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Abbreviations Abbreviations EWj English Woman'sjournal HWS Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage (eds), History of Woman Suffrage (vols I-IV, Rochester, 1881-1902), reprinted New York, 1969 MR Monthly Repository NAW Edward T.James,Janet W.James and Paul S. Boyer (eds), Notable American Women: a Biographical Dictionary, 3 vo1s, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971 NMW New Moral World PP Parliamentary Papers Notes and References INTRODt'CTION I. The Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary gives as the first usage of the word: 'Daily News, 12 Octoher 1894 "What our Paris correspondent descrihes as a 'Feminist' group is being formed in the French Chamher of Deputies" '; for the French use of the word, see TrelO,. de ta Irm~uefrlm({/i.If, vol. 8, Paris, 1980. 2. See Gerda Lerner's contrihution to Ellen DuBois, Mari Jo Buhle, Temma Kaplan, Gerda Lerner and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, 'Politics and culture in women's history: a symposium', Feminist Studies, 6 (Spring 1980),26-63; see also, among many items, G. Lerner, The Majority Finds its Past. Placing Women in History (N ew York, 1979); B. A. Carroll (ed.), Liberating Women's History (Urbana, Illinois, 1976), especially the essays in Part I; Juliet Mitchell, 'Women and equality' in A. Oakley and Juliet Mitchell, (eds), The Rights and Wrongs of Women (London, 1976). For other references, see the Bibliography. 3. The best starting point on this issue remains M. Anderson, Approaches to the History of the Western Family 1.500-1914 (London, 1980); see also M. W. Flinn, The European Demographic System, 1.500-1820 (Brighton, 1981); .I. L. Flandrin, Families in Former Times Kinship, Household and Sexuality (Cambridge, 1979); Louise Tilly and Joan Scott, f1/omen, Work and Family (New York, 1978). 4. On the legal situation of women see Lee Holcombe, Wives and Property. Reform ofthe Married Women '.I Property Law in Nineteenth Century England (Oxford, 1983), Chs 2-3; R. B. Morris, 'Women's rights in early American law', in Studies in the History of American Law (1958; reprinted New York, 1974); L. Abensour, Lafemme et leflminisme avant la revolution (Paris, 1923), Ch. I. 5. See Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1.500-1800 (London, 1977); E. Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975). For other comparative studies offeminism in this period, SCI' the Bibliography. I. THE ENI.IGHTEC'lMEC'lT AC'lD THE NAn'RE OF WOMEC'I I. See, for brief and rather favourable discussions in English, D. Williams, 'The politics of feminism in the French Enlightenment', in The Varied Pattern. Studies in the Eighteenth Century (Toronto, 1971); Abby R. Kleinbaum, 'Women in an age oflight', in R. Bridenthal and C. Koonz (eds), Becoming Visible: Women in European history (Boston, 1977). For more thorough examinations of the subject, see L. Abensour, Lafemme et Ie ftminisme avant la Revolution (Paris, 1923); P. Hoffmann, Lafemme dam la pensee des lumieres (Paris, 1977). Useful collections of essays include EvaJacobs, W. H. Barber, Jean H. Bloch, F. W. Leakey and Eileen Le Breton (eds), Woman and Society in Eighteenth-centu~v France. EHays in honour of John Stephenson Spink (London, 1979); Paul Fritz and Richard NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 327 Martin, Woman in the Eighteenth Century and Other Essays (Toronto, 1976); Transactions of the Fifth International Congress on the Enlightenment, Vol. IV, Section 18, 'The portrayal and condition of women in eighteenth century literature', in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 193, (1980). 2. See G. Schochet, Patriarchalism in Political Thought. The Authoritarian Fami(v and Political Speculation and Attitudes, especialry in seventeenth century England (Oxford, 1975), Chs IV, V, VII and VIII. 3. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, P. Laslett (ed.) (Mentoredn. 1965). Book II, Ch. VI, 'Of Paternal Power'; Schochet, Patriarchalism, Chs XIII and XIV. 4. Samuel von Pufendorf, The Whole Duty of Man according to the law of nature, fifth edn translated by Andrew Tooke (London, 1735), p. 4. 5. Ibid., p. 196. 6. Locke, Two Treatises, p. 353. 7. W. Wollaston, The Religion of Nature Delineated (London, 1724), p. 159. 8. F. Hutcheson, A System of Moral Philosophy, 2 vols (London, 1755), II, pp. I 52ff. 9. Samuel von Pufendorf, Le droit de la nature et des gens . .. , trans. Jean Barbeyrac, second edn, 2 vols (Amsterdam, 1712). Vol. II, p. 169 n. 3. Quoted in James F. Traer, Marriage and the Famiry in Eighteenth-century France (Ithaca, 1980), p. 50 n. 4. 10. Voltaire, Dictionnnaire Philosophique, Oeuvres completes, ... 54 vols (Paris, 1877-85), Arts. 'Adultere', Vol. XVII, pp. 6:'r-73; 'Divorce', Vol. XVIII, pp. 409-11. II. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, E. C. Mossner (ed.) (Harmondsworth, 1969), p. 629. ' 12. Ibid., p. 621. 13. Ibid., p. 418. 14. Montesquieu, The Persian Letters, ed. and trans . ./. R. Loy (New York, 1961), p.27. 15. See R. O'Reilly, 'Montesquieu: anti-feminist', Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 102 (1973), 143-56; Sheila Mason, 'The riddle of Roxane', in Jacobs et al. (eds), Woman and Society in Eighteenth-century France. 16. Voltaire, Dictionnaire Philosophique, Oeuvres, XIX, 'Femme' pp. 9:'r-I04, 'Homme', pp.373-85. 17. Rousseau 'Letter to M. O'Alembert on the Theatr.. ·. in Allan Bloom (ed.). Politics and the Arts (New York, 1977), p. 87. For Rousseau's views on the position of women and their influence, see S. M. Okin, Women in Western Political Thought (Princeton, 1979): Judith Shklar, Men and Citizens: a study of Rousseau's social theory (London, 1969); Victor G. Wexler, 'Made for Man's Delight': Rousseau as anti­ feminist', American Historical Review, 81 ( 1976), 226--91 ;Jean H. Bloch, 'Women andlhe Reform of the Nation', and P. D. Jimack, 'The paradox of Sophie and Julie: contemporary response to Rousseau's ideal wife and ideal mother', both inJacobset al. (eds) Woman and Societv in Ei.~hteenth-centurv France; Ruth Graham, 'Rousseau's Sexism Revolutionised', in Fritz and Morton (ed~), Woman in the Eighteenth CentUl~v;Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public .Han, Private Woman. Women in Social and Polilical Thoughl (Oxford, 1981), Ch. 4: Zillah Eisenstein, The Radiwl Fuluu ofl.iheral Femini,lm (New York, 1981), pp.5:'r-88. 18. Rousseau, Emile ou de IfduCfllion, Book v, and Emile el Sophie ou le,\ IOlilairel. Oeuvre,l completes, 4 vols (Paris. 1969), Vol. IV. 19. Jean H. Bloch, 'Women and the Reform of the ;\lation', in./acohs et al. (eds), Woman and Society in Eighteenth-century France, passim. 20. Mme Brulart de Genlis, Adelaide and Theodore; or Letter.1 on f.·ducation containing all the principles relevant to three different plans of education; to that ofprinces. and to those ofyoung penons of both sexes, trans. from the French, 3 vols (London, 1783), Vol. III, p. 46. 21. Catherine Macaulay, Letters on Education, with observations on religious and mflaphysical subjects (London, 1790) p. ii. 328 NOTES TO CH.WTER I 22. Ibid., Letters XXI-XXIV, pp. 198-223 are relevant. 23. Diderot, 'Sur les femmes', and 'Supplement au voyage de BougainviIIe', Oeuvres completes, 20 vols (Paris, 1875-7), vol II. For Diderot's views on women, see R. Niklaus, 'Diderot and women' and Eva Jacobs, 'Diderot and the ed ucation ofgirls', in Jacobs et al. (eds), Woman and Society in eighteenth-century France; A. M. Wilson, , "Treated like Imbecile Children" (Diderot): the Enlightenment and the status of women', in Fritz and Morton (eds), Woman in the Eighteenth Century; Adriana Sfagaro, 'La representation de la femme chez Diderot', Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 193 (1980), 1893-9. 24. Jacobs, 'Diderot and the education of girls'. 25. D'Holbach, Systeme Social, ou principes nature/s de la morale et de la politique avec un examen de I'influence du gouvernement sur les moeurs, 3 vols (London 1873; reprinted New York, 1969), Vol. ii, Chs IX-XII: Ethorratif ou [I' gOUVfrllflllfllt fOlld; Jur [a lIIora[f (Amsterdam, 1776; reprinted Paris, 1966), pp. 104-6, 197ff. 26. D'Holbach, Ethocratie, p. 105. 27. D'Helvetius, A Treatise on Man . .. , trans. W. Hooper, 2 vols (London, 1777), II pp. 266-8. His ideas are discussed in D. M. Smith, He[vhiu.I. A .1/Ut{V in peneeutian (Oxford, 1965), Chs 14 and 15; ElizabethJ. Gardner, 'The Philosophes and women: sensationalism and sentiment', in Jacobs et at. (eds), Woman and Socie~v in Eighteenth­ century France. 28. See the excellent discussion of these themes in Marilyn ButIer,Jane Austen and the War rif Ideas (Oxford, 1975), Ch. I 29. Montesquieu, The Spiritrifthe Laws, trans. Thomas Nugent, ed. Franz Neumann (Hafner edn, New York, 1949), p. 103. 30. Ibid., p. 252. 31. Ibid., p. 257. 32. Adam Smith, Lectures onJurisprudence, eds R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael, P. G. Stein, (Oxford, 1978), pp. 14-16; for Smith's discussions of marriage and the condition of women, see pp. 141-72, 439-48. For a general discussion of this theme, see S. Pembroke, 'The early human family: some views, 1770-1870', in R. R. Bolgar (ed.), Ciassicallrifluenceson Western Thought, A.D. 1650-1870 .... (Cambridge, 1979); R. Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 166-70. 33. Adam Ferguson, Essay on the History rif Civil Society, 1767, ed. D. Forbes (Edinburgh, 1966), pp. 125-6. 34. W. Robertson, History of America, The Works rif William Robertson D.D., 12 vols (London, 1817), Vol. IV, p. 103. 35. John Millar, The Origin ofthe Distinction ofRanks (Edinburgh, 1779), reprinted in W. C. Lehmann, John Millar of Glasgow, 173.1-1801. His Life and Thought and his Contribution to Sociological Anarysis (Cambridge, 1960), p. 176. 36. Ibid., p.
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