average relatively rendered in the had increasing lockdown ocean lockdown by The country-wide Amphan SuCS 3. the Table of above, from formation mentioned the on factors impact natural indirect the from imposed Lockdown were Apart lockdown and the scale Amphan over large region SuCS a 2020). same between such al., the Relationship only et in if (Zhao formed (SuCS) 2019 that super-cyclone year hPa) years to the 932 5 easily in kmph; past intensified 249.45 during have 2019; May could (April-May of BoB “Fani” months cyclone the similar for A temperature sea-surface in Variation 2: Figure 5 Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue3 Figure 16 on Bengal of Bay PM (a) 3: Figure sunlight. the from heat of absorption u oteipc fcutywd okoni India. in lockdown country-wide of impact the to due high Swain, pre-existing 4 & like Figure (Vinoj activity conditions cyclonic the aerosols The of in intensification decline warming. subsequent induced potential lockdown global 2020). the temperature and for to (OHC) blended sea-surface Content perfectly due Heat the clouds Ocean & increased oceans enhanced in change effectively of climate combined decline SST, warming sea- summer clouds substantial of the the the increment compounded and an to which aerosols while due ˜30% both by clean of loading cyclone. relatively concentrations aerosol the ˜1–2 rendered of to by lowering moisture was temperature consequent of surface BoB and supply helps activities the constant which anthropogenic the sunlight) over the restrict reflect regular atmosphere aerosols would to fewer During which the (ability hence cooler down albedo Therefore, which 2017). gone little high an have atmosphere a very al., emissions water have having the PM et the Clouds lockdown to into matter keeping of (Sen formation. known in particulate aerosols result Bengal cloud a of is more for as of lot available but water introduces Bay were clouds a matter in of the conditions, formation particulate dissolved to normal the of gets helps Under plain availability which Indo-Gangetic 2015). greater matter the (McNeill, conditions particulate from clouds Amphan. simultaneously the transported of (SuCS) and formation storm gets that (D) cyclonic depression the fact super a on well-known a of impact into origin a escalated of is day later which the It on (CS) Bengal storm of cyclonic Bay a the into over transforming anomaly SST and ature hw h o-hr eitn h rbbefraino uSApa hc ih aeresulted have might which Amphan SuCS of formation probable the depicting flow-chart the shows eit h rcniin fpriuaemtes(PM matters particulate of preconditions the depicts 2.5 b S;()PM (c) SST; (b) ; th a 00(ore https://earth.nullschool.net) (source: 2020 May º scmae otepeeigya Vnj&San 00.Tedciei the in decline The 2020). Swain, & (Vinoj year preceding the to compared as C 10 d S nml ntedySC omto okpaeoe the over place took formation SuCS day the on Anomaly SST (d) ; 6 2.5 n PM and 10 ln ihsasraetemper- sea-surface with along ) Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hi est tp:/asmidgvi/ uhr ol lolk oakoldethe acknowledge ECMWF to + like Commission also European would Authors https://mausam.imd.gov.in/. website (IMD), their Department India Meteorological and of Indian lockdown Govt the related acknowledge CoVID-19 gratefully that Authors Amphan. pointed super-cyclone also a article of major cyclogenesis This temperature the that the of Acknowledgement surface one cyclone. pressure boosted sea be have super air average could would This low a on changes of of environmental data temperature. the highest related formation genesis year’s the of five the the had temperature session last accelerating for monsoon surface The in reasons 2020 the role the cyclone. during enhanced vital that super a had clouds. indicated a played of have into formation have might transformed the might atmosphere eventually would restricting factors reasons air the by the These inflow cycles in the of hydrological in matter one ocean. earth’s matter be particulate the particulate could less of of which This loss functioning Also, 2020 Sudden temperature. normal May surface the storm-Amphan. in sea cyclonic affects increased average have super year’s temperature of five surface formation last the sea the for average sea-surface than the average higher the that much decrease noted was activities was anthropogenic it in However, restrictions related, temperature. CoVID-19 the to due Ideally, Amphan SuCS of formation probable Conclusion the depicting chart Flow 4: Figure o h nomto ntetoia ylnsipcigIdaadnihoigntosthrough nations neighboring and India impacting cyclones tropical the on information the for o h atclt atrdt and data matter particulate the for 7 SI KMtOc GHRSST + Office Met UK / OSTIA iityo at Sciences, Earth of Ministry AS/Cpriu / Copernicus / CAMS Posted on Authorea 16 Aug 2021 — CC-BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162912528.89970116/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. . hdr . aaa uai . uia,J . ua,M,...Mna,T .(07.Variations (2017). K. T. A. Mandal, Khan, K., . . Kumar, . S., M., Ghosh, Kumar, R., Chat- C., Gadi, A., J. P., M. P. Kuniyal, Bhat, Dhyani, K., T., A., Kumari, Banerjee, the Dhir, iA., Maharaj of T., M. 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