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CWM Panel and Reception CWM Panel and Reception Thursday 2 August Room 204 A/B/C 18:00-20:30 All welcome PANEL 18:00-19:30 The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective Moderator: Caroline Series (Warwick Univ, UK, CWM Vice-Chair) 18:00 Introduction 18:05-18:15 Marie-Francoise Roy, (Univ. Rennes, France, CWM Chair) Presenting the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics 18:15-18:40 June Barrow-Green (Open University, UK) Historical context of the gender gap in mathematics 18:45-19:10 Silvina Ponce-Dawson (Univ. Buenos Aires, Argentina) The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Working Group on Women in Physics: Activities and perspectives 19:15-19:30 General discussion RECEPTION 19:30-20:30 Event organized by the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics Historical Context of the Gender Gap in Mathematics June Barrow-Green The Open University, UK ICM 2018 Rio de Janeiro 2 August 2018 Maria Agnesi (1718–1799) In 1750 appointed to chair of mathematics in Bologna. Agnesi never went to Bologna but her name remained on the rolls of the university for 45 years. 1748 1801 18th–19th Century Women Mathematicians Ada Lovelace Mary Somerville (1815–1852) (1780–1872) Élisabeth Ferrand Émilie du Châtelet (1700–1752) (1706–1749) “Mlle Ferrand méditant sur Newton” Mary Somerville and the Royal Society • First woman to publish experimental results in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society • First (and only) woman to have her bust placed in the great hall of the Royal Society Women not admitted as Fellows of the Royal Society until 1945 Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891) • 1850 b.Moscow • 1867 Marriage to Vladimir Kovalevsky • 1869 Studies in Heidelberg 1870-74 Studies in Berlin with Karl Weierstrass PhD (Göttingen) summa cum laude • 1883 Privat Docent, Stockholm 1884 Assistant Professor, Stockholm Editorial Board, Acta Mathematica • 1888 Prix Bordin, Paris Academy Memoir on mathematics of spinning top • 1889 Full Professor, Stockholm • 1891 d.Stockholm “Why, this is the first handsome “I have received from your sister … an article by Strindberg, in which he proves mathematical lady I have ever seen!” as decidedly as two and two make four, what a monstrosity is a woman who is a JJ Sylvester’s assistant on seeing a professor of mathematics.” photograph of Kovalevskaya (1886) Kovalevskaya to Gösta Mittag-Leffler (1884) Reported to Kovalevskaya by Sylvester Kovalevskaya meets Herbert Spencer at George Eliot’s salon in London, 1869 “George Eliot at once turned to [Spencer]. ‘I’m so glad you have come today’ she said, ‘I can introduce you to the living refutation of your theory – a woman mathematician. Allow me to present my friend,’ she continued, turning to me still without mentioning his name, ‘only I have to warn you that he denies the very existence of a woman mathematician. … Try to make him change his mind!’” Sofia Kovalevskaya ‘My recollections of George Eliot’ Women at Cambridge in the 19th Century Punch 1894 “Out of every hundred women, roughly speaking, ninety-six have husbands provided for them by nature, and only four need to go into a nunnery or take to teaching the higher mathematics.” G. Allen ‘Plain Words on the Woman Question’ Fortnightly Review (1889) Charlotte Scott (1858−1931) The first woman to be ranked equal to a wrangler Mathematical Tripos 1880 Joseph Larmor Senior Wrangler Lucasian Professor 1903–1932 JJ Thomson 2nd Wrangler equal to 8th Wrangler 1880 Cavendish Professor of Physics 1884–1918 Nobel Prize 1906 102 men sat the examination “Women of the masculine type” 7 February 1880 “Miss Scott has answered papers set for the mathematical tripos in a manner which would have brought her high on the list of Wranglers, an achievement of no common kind. … We hope that the ability which the new system brings out and fosters in women, will not be of a kind to give to those who possess it a character for deficiency in feminine gentleness. We do not believe that it will be so. But even in the rare cases where it is so, the world should remember that there have always been women of the masculine type—only that they have hitherto lacked the means of proving what they could do, though possessing amply the means of proving what they could not be.” Tripos List 1890 The Times “The list of the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos was published this morning. The sensation of it is the extraordinary triumph of Miss Philippa Fawcett whose place was adjudged ‘above the Senior Wrangler’.” Tripos List 1890 The Times “The list of the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos was published this morning. The sensation of it is the extraordinary triumph of Miss Philippa Fawcett whose place was adjudged ‘above the Senior Wrangler’.” In 1947 Cambridge opens its degrees to women 1897 A proposal to give women titles of degrees is defeated 1921 Women given titles of degrees but no associated privileges (i.e. no participation in University government). Women given right to attend University lectures. 1926 First women University Teaching Officers appointed. 1947 Full membership for women is granted with no contrary votes. The 1897 Vote The 1897 Vote Isabel Maddison (1869-1950) Degrees for women elsewhere 1892 Cambridge, Oxford examinations 1878 London 1893 BSc London 1920 Oxford 1896 PhD Bryn Mawr, USA The problem of getting published A letter from William to Grace Chisholm Young (1902) “The fact is that our papers ought to be published under our joint names, but if this were done neither of us get the benefit of it. No. Mine the laurels now and the knowledge. Yours the knowledge only. Everything under my name now, and later when the loaves and fishes are no more procurable in Grace Chisholm Young that way, everything or much under William Henry Young (1868-1944) (1863-1942) your name.” Germany Immanuel Kant “A woman who has a head full of Greek […] or carries on fundamental controversies about mechanics, like the Marquise de Châtelet, might as well even have a beard. […] A woman therefore will learn no geometry; of the principle of sufficient reason or the monads she will know only so much as is needed to perceive the salt in a satire […] The fair can leave Descartes in his vortices to whirl forever without troubling themselves about them.” Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764, tr. English 1799) The view of Felix Klein, 1896 “The opinion still prevailing in Germany is that the study of mathematics must be as good as inaccessible to women, that there should be an essential blockade to any efforts directed toward the development of women’s higher education. […] In this semester, for instance, no fewer than six women have participated in our higher mathematics courses and practica and, having advanced through them, have proven themselves to be equal to their male classmates in every respect. The nature of the situation is that, for the time being, these women have been Until 1908 women could attend exclusively foreigners: two Americans, an Englishwoman, and three Russians. No classes only as one would wish to assert, however, that these foreign nations possess some auditors inherent and specific talent that evades us, and thus that, with suitable preparation, our German women should not be able to accomplish the same thing.” Felix Klein in Arthur Kirchhoff (ed.) Die akademische Frau (1897) Klein and the education of American women mathematicians “One of our students of mathematics, Miss Mary F. Winston, is applying for a scholarship, on the basis of which she intends to go to Germany next year. She has [...] talent, thinks independently, and is certainly above average. [...] Bolza and I have encouraged her [...] to go to Göttingen and have just as forcefully discouraged her from going to Berlin in order to keep her away from the stiff atmosphere there. Now the question remains whether female doctoral or post-doctoral students may enrol at Göttingen or whether, if that is not the case, you think you might exert your influence to make an exception.” Heinrich Maschke (Chicago) to Felix Klein, 8 April 1893 “I expect to send two of my best students to Göttingen next year [EN Martin, V Ragsdale]. Both have been awarded a College Fellowship, and both are eager to study under your direction for a year, if this is agreeable to you.” Charlotte Scott (Bryn Mawr) to Felix Klein, 29 March 1897 Some of Klein’s Courses ………………………………………………. Renate Tobies Women in Felix Klein’s Course at the University of Göttingen 1893-1920 (2017) Mathematische Annalen Chief Editor: Felix Klein Articles by women Mary F Winston 1895 Charlotte Scott 1899 Vera Lebedeva 1907, 1909, 1911 Emmy Noether 1915, 1916 (x 4), 1917, 1920 (x 2), 1921, 1922, … “The Experiment to Appoint a Woman to a Full Professorship” September 1928 The chair of mathematics at Kiel becomes vacant due to the death of Ernst Steinitz October 1928 Adolf Fraenkel (Kiel) and Helmut Hasse (Halle) discuss the list of possible successors to Steinitz’s chair. AF: “Miss Noether. … There is no doubt that as a man she would have received a call a long time ago … HH: “Miss Noether. I am astonished that you even seriously consider this possibility. Although I regard her highly in scientific matters, I deem her totally unfit to fill a regular teaching position, even less so in a small university like Kiel. … I am of the opinion that one should not make the experiment to appoint a woman as a full professor at such a place as Kiel. The experiment should be tried first on a bigger scale where an unsuccessful outcome would not do so much harm.” Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze Newsletter of the London Mathematical
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