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Pursuit of Genius: Flexner, Einstein, and the Early Faculty at the Institute
i i i i PURSUIT OF GENIUS i i i i i i i i PURSUIT OF GENIUS Flexner, Einstein,and the Early Faculty at the Institute for Advanced Study Steve Batterson Emory University A K Peters, Ltd. Natick, Massachusetts i i i i i i i i Editorial, Sales, and Customer Service Office A K Peters, Ltd. 5 Commonwealth Road, Suite 2C Natick, MA 01760 www.akpeters.com Copyright ⃝c 2006 by A K Peters, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy- ing, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Batterson, Steve, 1950– Pursuit of genius : Flexner, Einstein, and the early faculty at the Institute for Advanced Study / Steve Batterson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 13: 978-1-56881-259-5 (alk. paper) ISBN 10: 1-56881-259-0 (alk. paper) 1. Mathematics–Study and teaching (Higher)–New Jersey–Princeton–History. 2. Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, N.J.). School of Mathematics–History. 3. Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, N.J.). School of Mathematics–Faculty. I Title. QA13.5.N383 I583 2006 510.7’0749652--dc22 2005057416 Cover Photographs: Front cover: Clockwise from upper left: Hermann Weyl (1930s, cour- tesy of Nina Weyl), James Alexander (from the Archives of the Institute for Advanced Study), Marston Morse (photo courtesy of the American Mathematical Society), Albert Einstein (1932, The New York Times), John von Neumann (courtesy of Marina von Neumann Whitman), Oswald Veblen (early 1930s, from the Archives of the Institute for Advanced Study). -
Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The Gender Gap in Mathematical and Natural Sciences from a Historical Perspective Conference or Workshop Item How to cite: Barrow-Green, June; Ponce Dawson, Silvina and Roy, Marie-Françoise (2019). The Gender Gap in Mathematical and Natural Sciences from a Historical Perspective. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians - 2018 (Sirakov, Boyan; Ney de Souza, Paulo and Viana, Marcelo eds.), World Scientific, pp. 1073–1092. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Accepted Manuscript Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1142/11060 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk P. I. C. M. – 2018 Rio de Janeiro, Vol. (1073–1068) 1 THE GENDER GAP IN MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL 2 SCIENCES FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3 J B-G, S P D M-F R 4 5 Abstract 6 The panel organised by the Committee for Women in Mathematics (CWM) 7 of the International Mathematical Union (IMU) took place at the International nd 8 Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) on August 2 , 2018. It was attended by about 9 190 people, with a reasonable gender balance (1/4 men, 3/4 women). The panel was 10 moderated by Caroline Series, President of the London Mathematical Society and 11 Vice-Chair of CWM. -
ITS FIRST FIFTY YEARS Carl Β
THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA: ITS FIRST FIFTY YEARS Carl Β. Boyer Brooklyn College, CUNY Richard W. Feldmann Lycoming College Harry M. Gehman SUN Yat Buffalo Phillip S. Jones University of Michigan Kenneth O. May University of Toronto Harriet F. Montague SUNYat Buffalo Gregory H. Moore University of Toronto Robert A. Rosenbaum Wesleyan University Emory P. Starke Rutgers University Dirk J. Struik Massachusetts Institute of Technology THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA: ITS FIRST FIFTY YEARS Kenneth O. May, editor University of Toronto, Canada Published and distributed by The Mathematical Association of America Copyright 1972 by THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA (INCORPORATED) PREFACE The fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Mathematical Association of America was celebrated at the 1965 summer meeting at Cornell University [MONTHLY 72, 1053-1059]. The invited addresses on that occasion dealing with the past, present, and future of the Association and of mathematics, were published in the fiftieth anniversary issue [MONTHLY 74, Num. !, Part II] under the editorship of Carl B. Allendoerfer. The historical addresses by A. A. Bennett, R. A. Rosenbaum, W. L. Duren, Jr., and P. S. Jones whetted appetites for a more complete story of the Association. Early in 1966, on a recommendation of the Committee on Publications, President R. L. Wilder appointed a Committee on the Preparation of a Fifty-Year History of the Association consisting of Carl B. Boyer, Kenneth O. May (Chairman), and Dirk J. Struik. An appropriation of one thousand dollars was set aside to meet incidental expenses. The Committee began its work with very ambitious plans, hoping to get financial support for interviewing older members of the Association and the preparation of special studies on particular aspects of the Association's work. -
EPADEL a Semisesquicentennial History, 1926-2000
EPADEL A Semisesquicentennial History, 1926-2000 David E. Zitarelli Temple University An MAA Section viewed as a microcosm of the American mathematical community in the twentieth century. Raymond-Reese Book Company Elkins Park PA 19027 Author’s address: David E. Zitarelli Department of Mathematics Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19122 e-mail: [email protected] Copyright © (2001) by Raymond-Reese Book Company, a division of Condor Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photography, recording, or any information storage retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Permissions, Raymond-Reese Book Company, 307 Waring Road, Elkins Park, PA 19027. Printed in the United States of America EPADEL: A Sesquicentennial History, 1926-2000 ISBN 0-9647077-0-5 Contents Introduction v Preface vii Chapter 1: Background The AMS 1 The Monthly 2 The MAA 3 Sections 4 Chapter 2: Founding Atlantic Apathy 7 The First Community 8 The Philadelphia Story 12 Organizational Meeting 13 Annual Meeting 16 Profiles: A. A. Bennett, H. H. Mitchell, J. B. Reynolds 21 Chapter 3: Establishment, 1926-1932 First Seven Meetings 29 Leaders 30 Organizational Meeting 37 Second Meeting 39 Speakers 40 Profiles: Arnold Dresden, J. R. Kline 48 Chapter 4: Émigrés, 1933-1941 Annual Meetings 53 Leaders 54 Speakers 59 Themes of Lectures 61 Profiles: Hans Rademacher, J. A. Shohat 70 Chapter 5: WWII and its Aftermath, 1942-1955 Annual Meetings 73 Leaders 76 Presenters 83 Themes of Lectures 89 Profiles: J. -
Officers and Lecturers of the Society Presidents Secretaries Treasurers
BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 81, Number 6, November 1975 OFFICERS AND LECTURERS OF THE SOCIETY PRESIDENTS J. H. Van Amringe, 1889-1890 A. B. Coble, 1933-1934 J. E. McClintock, 1891-1894 Solomon Lefschetz, 1935-1936 G. W. Hill, 1895-1896 R. L. Moore, 1937-1938 Simon Newcomb, 1897-1898 G. C. Evans, 1939-1940 R. S. Woodward, 1899-1900 Marston Morse, 1941-1942 E. H. Moore, 1901-1902 M. H. Stone, 1943-1944 T. S. Fiske, 1903-1904 T. H. Hildebrandt, 1945-1946 W. F. Osgood, 1905-1906 Einar Hille, 1947-1948 H. S. White, 1907-1908 J. L. Walsh, 1949-1950 Maxime Bôcher, 1909-1910 John von Neumann, 1951-1952 H.B. Fine, 1911-1912 G. T. Whyburn, 1953-1954 E. B. Van Vleck, 1913-1914 R. L. Wilder, 1955-1956 E. W. Brown, 1915-1916 Richard Brauer, 1957-1958 L.E.Dickson, 1917-1918 E. J. McShane, 1959-1960 Frank Morley, 1919-1920 Deane Montgomery, 1961-1962 G. A. Bliss, 1921-1922 J. L. Doob, 1963-1964 Oswald Veblen, 1923-1924 A. A. Albert, 1965-1966 G. D. Birkhoff, 1925-1926 C.B. Morrey, Jr., 1967-1968 Virgil Snyder, 1927-1928 Oscar Zariski, 1969-1970 E. R. Hedrick, 1929-1930 Nathan Jacobson, 1971-1972 L. P. Eisenhart, 1931-1932 Saunders Mac Lane, 1973-1974 Lipman Bers, 1975-1976 SECRETARIES T. S. Fiske, 1888-1895 E. G. Begle, 1951-1956 F. N. Cole, 1896-1920 J. W. Green, 1957-1966 R. G. D. Richardson, 1921- 1940 Everett Pitcher, 1967- J. R. Kline, 1941-1950 TREASURERS T. -
University of S˜Ao Paulo School of Economics
UNIVERSITY OF SAO˜ PAULO SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ECONOMIC THEORY History of the Calculus of Variations in Economics Hist´oria do C´alculo Variacional em Economia Vin´ıcius Oike Reginatto Prof. Dr. Pedro Garcia Duarte SAO˜ PAULO 2019 Prof. Dr. Vahan Agopyan Reitor da Universidade de S˜ao Paulo Prof. Dr. F´abio Frezatti Diretor da Faculdade de Economia, Administra¸c˜ao e Contabilidade Prof. Dr. Jos´eCarlos de Souza Santos Chefe do Departamento de Economia Prof. Dr. Ariaster Baumgratz Chimeli Coordenador do Programa de P´os-Gradua¸c˜ao em Economia VIN´ICIUS OIKE REGINATTO HISTORY OF THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS IN ECONOMICS Disserta¸c˜ao apresentada ao Programa de P´os-Gradua¸c˜ao em Economia do Departa- mento de Economia da Faculdade de Econo- mia, Administra¸c˜ao e Contabilidade da Uni- versidade de S˜ao Paulo, como requisito par- cial para a obten¸c˜ao do t´ıtulo de Mestre em Ciˆencias Orientador: Prof. Dr. Pedro Garcia Duarte VERSAO˜ ORIGINAL SAO˜ PAULO 2019 Ficha catalográfica Elaborada pela Seção de Processamento Técnico do SBD/FEA com os dados inseridos pelo(a) autor(a) Reginatto, Vinícius Oike Reginatto. History of the Calculus of Variations in Economics / Vinícius Oike Reginatto Reginatto. - São Paulo, 2019. 94 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade de São Paulo, 2019. Orientador: Pedro Garcia Duarte Duarte. 1. History of Economic Thought in the 20th Century. 2. Calculus of Variations. I. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade. II. Título. AGRADECIMENTOS Agrade¸co ao professor Pedro Garcia Duarte pela orienta¸c˜ao neste t´opico bastante instigante, que conciliou muitos dos meus interesses em economia. -
A Short History of the University of Kentucky
1 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS Dedicated to the Memory of Wimberly C. Royster and of his sixty years of service to the Department of Mathematics, to the University, and to the people of Kentucky Introduction These notes grew out of a 2012 luncheon hosted by Wimberly Royster at which he proposed to a few members of the UK Mathematics community that consideration be given to the writing of a Departmental History. Much of what I have included is the result of my own recollections and information garnered from many conversations with faculty members - both active and retired - and especially with Dr. Royster whose career spanned more than half the Department’s modern history. Information about the early history of the American Mathematical Community was obtained on-line and from publications of the American Mathematical Association. I have also benefited enormously from the treasure of information available in the University of Kentucky archives. Like a life lived, the UK Department of Mathematics has enjoyed periods of great success and risen from staggering defeat. Accounts of both are included, fairly I hope. Beginning in 1865 the University of Kentucky offered a bare-bones mathematical program that hardly changed until 1912. And for most of that period the courses were delivered by one professor, James G. White, and the mathematical monotony of that period suggested 1912 as a reasonable starting point for this work. 1. The Early Years: 1912-1931 In 1913, the year of his death, James G. White, professor of mathematics and astronomy, completed forty-five years of unbroken service to the University of Kentucky (then known as the State College of Kentucky), including other administrative duties such as Dean of Men and acting President. -
Biennial Overview of AMS Honors
FROM THE AMS SECRETARY Biennial Overview of AMS Honors Every two years, the Notices, as the Society’s journal of record, pub- lishes an overview of AMS honors. In this section, we list the special lectures, prizes, awards, and fellowships; give brief descriptions of each; and provide links for further information, including past re- cipients and lecturers. The Society governance consists of the Officers (President, three Vice Presidents, Secretary, four Associate Secretaries, Treasurer, and Associate Treasurer), the Council, Executive Committee of the Coun- cil, and Board of Trustees. You may find information about Society governance at www.ams.org/governance, which includes links to books that chronicle the history of the AMS: A Semicentennial History of the American Mathematical Society, 1888–1938, by Raymond Clare Archibald, and History of the Second Fifty Years, American Mathematical Society, 1939–1988, by Everett Pitcher. We begin with a list of past presidents, treasurers, and secretaries. Carla D. Savage, AMS Secretary DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1090/noti 1941 1706 NOTICES OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 66, NUMBER 10 FROM THE AMS SECRETARY Presidents Treasurers 2019–2020 Jill C. Pipher 2011–2021 Jane M. Hawkins 2017–2018 Kenneth A. Ribet 1949–1950 Joseph Leonard Walsh 1999–2010 John M. Franks 2015–2016 Robert L. Bryant 1947–1948 Einar Hille 1974–1998 Franklin P. Peterson 2013–2014 David A. Vogan, Jr. 1945–1946 Theophil Henry 1965–1973 W. T. Martin 2011–2012 Eric M. Friedlander Hildebrandt 1949–1964 A. E. Meder, Jr. 2009–2010 George E. Andrews 1943–1944 Marshall Harvey Stone 1938–1948 B. -
Part I: 1865-1898
MATHEMATICS AT CORNELL MATHEMATICS AT CORNELL: STORIES AND CHARACTERS, 1865—1965 PART I: 1865-1898 PART I: 1865—1898, THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS PREAMBLE CHAPTER I: BEFORE CORNELL, 1800—1867 I.1 THREE EUROPEAN SCIENTISTS I.2 SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE 1870 I.3 THE FOUNDERS CHAPTER II: THE EARLY YEARS, 1868—1878 II.1 THE OPENING OF CORNELL II.2 THE DEPARTMENT OF E.W. EVANS, Z.H. POTTER AND H.T. EDDY II.3 THE DEPARTMENT OF J.E. OLIVER, G.W. JONES AND L.A. WAIT II.4 THE FIRST STUDENTS CHAPTER III: TRANSITION, 1879—1887 III.1 JAMES EDWARD OLIVER (ALMOST SACKED) III.2 ABRAM ROGER BULLIS (1854—1928) III.3 ARTHUR STAFFORD HATHAWAY (1858—1934) III.4 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY III.5 TOWARDS A GRADUATE PROGRAM INTERMEZZO: ROLLIN ARTHUR HARRIS (1863—1918) CHAPTER IV: THE BIRTH OF THE GRADUATE PROGRAM, 1888—1898 IV.1 THE RISE OF A COMMUNITY IV.2 GÖTTINGEN AND THE MATHEMATICAL CLUB IV.3 THE DEATHS OF JAMES OLIVER AND ERNST RITTER IV.4 MATHEMATICS AND CORNELL’S FOUNDING IDEAS MATHEMATICS AT CORNELL The Ithaca Journal, January 1st 18281 Beneath our feet the village lies, Above, around, on either side Improvements greet us far and wide. Here Eddy’s factory appears, First of the hardy pioneers. Yes, Ithaca, where from this brow I gaze around upon you, now I see you not as first I knew. Your dwellings, humble, how and few, Your chimney smokes I then could count; But now my eyes cannot surmount The splendid walls that meet the eye And mock my early memory. -
Appendix: a Selection of Documents1
APPENDIX: A SELECTION OF DOCUMENTS1 1) A letter from Felix Klein to Heinrich von Mühler, the Prussian Minister of Religious, Educational, and Medical Affairs (Minister of Culture).2 Your Excellency, Düsseldorf – December 19, 1870 In a request dated March 7th of this year, I took the liberty of asking for diplomatic recommendations to travel to France and England for the purpose of undertaking a scientific trip. At the same time, I had offered to submit reports on the conditions of mathematics in these countries upon my return. On March 26th, I was fortunate enough to receive a reply from your Excellency (U 7737) to the effect that the diplomatic recommendations in question had been granted to me, and that your Excellency would be pleased to receive reports on the present state of French and English mathematics. Under the prevailing conditions, unfortunately, the trip could not be underta- ken in the way that I intended. My stay in Paris, where I had arrived on April 19th, was suddenly interrupted by the declaration of war on July 16th. I rushed home (Düsseldorf) and, because I was deemed unfit for military service at the moment by the relevant authorities, I joined an association for voluntary medical care, which had meanwhile been established in Bonn. As a member of this association, I spent the period from August 16th to October 2nd, when I was discharged to re- turn home on account of my poor health, in the theater of war. Having only recently recovered, I did not want to make the trip to England because of the time that I had lost. -
CWM Panel and Reception
CWM Panel and Reception Thursday 2 August Room 204 A/B/C 18:00-20:30 All welcome PANEL 18:00-19:30 The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective Moderator: Caroline Series (Warwick Univ, UK, CWM Vice-Chair) 18:00 Introduction 18:05-18:15 Marie-Francoise Roy, (Univ. Rennes, France, CWM Chair) Presenting the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics 18:15-18:40 June Barrow-Green (Open University, UK) Historical context of the gender gap in mathematics 18:45-19:10 Silvina Ponce-Dawson (Univ. Buenos Aires, Argentina) The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Working Group on Women in Physics: Activities and perspectives 19:15-19:30 General discussion RECEPTION 19:30-20:30 Event organized by the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics Historical Context of the Gender Gap in Mathematics June Barrow-Green The Open University, UK ICM 2018 Rio de Janeiro 2 August 2018 Maria Agnesi (1718–1799) In 1750 appointed to chair of mathematics in Bologna. Agnesi never went to Bologna but her name remained on the rolls of the university for 45 years. 1748 1801 18th–19th Century Women Mathematicians Ada Lovelace Mary Somerville (1815–1852) (1780–1872) Élisabeth Ferrand Émilie du Châtelet (1700–1752) (1706–1749) “Mlle Ferrand méditant sur Newton” Mary Somerville and the Royal Society • First woman to publish experimental results in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society • First (and only) woman to have her bust placed in the great hall of the Royal Society Women not admitted as Fellows of the Royal Society -
Sor Raymond Garver. (Abstract No
1932.] INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AT ZURICH 769 77. Concerning the limits of a measure of skewness, by Profes sor Raymond Garver. (Abstract No. 38-9-213-/.) 78. Concerning the mapping of locally connected continua on to simple arcs, Preliminary communication, by Miss Beatrice Aitchison. (Abstract No. 38-11-231.) M. H. INGRAHAM, Associate Secretary INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MATHEMATICIANS, ZURICH, 1932 BY R. G. D. RICHARDSON Mathematicians from 37 countries to the number of approxi mately 650 together with 250 members of their families assem bled in Zurich, Switzerland, for the Congress held September 4-12. As would be expected, the largest delegation of partici pants was from Switzerland (140), followed in order by Ger many (111), France (68), United States and Canada (68), Italy (63), and Great Britain (38). The total attendance from this country and Canada, including members of the families of the active participants, was 104. Harvard and Brown had the largest delegations, there being four mathematicians from each. Among those who attended were the following 68 mathe maticians : C. R. Adams, R. B. Adams, J. W. Alexander, R. C. Archibald, I. A. Bar- nett, Garrett Birkhoff, H. F. Blichfeldt, D. G. Bourgin, R. W. Brink, W. D. Cairns, L. D. Cummings, L. L. Dines, H. L. Dorwart, H. T. Engstrom, F. J. Feinler, A. L. Foster, O. E. Glenn, M. C. Graustein, W. C. Graustein, Margaret Gurney, Einar Hille, T. R. Hollcroft, A. E. Holman, Charles Hopkins, W. A. Hurwitz, B. O. Koopman, A. M. Lehr, Florence Lewis, R. G. Lubben, E. M. Luse, Wilhelm Maier, T. E.