CWM Panel and Reception

Home , Charlotte Scott, Ernst Steinitz, Felix Klein, Grace Chisholm Young, Isabel Maddison, Virgil Snyder

Thursday 2 August Room 204 A/B/C 18:00-20:30 All welcome

PANEL 18:00-19:30 The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective Moderator: Caroline Series (Warwick Univ, UK, CWM Vice-Chair) 18:00 Introduction

18:05-18:15 Marie-Francoise Roy, (Univ. Rennes, France, CWM Chair) Presenting the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics

18:15-18:40 June Barrow-Green (Open University, UK) Historical context of the gender gap in mathematics

18:45-19:10 Silvina Ponce-Dawson (Univ. Buenos Aires, Argentina) The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Working Group on Women in Physics: Activities and perspectives

19:15-19:30 General discussion

RECEPTION 19:30-20:30

Event organized by the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics Historical Context of the Gender Gap in Mathematics

June Barrow-Green The Open University, UK

ICM 2018 Rio de Janeiro 2 August 2018 Maria Agnesi (1718–1799)

In 1750 appointed to chair of mathematics in Bologna.

Agnesi never went to Bologna but her name remained on the rolls of the university for 45 years. 1748 1801 18th–19th Century Women Mathematicians

Ada Lovelace Mary Somerville (1815–1852) (1780–1872)

Élisabeth Ferrand Émilie du Châtelet (1700–1752) (1706–1749) “Mlle Ferrand méditant sur Newton” Mary Somerville and the Royal Society

• First woman to publish experimental results in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

• First (and only) woman to have her bust placed in the great hall of the Royal Society

Women not admitted as Fellows of the Royal Society until 1945 Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891)

• 1850 b.Moscow • 1867 Marriage to Vladimir Kovalevsky • 1869 Studies in Heidelberg 1870-74 Studies in Berlin with Karl Weierstrass PhD (Göttingen) summa cum laude • 1883 Privat Docent, Stockholm 1884 Assistant Professor, Stockholm Editorial Board, Acta Mathematica • 1888 Prix Bordin, Paris Academy Memoir on mathematics of spinning top • 1889 Full Professor, Stockholm • 1891 d.Stockholm

“Why, this is the first handsome “I have received from your sister … an article by Strindberg, in which he proves mathematical lady I have ever seen!” as decidedly as two and two make four, what a monstrosity is a woman who is a JJ Sylvester’s assistant on seeing a professor of mathematics.” photograph of Kovalevskaya (1886) Kovalevskaya to Gösta Mittag-Leffler (1884) Reported to Kovalevskaya by Sylvester Kovalevskaya meets Herbert Spencer at George Eliot’s salon in London, 1869

“George Eliot at once turned to [Spencer]. ‘I’m so glad you have come today’ she said, ‘I can introduce you to the living refutation of your theory – a woman mathematician. Allow me to present my friend,’ she continued, turning to me still without mentioning his name, ‘only I have to warn you that he denies the very existence of a woman mathematician. … Try to make him change his mind!’”

Sofia Kovalevskaya ‘My recollections of George Eliot’ Women at Cambridge in the 19th Century

Punch 1894

“Out of every hundred women, roughly speaking, ninety-six have husbands provided for them by nature, and only four need to go into a nunnery or take to teaching the higher mathematics.” G. Allen ‘Plain Words on the Woman Question’ Fortnightly Review (1889) Charlotte Scott (1858−1931) The first woman to be ranked equal to a wrangler Mathematical Tripos 1880

Joseph Larmor Senior Wrangler Lucasian Professor 1903–1932

JJ Thomson 2nd Wrangler equal to 8th Wrangler 1880 Cavendish Professor of Physics 1884–1918 Nobel Prize 1906

102 men sat the examination “Women of the masculine type”

7 February 1880

“Miss Scott has answered papers set for the mathematical tripos in a manner which would have brought her high on the list of Wranglers, an achievement of no common kind. … We hope that the ability which the new system brings out and fosters in women, will not be of a kind to give to those who possess it a character for deficiency in feminine gentleness. We do not believe that it will be so. But even in the rare cases where it is so, the world should remember that there have always been women of the masculine type—only that they have hitherto lacked the means of proving what they could do, though possessing amply the means of proving what they could not be.” Tripos List 1890 The Times

“The list of the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos was published this morning. The sensation of it is the extraordinary triumph of Miss Philippa Fawcett whose place was adjudged ‘above the Senior Wrangler’.” Tripos List 1890 The Times

1897 A proposal to give women titles of degrees is defeated 1921 Women given titles of degrees but no associated privileges (i.e. no participation in University government). Women given right to attend University lectures.

1926 First women University Teaching Officers appointed.

1947 Full membership for women is granted with no contrary votes.

The 1897 Vote The 1897 Vote Isabel Maddison (1869-1950) Degrees for women elsewhere 1892 Cambridge, Oxford examinations 1878 London 1893 BSc London 1920 Oxford 1896 PhD Bryn Mawr, USA The problem of getting published

A letter from William to Grace Chisholm Young (1902)

“The fact is that our papers ought to be published under our joint names, but if this were done neither of us get the benefit of it. No. Mine the laurels now and the knowledge. Yours the knowledge only. Everything under my name now, and later when the loaves and fishes are no more procurable in Grace Chisholm Young that way, everything or much under William Henry Young (1868-1944) (1863-1942) your name.” Germany

Immanuel Kant

“A woman who has a head full of Greek […] or carries on fundamental controversies about mechanics, like the Marquise de Châtelet, might as well even have a beard. […] A woman therefore will learn no geometry; of the principle of sufficient reason or the monads she will know only so much as is needed to perceive the salt in a satire […] The fair can leave Descartes in his vortices to whirl forever without troubling themselves about them.”

Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764, tr. English 1799) The view of Felix Klein, 1896

“The opinion still prevailing in Germany is that the study of mathematics must be as good as inaccessible to women, that there should be an essential blockade to any efforts directed toward the development of women’s higher education. […]

In this semester, for instance, no fewer than six women have participated in our higher mathematics courses and practica and, having advanced through them, have proven themselves to be equal to their male classmates in every respect.

The nature of the situation is that, for the time being, these women have been Until 1908 women could attend exclusively foreigners: two Americans, an Englishwoman, and three Russians. No classes only as one would wish to assert, however, that these foreign nations possess some auditors inherent and specific talent that evades us, and thus that, with suitable preparation, our German women should not be able to accomplish the same thing.” Felix Klein in Arthur Kirchhoff (ed.) Die akademische Frau (1897) Klein and the education of American women mathematicians

“One of our students of mathematics, Miss Mary F. Winston, is applying for a scholarship, on the basis of which she intends to go to Germany next year. She has [...] talent, thinks independently, and is certainly above average. [...] Bolza and I have encouraged her [...] to go to Göttingen and have just as forcefully discouraged her from going to Berlin in order to keep her away from the stiff atmosphere there. Now the question remains whether female doctoral or post-doctoral students may enrol at Göttingen or whether, if that is not the case, you think you might exert your influence to make an exception.” Heinrich Maschke (Chicago) to Felix Klein, 8 April 1893

“I expect to send two of my best students to Göttingen next year [EN Martin, V Ragsdale]. Both have been awarded a College Fellowship, and both are eager to study under your direction for a year, if this is agreeable to you.” Charlotte Scott (Bryn Mawr) to Felix Klein, 29 March 1897 Some of Klein’s Courses

………………………………………………. . . . .

Renate Tobies Women in Felix Klein’s Course at the University of Göttingen 1893-1920 (2017) Mathematische Annalen Chief Editor: Felix Klein Articles by women

Mary F Winston 1895

Charlotte Scott 1899

Vera Lebedeva 1907, 1909, 1911

Emmy Noether 1915, 1916 (x 4), 1917, 1920 (x 2), 1921, 1922, … “The Experiment to Appoint a Woman to a Full Professorship”

September 1928 The chair of mathematics at Kiel becomes vacant due to the death of Ernst Steinitz

October 1928 Adolf Fraenkel (Kiel) and Helmut Hasse (Halle) discuss the list of possible successors to Steinitz’s chair.

AF: “Miss Noether. … There is no doubt that as a man she would have received a call a long time ago …

HH: “Miss Noether. I am astonished that you even seriously consider this possibility. Although I regard her highly in scientific matters, I deem her totally unfit to fill a regular teaching position, even less so in a small university like Kiel. … I am of the opinion that one should not make the experiment to appoint a woman as a full professor at such a place as Kiel. The experiment should be tried first on a bigger scale where an unsuccessful outcome would not do so much harm.”

Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze Newsletter of the London Mathematical Society (May 2018) United States of America “All that a woman needs to know is how to read the New Testament and spin and weave clothing for her family.” (1837)

Women in the American Mathematical Community who received Doctorates prior to 1900

Charlotte Scott 1885 London Winifred Edgerton 1886 Columbia American Men of Science 1903–1943 Ida Metcalf 1893 Cornell Starred women mathematicians Annie MacKinnon 1894 Cornell Charlotte Scott (DSc London, 1885) Charlotte Barnum 1895 Yale Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler (PhD Chicago, 1909) Agnes Baxter 1895 Cornell Olive Hazlett (PhD Chicago, 1915) Elizabeth Dickerman 1896 Yale Ruth Gentry 1896 Bryn Mawr Isabel Maddison 1896 Bryn Mawr Mary Frances Winston 1897 Göttingen Leona Peirce 1899 Yale Bryn Mawr, USA

Charlotte Scott (1858-1931) Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler Associate Professor 1885-1888 (1883-1966) Professor 1888-1924 7 PhD students Associate Professor 1918-1925 Full Professor 1925-1948 American Mathematical Society 6 PhD students Member of Council 1894 Vice President 1905–1906 American Mathematical Society American Journal of Mathematics First women to present AMS Co-editor, 1899–1926 Colloquium Lectures (1927)

Olive Hazlett (1890-1974) Emmy Noether (1882-1935) Lecturer 1916-1918 Temporary position 1933-1935 (1918-1924 Mount Holyoke College 1925-1959 University of Illinois)

American Mathematical Society Cryptanalysis Committee (1940-1945)

DD Fenster, KH Parshall Women in the American Mathematical Research Community: 1891-1906 (1994) American Women PhD students 228 women PhDs before 1940 Johns Hopkins Christine Ladd-Franklin completed dissertation in 1882. Not conferred until 1926. Chicago Leonard E Dickson (algebra) 18 women PhDs (27%) Gilbert A Bliss (calculus of variations) 12 women PhDs (23%)

Cornell Virgil Snyder (algebraic geometry) 14 women PhDs (37%)

Catholic University Aubrey Landry (algebraic geometry) 13 women PhDs

Bryn Mawr Charlotte Scott (algebraic geometry) 7 PhDs Leading doctoral institutions for women Anna Pell Wheeler (linear algebra and integral equations) 6 PhDs

J Green, J LaDuke The Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhDs (2009) % of Maths PhDs Awarded to Women by Decade (1880-2009), USA

SJ Greenwald et al. The AWM: How and Why it Was Founded and Why It’s Still Needed in the 21st Century (2011) Mathematical Societies

Society Founded First Women Members Women Presidents

London Mathematical 1865 1881 Charlotte Scott 1961 Mary Cartwright Society 2003 Frances Kirwan 2017 Caroline Series

Société Mathématique 1872 1882 Sofia Kovalevskaya 1952 Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin de France 1975 Yvette Amice (first French woman?) 1998 Mireille Martin-Deschamps 2004 Marie-Françoise Roy 2012 Aline Bonami

American Mathematical 1888 1891 Charlotte Scott 1983 Julia Robinson Society 1995 Cathleen Morawetz (New York Mathematical [2019 Jill Pipher] Society 1888-1894)

Deutsche Mathematiker- 1890 1898 Charlotte Scott 1995 Ina Kersten Vereinigung 1909 Emmy Noether (first German woman) Organisations for Women Mathematicians established 1971−1999

Association of Women in Mathematics Established in 1971. World’s largest organisation that supports women and girls in mathematics.

Joint Committee on Women in the Mathematical Sciences JCW-Math Established in 1971 as a joint committee of the AMS. Now a joint committee of 8 mathematical and statistical societies.

European Women in Mathematics Grew out of the round table discussion organized by AWM during the ICM in Berkeley in 1986.

Femmes et Mathématiques Established in 1987 in the aftermath of the merging of the École Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles with the École Normale Supérieure.

Women in Mathematics Committee of the European Mathematical Society Established in 1991.

Canadian Mathematical Society Committee for Women in Mathematics Established in 1992.

LMS Women in Mathematics Committee Established in 1999. First European Congress of Mathematics, 1992 Round Table on Women and Mathematics

“Dear Sir” postcards “The German situation”

Many mathematical departments have printed “The German situation, compared with other European postcards to be used for reprint requests. They contain countries, is quite deplorable. Approximately one third of a text that runs about as follows: the students in mathematics are female, which appears not unreasonable. However, only 9% of dissertations and “Dear Sir Please send me a reprint of your article … that 7% of habilitations are written by women, and only 2% of appeared in … the professors in mathematics are female.” Many thanks in advance. Sincerely” … Investigating the status quo and compiling a list of A card that I received recently actually had this in three obstacles that women in mathematics have to face in languages, namely: “Lieber Herr Professor Germany was a very discouraging task; considering all Monsieur le Professor these difficulties, it is surprising that there are women Dear Sir” mathematicians at all in our country!”

Eva Bayer-Fluckiger (Besançon) Christine Bessenrodt (Essen) Percentage of women mathematicians in 1993 and in 2005

Statistics gathered by European Women in Mathematics and the Women in Mathematics Committee of the European Mathematical Society Percentage of women full professors in 1993 and in 2005

Statistics gathered by European Women in Mathematics and the Women in Mathematics Committee of the European Mathematical Society Ingrid Daubechies, 2014 There's a common assumption that women are less good than men at mathematics. What could be the reason for this, assuming it is true?

“I disagree with this view – completely. There is a highly variable percentage of women in academia and in departments of mathematics across Europe. Differences are so enormous that it becomes obvious that it has something to do with cultural habits, which differ from one nation to another, and not with intelligence. I have a very cynical colleague who says that the number of women mathematicians who are in the academia is inversely proportional to some average of the amount of money and prestige that this job can grant: If there is little money and no prestige, there you’ll find more women. I agree: These aspects seem to play a much larger role than being smart.”

The World Academy of Sciences Interview, 29 July 2014 Organisations for Women Mathematicians established 2000−2016 Colectivo de mujeres Indian Women and Mathematics (2009) matemáticas, Chile (2014) Pakistani Women in Mathematics Working Committee for Women in (2014) Mathematics, Chinese Mathematical Society (2012) Kenya Women in Mathematics (2014) Association for Turkish Women in Mathematics (2012) AFTM, Tunisia (2015)

Israel, Chapter of AWM (2015) African Women in Mathematics (2013)

2016 Cameroon, Iran, Peru, Poland, Senegal, Central WIMSIG, Australia (2013) Asian Women in Mathematics Association And also See: https://www.mathunion.org/cwm/organizations/country Korea, Russia, Spain, …. CWM, founded in 2015, is the committee of the IMU concerned with issues related to women in mathematics worldwide.

https://www.mathunion.org/cwm/ Gender-related policies of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, IUPAP

Silvina Ponce Dawson Departamento de Física, FCEN-UBA and IFIBA (CONICET) The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) was created in 1922 to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity. It now has 59 member countries. It has an executive committee, commissions organized around physics research topics and working groups that are created temporarily to address specific problems. The creation of the WG on Women in Physics was decided at the 1999 GA: -to survey the present situation and report to the Council and the liaison committees. -to suggest means to improve the situation for women in physics. Working Group, June 2016 First activities of the Working Group:

• Subcontracted the American Institute of Physics to perform a survey on the situation of women physicists. WG disseminated via e-mail the questionnaire (in English) which was responded by more than 1000 women from 55 countries.

• Encourage the formation of working groups by country in as many countries as possible to collect local information on the situation of women physicists. Country team leaders acted as contact points.

• All this information was presented at the First International Conference on Women in Physics, Paris, 2002 which was attended by over 300 physicists from 65 countries. 1st International Conference on Women in Physics Paris, 2002 Plenary Talks + Poster presentations by country teams + Discussion groups + Final Assembly Final Assembly: Resolutions and recommendations for IUPAP and Physical Societies based on conclusions of discussion groups

At the first ICWIP I’ve heard about the “old boys club” for the first time in my life. It was a real “mind-opener”. Discussion Topics ICWIP02: • Attracting Girls into Physics • Launching a Successful Physics Career • Getting Women into the Physics Leadership Structure Nationally and Internationally • Improving the Institutional Climate for Women in Physics • Learning from Regional Differences • Balancing Family and Career They led to a set of resolutions and recommendations that were voted at a final assembly for the IUPAP General Assembly to uphold. Country team members then went back to their countries and try to get policies implemented following resolutions and recommendations. Proceedings of the conference containing “country papers” and others describing the discussions, resolutions and recommendations were then published. Highlights from 2001-2002 Survey: .

• Most cases: developed interest in physics during or before secondary school

• About 1/3 of respondents felt they had progressed more slowly in their careers than their male colleagues

• Several of the women in the study said that their career had prevented them from marrying or having children.

• Perception that support from families is key for success in the career.

• Barriers: balancing demands of child care and demands of career; discriminatory attitudes.

• ¾ of respondents said they would choose physics again. Organizing participation in the first ICWIP through country teams led to the a very large network of women physicists that spread all over the world.

We reached out to many more countries than IUPAP members. Country teams in 2007 (we have more now): After the First ICWIP the Working Group organized an ICWIP once every three years: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2005 Seoul, South Korea, 2008 Paris, France, 2002

Stellenbosch, South Birmingham, UK, 2017 Africa, 2011 Waterloo, Canada, 2014

Type to enter a caption. Forthcoming one (chosen after a bid with 3 proposals): Australia, 2020 ICWIPs provide a platform where (disciplinary or regional) networks and mentoring schemes can be established. Attendance is by country team, with number limits so that all countries are equally represented. Travel grants are awarded to participants from less developed countries. Lately, ICWIPs have six main types of activities: • Plenary talks, most of them by women physicists to talk about their research intermixed with their personal life history. • Country Poster Session in which each country team presents an account of their local situation • Scientific Poster Session, for young female physicists to share their work • Outreach activities • Workshops on specific issues related to gender or the practice of science in general • Final assembly where recommendations and resolutions to be presented at the IUPAP General Assembly are drafted Workshops have addressed (discussed!) the following topics: • Gender Studies and Intersectionality • Improving the Workplace/Science Practice and Ethics • Professional Development and Leadership • Cultural Perception and Bias/Learning from regional differences • Physics & Science Education/Attracting Girls into Physics • Balancing Family and Career • Networking Based on these discussions, the final conference assembly voted recommendations for the IUPAP GA, among them to: -Include women in its commissions -Check that women are among invited speakers and in conference committees of IUPAP funded conferences -Require that IUPAP sponsored conferences have outreach activities that provide a gender-balanced vision of the field -Require that women are taken into account for prizes and awards Last ICWIP, Birmingham, UK, July 2017 Hosts: IOP and Universities of Birmingham, Nottingham and Warwick. Some activities and numbers: • 212 participants representing 48 countries • Nobel Peace Laureate Malala Yousafzai spoke as a guest and interacted with delegates • An art exhibit ‘Finding Space’ featured photos of the delegates, in a soundscape created from sounds recorded in the research labs of female physicists • Continual Professional Development workshops were hosted on a new approach to engaging girls with science qualifications and careers, Unconscious Bias, and How to Get Published; and the Quantum Technology Lab hosted tours • Several travel grant holders spent an extra day in University of Birmingham labs to foster collaboration with researchers Recurrent problem of international conferences: denial of visas. Seven were denied or delayed preventing participation in ICWIP17. ICWIP17 ICWIP17 From the conference, each team should bring to its own country ideas to put forward. It is the time for them to work. The Working Group maintains an informative web page (wgwip.df.uba.ar) which includes: • List of country team members and team leaders with contact information • Results of ICWIPs workshops and discussions • Resolutions presented at the different IUPAP Assemblies • Useful resources

Links to Gender Gap Project and to Survey. Survey announced.

We try to keep it up to date, but we are also women physicists doing research, having families, etc, so… In 2009 the Working Group appointed the AIP to perform a new survey that was open in 2009-2010

Responded by women and men. Delivered in 8 languages Questionnaire worked out with country team leaders. Comparability across countries insured. • Web distributed <30% of the • 130 countries respondents • 14,932 respondents were • Language of responses students (students: – 60% English mainly – 11% German graduate) – 11% Spanish • Responses by region: – 7% Japanese – 37% Europe – 5% Chinese – 32% North America – 3% French – 17% Asia – 2% Russian – 7% South America – 1% Arabic – 3% Africa 75% from Very Highly Developed – 2% Middle East Countries (21% Female); 25% from – 2% Australia Less Developed Countries (27% Thank you Rachel Ivie, AIP Female); 1% had been to ICWIP’s Some Conclusions of the 2009-2010 Survey Early educational experiences are important for both men and women in choosing physics, especially in highly developed countries. The personal lives of women physicists are more affected by their careers than those of men’s. Male physicists are more likely than women to have spouses that don’t work and take care of home. Women have their children earlier than men during their careers. Women have a harder time than men finding certain professional opportunities: • International opportunities • Invitations to speak • Supervisory experiences • Serving on committees that have influence • Serve as editor of journal • Advising graduate students & serving on committees A few years after the 2009 Global Survey of Physicists, the Working Group felt that it was necessary to run a new one. The call for proposals by the International Council of Science (then ICSU) in 2016 opened up the possibility of getting funds to this end The Gender Gap in Science Project, led by IMU and IUPAC, got one of the three awarded grants.

One of the three tasks of the project is to run a Global Survey of Scientists that is currently open through the end of October. Gender Gap in Science Project funded by ICSU

https://gender-gap-in-science.org/ Another important activity of the Working Group has been awarding Travel Grants to women from developing countries. This is done during non-ICWIP years. These grants serve to fund the attendance of these women at regional or international conferences and schools.

In 2012 we received 83 applications and awarded 22 grants for women from Argentina, Brazil, China, Ghana, Hungary, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Peru, Poland, Romania and Ukraine.

In 2013 we received 64 applications and awarded 15 grants for women from Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Estonia, Ghana, India, Mexico, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Uganda. International Women in Physics Day

The WG chose February 11th (the International Day of Women and Girls in Science) as the International Women in Physics Day. In 2018, the WG encouraged the participation in the campaign launched by the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) portraying stories of female physicists and physics students on social networks. We are planning to fully launch the International Women in Physics Day in 2019, the year that marks the 20th anniversary of the IUPAP General Assembly that decided on the group’s creation. In preparation for this, the group is planning to open a competition for the design of a logo to identify the Day. A redesign of its web page adding new capabilities is also being planned. By then the group expects that the “Waterloo Charter”, the declaration of principles that it has been working on, will be finalized and adopted by the IUPAP. The IUPAP created the position of Gender Champion three years ago and decided that one VP would be assigned to occupy this position. The person occupying this position is elected at the GA, which is held once every three years. New Gender Champion elected in October, 2017. Gender Champion-WG5 liaison Discussing with members of the IUPAP Working Group on Women in Physics (WG5) we decided that:

The Gender Champion will be an ex-officio member of WG5. As such, she/he will participate of the discussions and be informed about the decisions but will not have voting rights on these decisions. The Chair of WG5 will put together some Terms of Reference for WG5 that will include this definition of the liaison. About rules for IUPAP endorsed conferences. On web page until April, 2018: IUPAP insists that women should be represented, in reasonable proportions, as organizers, speakers, and attendees of IUPAP sponsored meetings. The presence of women on the local and international committees and as plenary and invited speakers is a condition for IUPAP sponsorship. Now ammended to include that: the 29th General Assembly established, as a recommendation for all affiliated national institutions, that the 20% target (of female participation in conferences) be achieved. And it has been defined, […] that meetings with female participation of less than 10% are not accepted. The organizers will have a deadline of a few weeks to make the correct corrections”. It is not clear yet how this will be enforced (considering difficulties in some regions to meet the target). The reports presented by the organizers of conferences sponsored or endorsed by IUPAP contain information on the number of women. Conferences sponsored and endorsed in 2017 and 2018. Number of conferences analyzed: 19 Average number of attendees: 403 Average number of female attendees: 76 (19%; min= 8%, C4; max= 42%, C19) Average number attendees giving invited papers: 45 Average number of female attendees giving invited papers: 7 (17%; min=3.6%, C5; max=38%, C19) Average number of members of International Advisory Committee: 59 Average number of female members of IAC: 15 (25%; min= 5%, C5; max=42%, C14; also, one with 4 IAC members all of them female, C13) Rule for IUPAP commissions: at least 4 women in each of them (represented countries make proposals) Rules for commission chairs?

How to keep track of the statistics?

Should we specify M or F by the names? Who decides who is female or male? Auto-perception of gender, cultural differences, etc.

Rules for IUPAP endorsed/sponsored conferences.

At the 2017 GA it was also decided that IUPAP sponsored conferences should have a “session” on inclusiveness in physics. We are in the process of defining what this means and what will be requested. Rules for IUPAP endorsed conferences. Statement about harassment

IUPAP requires that supported conferences publish on their websites and in all publications related to the Conference a specific statement on harassment. Among other things, the statement says:

“The conference organisers will name an advisor who will consult with those who have suffered from harassment and who will suggest ways of redressing their problems, and an advisor who will counsel those accused of harassment. The conference organisers may, after due consideration, take such action they deem appropriate, including warning or expulsion from the conference without refund.” The Waterloo Charter A declaration of principles on inclusivity in physics + Guidelines to advance towards a more inclusive practice. It was initiated at the 5th IUPAP International Conference for Women in Physics, Waterloo, Canada, August 2014.

It is based on the rubrics of the Baltimore Charter and the Pasadena Recommendations formulated by the American Astronomical Society in 1993 and 2003.

It is also shaped and guided by the principles dictated by Project Juno initiated by the Institute of Physics, UK.

Its main body contains the declaration of principles and the rationale for its need. It is appended with a set of recommendations for key players of the physics community at all levels to implement strategies that will enable women to succeed within the existing structures of physics and allow the desired acceptance of diversity to develop fully. During the sixth ICWIP (Birmingham, UK, in July 2017) we had a broad discussion about the Charter and agreed on a set of guidelines on how to finalize it. The new draft can be downloaded from: http://wgwip.df.uba.ar/Waterloo%20Charter_Ver7.pdf

In particular, we decided on its current structure. We expect that the IUPAP Executive Council will approve it at its next meeting in October/November 2018. Creating its Working Group on Women in Physics the IUPAP recognized that something had to be done to improve the situation and increase the number of female physicists. The existence of the Working Group brought the issue upfront and made the physics community aware that there was a problem that called for specific actions The actions of the WG led to the creation of a large network of women physicists and inspired the organization of several activities all over the world. In spite of all of this, much more still needs to be done. The IUPAP has recognized it through its deep involvement with Gender Gap in Science Project and by having approved the WG existence for 2 more periods (six years). We all have to be part of a worldwide concert effort for the necessary changes to enter into effect. Thank you! CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective  Presentation of the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics Activities  Marie-Françoise Roy, chair of CWM

www.mathunion.org/cwm

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective The only international structure for women in mathematics created by the EC in March 2015 TERMS OF REFERENCE (1) To promote international contacts between national and regional organizations for women in mathematical sciences; (2) To maintain the Women in Mathematics pages on the IMU website (3) To organize an electronic community of women mathematicians (4) To work with groups, committees and commissions of IMU on topics pertaining to women mathematicians and their representation; (5) To publicise and suggest, working practices that ensure equal opportunities for women mathematician (6) To report annually to the EC and propose actions

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective CWM WEBSITE Unique and important function as the only platform coordinating such diverse worldwide activity. Initiated by Ingrid Daubechies Launched before CWM at the Seoul ICM Items (events, new women in maths organisations, newsworthy items, resources etc) added every week 36 countries listed with some form of organisation CWM AMBASSADORS A network of 120 women (and supporters) in 76 countries Disseminate information from CWM Circulate information about initiatives. CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective ACTIVITIES FUNDED BY CWM : NETWORKS Annual call for supporting the networks of female mathematicians on a regional basis in developing or emerging countries. In 2016-2018 : over 150 applications, 29 funded, amounts up to 3 K euro each 2017 : Brazil, Canada (Mathematical Congress of the Americas), Morocco, Chile, India, Nepal, Tunisia, South Africa, Iran, Vietnam, Mexico, Japan 1500 participants in total in 2016-2017

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective

WORLD MEETING FOR WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS On July 31 2018 Satellite event of ICM >350 participants, >1/3 from Open Arms Latin American focus Including a Memorial to Maryam Mirzakhani World Premiere of the first part of the film JOURNEYS OF WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS

GENDER GAP IN SCIENCE A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences: How to Measure It, How to Reduce It?

Major project: 100K euros per year 2017-19, 11 partners* IMU lead union, funded by International Council of Science Aims : to produce sound data to support the choices of interventions that ICS and its member unions can feasibly undertake to reduce the gender gap Focus on developing countries https://gender-gap-in-science.org/

* IMU, IUPAC,IUPAP, ICIAM, IAU, IUBS, ACM, IUHPST, UNESCO, OWSD, GenderInSite

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective GENDER GAP IN SCIENCE A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences: How to Measure It, How to Reduce It?

1 GLOBAL SURVEY OF SCIENTISTS Target 45,000 respondents in multiple languages. Better knowledge of the gender gap in science around the world : comparisons across regions, countries, disciplines, level of development of the country, sector of employment (academia, industry) Please answer and please invite to answer https://statisticalresearchcenter.aip.org/cgi-bin/global18.pl

2 . PUBLICATION PATTERNS - in mathematics, systemic gender imbalance - conclusion based on comprehensive metadata source - women mathematicians tripled their number since 1970 - publish less than men at the beginning of their careers, - leave academia at a higher rate - high-ranked journals publish fewer articles by women, some showing less than 5% authorships by women with no change over time - fewer single authored papers - coauthor networks are similar in size to those of men. CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective GENDER GAP IN SCIENCE A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences: How to Measure It, How to Reduce It? 2 . PUBLICATION PATTERNS - similar methodology will be used to study publication patterns in physics, chemistry, astronomy, if possible biology and computer science, and across countries and regions -understand common and discipline-specific issues that require interventions - create a sustainable and dynamic methodology to provide a continuous data processing flow, and hence allow for easy updates and longitudinal data analyses.

3 . DATABASE OF GOOD PRACTICES Many initiatives aim to enhance the participation of girls and women in science and mathematics. Which ones work? What is the evidence for effectiveness? Can effective practices developed in one place be used in other contexts? Questions structuring an online database of good practices

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective GENDER GAP INSIDE ICM Total number of 201 women invited speakers since 1897 124 of them (2/3!) since 2000

(Helena Mihaljevic, Marie-Françoise Roy An invitation to the ‘hall of fame’. On the trails of women among ICM speakers Poster at the World Meeting for Women in Mathematics, July 31 2018)

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective FIRST ICM PLENARY LECTURE EMMY NOETHER1932

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective SECOND ICM PLENARY LECTURE KAREN UHLENECK 1990

CWM Panel The gender gap in mathematical and natural sciences from a historical perspective