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THE RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN (2015-2017) and the ALT-RIGHT MOVEMENT in the US By

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THE RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN (2015-2017) and the ALT-RIGHT MOVEMENT in the US By “THE SOUTH WILL RISE AGAIN, RUSSIA IS OUR FRIEND”: THE RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN (2015-2017) AND THE ALT-RIGHT MOVEMENT IN THE US by Margaret E. DeLany A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Conflict Analysis and Resolution Committee: ___________________________________________ Chair of Committee ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Graduate Program Director ___________________________________________ Dean, School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Date: _____________________________________ Spring Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA “The South Will Rise Again, Russia Is Our Friend”: The Russian Propaganda Campaign (2015-2017) and the Alt-Right Movement in the US A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University by Margaret E. DeLany Bachelor of Science United States Naval Academy, 2000 Director: Dr. Karina Korostelina, Professor of Conflict Analysis and Resolution and Psychology School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Spring Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2019 Margaret E. DeLany All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION “The greatest trick the devil ever pulled was convincing the world he didn’t exist.” (From the movie “The Usual Suspects,” 1995) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis Chair, Dr. Karina Korostelina, for her guidance and advice, as well as my thesis committee members, Dr. Tehama Lopez Bunyasi and Dr. Susan Allen, for their insight and assistance. I would especially like to thank my husband and children: this thesis represents the many times I fed you leftovers and fish sticks for dinner, or the games I promised to play in “just a minute,” or the nights you spent without me while I wrote. Thank you for your understanding, love and support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................... x Chapter One - Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Impact .............................................................................................................................. 2 Research Question ........................................................................................................... 4 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter Two – Propaganda ................................................................................................. 7 Russian propaganda campaign on Facebook from 2015-2017 ....................................... 8 How propaganda tactics and devices work ................................................................... 11 Propaganda, threat and identity ..................................................................................... 19 Chapter Three - Social Identity Theory ............................................................................ 22 Categorization (Stereotypes, attitudes and perceptions) ............................................... 24 Collective Axiology and Axiology of Difference ......................................................... 28 Chosen traumas and glories in Collective Axiology ..................................................... 32 Social boundaries, favoritism, bias and discrimination ................................................ 36 Chapter Four - Dynamics and factors in identity based conflicts ..................................... 41 Korostelina’s 4-C model ............................................................................................... 41 Identity salience as a factor in conflict .......................................................................... 42 Outgroup threat ............................................................................................................. 43 Relative deprivation ................................................................................................... 47 Realistic conflict ........................................................................................................ 49 Security Dilemma ...................................................................................................... 52 Dehumanization ......................................................................................................... 53 Chapter Five - Ethnicity and Race .................................................................................... 58 White Identity ................................................................................................................ 63 v White Supremacy .......................................................................................................... 75 Nonwhite threat as a tool of white supremacy .......................................................... 77 What is the alt-right? ................................................................................................. 79 Status of the alt-right. ................................................................................................ 81 Chapter Six – Research ..................................................................................................... 87 Research methodology: Alt-right .................................................................................. 88 Alt-right Exemplars ................................................................................................... 90 Coding used to evaluate alt-right ............................................................................... 93 Research Methodology: Russian-sponsored Facebook Ads ......................................... 98 Russian Sponsored Facebook Ads ............................................................................. 99 Coding used to evaluate the Russian-sponsored Facebook Ads.............................. 100 Analysis methods ........................................................................................................ 104 Objectivity and validity ............................................................................................... 105 Ethical considerations ................................................................................................. 106 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 106 Chapter Seven – Ideology, threat, methodology and propaganda used by the alt-right . 108 Collective axiology .................................................................................................. 108 “Pro-white” ideology – positive stereotypes, favorable comparison and moral duality ................................................................................................................. 109 “Anti-nonwhite” ideology – negative stereotypes, moral duality and dehumanization ................................................................................................... 114 “Pro-Trad” ideology – stereotypes, moral duality and boundaries ..................... 120 “Anti-ideology” – moral duality ascribed to alternative ideologies ................... 122 Other ideological tenets of the alt-right .............................................................. 124 Identity and threat in the alt-right movement .......................................................... 125 Outgroup threat ................................................................................................... 126 Relative deprivation ............................................................................................ 130 Propaganda and the alt-right movement .................................................................. 132 Synopsis ................................................................................................................... 138 Chapter Eight – Ideology, methodology and propaganda of Russian-sponsored Facebook Ads .................................................................................................................................. 145 Ideology ....................................................................................................................... 146 Pro-white ................................................................................................................. 146 vi Anti-nonwhite .......................................................................................................... 153 Anti-ideology ........................................................................................................... 163 Pro-traditional values (pro-trad) .............................................................................. 170 Outgroup Threat ...................................................................................................... 173 Relative deprivation ................................................................................................. 176 Propaganda .................................................................................................................
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