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Millicent Fawcett from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Millicent Fawcett From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett, GBE (11 June 1847 – 5 August 1929) was an English feminist, intellectual, political and union leader, and writer. She is primarily known for her work as a campaigner for women to have Millicent Fawcett the vote. GBE As a suffragist (as opposed to a suffragette), she took a moderate line, but was a tireless campaigner. She concentrated much of her energy on the struggle to improve women's opportunities for higher education and in 1875 cofounded Newnham College, Cambridge.[1] She later became president of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (the NUWSS), a position she held from 1897 until 1919. In July 1901 she was appointed to lead the British government's commission to South Africa to investigate conditions in the concentration camps that had been created there in the wake of the Second Boer War. Her report corroborated what the campaigner Emily Hobhouse had said about conditions in the camps. Contents 1 Early life 2 Married life 3 Later years 4 Political activities Born Millicent Garrett 5 Works 11 June 1847 6 See also Aldeburgh, England, United Kingdom 7 References 8 Archives Died 5 August 1929 (aged 82) 9 External links London, England, United Kingdom Nationality British Occupation Feminist, suffragist, union leader Early life Millicent Fawcett was born on 11 June 1847 in Aldeburgh[2] to Newson Garrett, a warehouse owner from Leiston, Suffolk, and his wife, Louisa née Dunnell (1813–1903), from London.[3][4] The Garrett ancestors had been ironworkers in East Suffolk since the early seventeenth century.[5] Newson Garrett was the youngest of three sons and not academically inclined, although he possessed the family’s entrepreneurial spirit. -
The Cambridge Mathematical Journal and Its Descendants: the Linchpin of a Research Community in the Early and Mid-Victorian Age ✩
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Historia Mathematica 31 (2004) 455–497 www.elsevier.com/locate/hm The Cambridge Mathematical Journal and its descendants: the linchpin of a research community in the early and mid-Victorian Age ✩ Tony Crilly ∗ Middlesex University Business School, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK Received 29 October 2002; revised 12 November 2003; accepted 8 March 2004 Abstract The Cambridge Mathematical Journal and its successors, the Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal,and the Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, were a vital link in the establishment of a research ethos in British mathematics in the period 1837–1870. From the beginning, the tension between academic objectives and economic viability shaped the often precarious existence of this line of communication between practitioners. Utilizing archival material, this paper presents episodes in the setting up and maintenance of these journals during their formative years. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Résumé Dans la période 1837–1870, le Cambridge Mathematical Journal et les revues qui lui ont succédé, le Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal et le Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, ont joué un rôle essentiel pour promouvoir une culture de recherche dans les mathématiques britanniques. Dès le début, la tension entre les objectifs intellectuels et la rentabilité économique marqua l’existence, souvent précaire, de ce moyen de communication entre professionnels. Sur la base de documents d’archives, cet article présente les épisodes importants dans la création et l’existence de ces revues. 2004 Elsevier Inc. -
James Joseph Sylvester1
Chapter 8 JAMES JOSEPH SYLVESTER1 (1814-1897) James Joseph Sylvester was born in London, on the 3d of September, 1814. He was by descent a Jew. His father was Abraham Joseph Sylvester, and the future mathematician was the youngest but one of seven children. He received his elementary education at two private schools in London, and his secondary education at the Royal Institution in Liverpool. At the age of twenty he entered St. John’s College, Cambridge; and in the tripos examination he came out sec- ond wrangler. The senior wrangler of the year did not rise to any eminence; the fourth wrangler was George Green, celebrated for his contributions to mathe- matical physics; the fifth wrangler was Duncan F. Gregory, who subsequently wrote on the foundations of algebra. On account of his religion Sylvester could not sign the thirty-nine articles of the Church of England; and as a consequence he could neither receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts nor compete for the Smith’s prizes, and as a further consequence he was not eligible for a fellowship. To obtain a degree he turned to the University of Dublin. After the theological tests for degrees had been abolished at the Universities of Oxford and Cam- bridge in 1872, the University of Cambridge granted him his well-earned degree of Bachelor of Arts and also that of Master of Arts. On leaving Cambridge he at once commenced to write papers, and these were at first on applied mathematics. His first paper was entitled “An analytical development of Fresnel’s optical theory of crystals,” which was published in the Philosophical Magazine. -
Pursuit of Genius: Flexner, Einstein, and the Early Faculty at the Institute
i i i i PURSUIT OF GENIUS i i i i i i i i PURSUIT OF GENIUS Flexner, Einstein,and the Early Faculty at the Institute for Advanced Study Steve Batterson Emory University A K Peters, Ltd. Natick, Massachusetts i i i i i i i i Editorial, Sales, and Customer Service Office A K Peters, Ltd. 5 Commonwealth Road, Suite 2C Natick, MA 01760 www.akpeters.com Copyright ⃝c 2006 by A K Peters, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy- ing, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Batterson, Steve, 1950– Pursuit of genius : Flexner, Einstein, and the early faculty at the Institute for Advanced Study / Steve Batterson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 13: 978-1-56881-259-5 (alk. paper) ISBN 10: 1-56881-259-0 (alk. paper) 1. Mathematics–Study and teaching (Higher)–New Jersey–Princeton–History. 2. Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, N.J.). School of Mathematics–History. 3. Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, N.J.). School of Mathematics–Faculty. I Title. QA13.5.N383 I583 2006 510.7’0749652--dc22 2005057416 Cover Photographs: Front cover: Clockwise from upper left: Hermann Weyl (1930s, cour- tesy of Nina Weyl), James Alexander (from the Archives of the Institute for Advanced Study), Marston Morse (photo courtesy of the American Mathematical Society), Albert Einstein (1932, The New York Times), John von Neumann (courtesy of Marina von Neumann Whitman), Oswald Veblen (early 1930s, from the Archives of the Institute for Advanced Study). -
ITS FIRST FIFTY YEARS Carl Β
THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA: ITS FIRST FIFTY YEARS Carl Β. Boyer Brooklyn College, CUNY Richard W. Feldmann Lycoming College Harry M. Gehman SUN Yat Buffalo Phillip S. Jones University of Michigan Kenneth O. May University of Toronto Harriet F. Montague SUNYat Buffalo Gregory H. Moore University of Toronto Robert A. Rosenbaum Wesleyan University Emory P. Starke Rutgers University Dirk J. Struik Massachusetts Institute of Technology THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA: ITS FIRST FIFTY YEARS Kenneth O. May, editor University of Toronto, Canada Published and distributed by The Mathematical Association of America Copyright 1972 by THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA (INCORPORATED) PREFACE The fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Mathematical Association of America was celebrated at the 1965 summer meeting at Cornell University [MONTHLY 72, 1053-1059]. The invited addresses on that occasion dealing with the past, present, and future of the Association and of mathematics, were published in the fiftieth anniversary issue [MONTHLY 74, Num. !, Part II] under the editorship of Carl B. Allendoerfer. The historical addresses by A. A. Bennett, R. A. Rosenbaum, W. L. Duren, Jr., and P. S. Jones whetted appetites for a more complete story of the Association. Early in 1966, on a recommendation of the Committee on Publications, President R. L. Wilder appointed a Committee on the Preparation of a Fifty-Year History of the Association consisting of Carl B. Boyer, Kenneth O. May (Chairman), and Dirk J. Struik. An appropriation of one thousand dollars was set aside to meet incidental expenses. The Committee began its work with very ambitious plans, hoping to get financial support for interviewing older members of the Association and the preparation of special studies on particular aspects of the Association's work. -
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson in Context: the Origins of the Women’S Movement in Mid- Victorian Britain
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson in context: the origins of the women’s movement in mid- Victorian Britain By Professor Lawrence Goldman In 1840 in London at the first World Anti-Slavery Convention, a woman rose to speak from the separate enclosure where all women attendees at the meeting had been corralled. There was consternation and uproar and she was silenced. The following day The Times carried an editorial on the meeting and made unkind remarks on the manners of our American cousins because the woman in question was from the United States. Her name was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and she is often compared with Millicent Garrett Fawcett, the equally famous sister of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the movement for women’s enfranchisement in America in the late-19th century and often attested that it was her treatment in London in 1840 which made her the leading American feminist of her generation. In Britain in 1840 no respectable woman would speak in public; that was the privilege of men only. Yet fast-forward to Birmingham in October 1857 and the opening congress of an organisation called the Social Science Association, and here, for the first time, 17 years later, a middle-class woman spoke in open and mixed company. Her name was Mary Carpenter and she spoke about her work rescuing street children in Bristol and educating them in so-called ragged schools. Miss Carpenter was already a famous female philanthropist and the audience for this landmark speech was so large that the meeting was delayed while everyone moved to a bigger venue. -
Guide to Our Houses Welcome to Streatham & Clapham High School’S Houses
Guide to our Houses Welcome to Streatham & Clapham High School’s Houses A message from our Head Girl, Maria Goldman I remember when I moved to ‘big school’ I was incredibly excited – however, the truth is that I was also terrifi ed. Would I make friends? Would I do well? Would I get lost? Thankfully, I quickly realised that Streatham & Clapham truly is a family, not just any family, but one that gets to know you, respects and supports you, and looks out for you. Joining one of the fi ve houses is great, each is named after an amazing woman – three of whom are old SCHS girls! This means you belong to an even tighter-knit family within the school community all the way through your time here. You’ll get to know your House Captains, sixth-formers like me who have been through what you’re going through now, as well as your House Mistress or Master who is also there for you. You will have dedicated time with your House as well as inspiring assemblies and brilliantly fun special events like sports day, debates, plays and musical performances. I wish you a warm welcome to our school family! An Introduction from Mrs Cross, Deputy Head Mistress No girl is an island, and, at SCHS, we understand that your physical and emotional wellbeing cannot be separated from your academic success. Our House System is testament to our commitment to you and your parents. We have already put you into a House and your House Mistress/Master is really looking forward to welcoming you. -
Forming the Analytical Society at Cambridge University
Forming the Analytical Society at Cambridge University Richard Stout Gordon College Wenham, MA The Analytical Society, an organization begun by students at Cambridge, was founded in 1812. Even though it was entirely student-led, the society was responsible for significant changes in the Cambridge mathematics curriculum and in the way mathematics was perceived in Britain throughout the nineteenth century. Its success was likely due to the outstanding students who formed the group, some of whom went on to become leaders in British science and mathematics for the next fifty years. In this paper we will briefly look at several of those who played important roles in forming and leading the society and we will consider the circumstances leading to its formation. In the fall of 1809, John Frederick William Herschel (1792 – 1871) matriculated at St. John’s College, one of the two largest colleges at Cambridge University. A serious student of mathematics, Herschel came from a privileged, upper-class family. When it didn’t work out for Herschel to be away at school, his family was able to hire a private tutor and allow Herschel to finish his education at home. Because his father, William Herschel, was a world-renowned astronomer--he discovered the planet Uranus--John Herschel likely grew up accustomed to scientific talk and held to high expectations. At Cambridge Herschel would distinguish himself as a superior student, finishing as the senior wrangler in 1813. After graduating from Cambridge Herschel was elected to the Royal Society and became a fellow of St. John’s. Although he continued to do mathematics for several years, primarily as an avocation, Herschel eventually followed in his father’s footsteps and became a distinguished astronomer. -
Early Indian Mathematical Pilgrims to Cambridge
Early Indian Mathematical Pilgrims to Cambridge K. Razi Naqvi Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology N-7491 Trondheim, Norway During the nineteenth and the early part of the next century, the University of Cambridge (UoC) was the Mecca of Mathematcis for students from the British Isles and other parts of the British Empire. UoC concentrated on undergraduate teaching; its examination system, particularly the Mathematical Sciences Tripos (hereafter abbreviated as MathTrip), served as a launch pad for re- munerative and influential careers in law, church, politics, even medicine, and various adminis- trative organs of the British Raj. Most examiners were not engaged in research, and few examinees dreamt of qualifying as a high wrangler, or of becoming a creative mathematician. The purpose of this article is to scrutinise the performance of the few Indian students who completed one or both parts of MathTrip, the career choices they made after returning to India, and their efforts, if any, towards the diffusion of modern mathematics in Indian schools and colleges. Almost all of the returnees became functionaries of the colossal British bureaucracy. Rejuvenation of Indian math- ematics was carried out mostly by other enthusiasts, among whom Muslims are conspicuous by their scarcity. “Whether good mathematicians, when women and a handful of men from other they die, go to Cambridge, I do not parts of the British Empire were two mi- know. But it is well known that a large nority groups, whose members performed [?] number of men go there when they equally well. I am concerned here essen- are young for the purpose of being con- tially with those who came from the In- verted into senior wranglers and Smith’s dian subcontinent, and even out of this prizemen.” I would have been happier to small group, I will only speak of those who quote this remark if its author, the eccen- passed MathTrip during the period 1898– tric Oliver Heaviside, had used small in- 1909. -
Arthur Cayley1
Chapter 5 ARTHUR CAYLEY1 (1821-1895) Arthur Cayley was born at Richmond in Surrey, England, on August 16, 1821. His father, Henry Cayley, was descended from an ancient Yorkshire family, but had settled in St. Petersburg, Russia, as a merchant. His mother was Maria Antonia Doughty, a daughter of William Doughty; who, according to some writers, was a Russian; but her father’s name indicates an English origin. Arthur spent the first eight years of his life in St. Petersburg. In 1829 his parents took up their permanent abode at Blackheath, near London; and Arthur was sent to a private school. He early showed great liking for, and aptitude in, numerical calculations. At the age of 14 he was sent to King’s College School, London; the master of which, having observed indications of mathematical genius, advised the father to educate his son, not for his own business, as he had at first intended, but to enter the University of Cambridge. At the unusually early age of 17 Cayley began residence at Trinity College, Cambridge. As an undergraduate he had generally the reputation of being a mere mathematician; his chief diversion was novel-reading. He was also fond of travelling and mountain climbing, and was a member of the Alpine Club. The cause of the Analytical Society had now triumphed, and the Cambridge Mathematical Journal had been instituted by Gregory and Leslie Ellis. To this journal, at the age of twenty, Cayley contributed three papers, on subjects which had been suggested by reading the M´ecanique analytique of Lagrange and some of the works of Laplace. -
Introduction
Notes Introduction 1 Marie Corelli, or Mary Mackay (1855–1924) was a successful romantic novelist. The quotation is from her pamphlet, Woman or – Suffragette? A Question of National Choice (London: C. Arthur Pearson, 1907). 2 Sally Ledger and Roger Luckhurst, eds, The Fin de Siècle: A Reader in Cultural History c.1880–1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. xii. 3 A central text is Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air- pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985). 4 Otto Mayr, ‘The science-technology relationship’, in Science in Context: Readings in the Sociology of Science, ed. by Barry Barnes and David Edge (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1982), pp. 155–163. 5 Nature, November 8 1900, News, p. 28. 6 For example Alison Winter, ‘A calculus of suffering: Ada Lovelace and the bodily constraints on women’s knowledge in early Victorian England’, in Science Incarnate: Historical Embodiments of Natural Knowledge, ed. by Christopher Lawrence and Steven Shapin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp. 202–239 and Margaret Wertheim, Pythagoras’ Trousers: God, Physics and the Gender Wars (London: Fourth Estate, 1997). 7 Carl B. Boyer, A History of Mathematics (New York: Wiley, 1968), pp. 649–650. 8 For the social construction of mathematics see David Bloor, ‘Formal and informal thought’, in Science in Context: Readings in the Sociology of Science, ed. by Barry Barnes and David Edge (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1982), pp. 117–124; Math Worlds: Philosophical and Social Studies of Mathematics and Mathematics Education, ed. by Sal Restivo, Jean Paul Bendegem and Roland Fisher (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993). -
S O C Z'atl'o N .Fo R Ome N I. Matics
s o c z'atl'on .fo r ome n i. matics Volume 13, Number 5 NEWSLETTE~ September-October 1983 **********--******************--*********** DU~| DUES! DUESI DUES! DUES| DUES| DuESI DDES| DUESI DUESI DuESI Du~| Dues are due October lo Please send them in along with your reminder postcard. Encourage your institution to become an institutiorml member (see the president Os report for more information). Consider becoming a contributing member yourself. MaRE ADDF~S CHANGESI AWMOs address is now A~, P.O. Box 178, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02161. You may have noticed last issue that our president's address has also changed. See the end of the president's report for the new one. ******************************************* PRESIDENT iS REPORT Chan ~ institutional membershi So This year A~ is offering institutions the oppo ty spo~nsormemberships for students through a new category of membership called "Sponsoring Institutional Membership". For an extra $20 per year~ an institu- tion may name up to five (or for ~O, up to ten) students to become members of A~ and to receive this Newsletter. Current institutional members should have already received information about our new programj and prospective institutional members will hear from us soon. The purpose of the program is to introduce interested students to ANM through their departments. Boston Area grant. This stammer A~4 has been sponsoring a program which pays tuition for eligible women high school mathematics teachers who want to take courses in the computer language Pascal. The program has been made possible by a grant of $5000 from Raytheon. Eleanor Palais is chair of the A~ ~Ymdraising Committee.