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Toward Revitalization of New Towns in Egypt Case Study: Sixth of October

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Toward Revitalization of New Towns in Egypt Case Study: Sixth of October International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2013) 2, 10–18 Gulf Organisation for Research and Development International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment ScienceDirect www.sciencedirect.com Original article Toward revitalization of new towns in Egypt case study: Sixth of October Ibrahim Rizk Hegazy ⇑, Wael Seddik Moustafa Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt Received 6 May 2013; accepted 20 July 2013 Abstract Egypt adapted many experiments by establishment of new towns and urban settlements in the desert areas. These experiments aim to achieve developmental strategic aspects in the fields of urbanization, environmental, economic, and social. However, there is severe lim- itation in the achievement of the requirement rates either in the demographic growth rates, or in the economic growth rates, or in the urban development rates. Therefore, it should be evaluated either from the theoretical aspect or the executive one. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate Egypt’s new town policy, a central pillar of the nation’s urban development strategy over the last 30 years. The history and growth of new towns are reviewed; challenges as well as achievements are identified. Sixth of October new town is chosen as a case study, to delve into the details of development issues in one of the largest new towns. Finally, policy implications for improving the performance of Sixth of October and other new towns are suggested. Ó 2014 The Gulf Organisation for Research and Development. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: New towns; Urban development strategy; Sixth of October new town; Egypt 1. Introduction tions with social, economic and political systems (Ali, 2003). The development of the Egyptian desert has faced by The establishment of new towns in the desert is of the many challenges that have not been taken into account most important experience which aims to develop desert by criticism or evaluation. It is argued that the weaknesses regions in Egypt. In order to investigate this experience, and failures of new towns in Egypt have primarily resulted it should firstly study the historical evolution of new town from the absence of understanding the holistic nature of experience and track the establishment of new towns and the desert environment and the nature of the interconnec- communities in the Egyptian desert. It is also essential to monitor the most significant problems associated with planning processes, especially in Sixth of October new ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 101 6060 100; fax: +20 502349966. town as a case study and one of the largest new towns in E-mail address: [email protected] (I.R. Hegazy). order to stand on the potential proposals that may support Peer-review under responsibility of The Gulf Organisation for Research and promote the achievement of urban development goals and Development. in the Sixth of October and other new towns. The current research methodology includes interviewing members of academic staff. The opinions provide valuable Production and hosting by Elsevier input for the evaluation process. Interviewees included 2212-6090/$ - see front matter Ó 2014 The Gulf Organisation for Research and Development. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.07.002 I.R. Hegazy, W.S. Moustafa / International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 2 (2013) 10–18 11 professional planners and university staff. Given the partic- old inhabited areas along the Nile valley are no longer able ular aim of this research, semi-structured interviews includ- to absorb the increasing population and that Egyptians ing open-ended questions were considered the logical have to exploit their desert regions in order to achieve more choice. The current research will investigate the following sustainable development. The aim of the new towns was to questions in order to examine Sixth of October develop- attract population, create an industrial base outside the ment issues and obstacles: valley, and attract public and private investments (Aafify, 1999). What are the significant challenges facing sustain- The first new town venture began in 1976 with the dec- able development of Sixth of October? laration by President Sadat to establish, Tenth of Ramadan What are the potential actions and strategies for new town, a new totally self-sufficient town at a desert loca- revitalizing Sixth of October in order to achieve tion about halfway between Cairo and Ismailia. This new urban sustainability within the Egyptian context? city has a solid economic foundation based on the industry (Ali, 2003). Even while Tenth of Ramadan was still on the drawing 2. Egypt’s new town initiative: history and planning boards, other new town schemes, each having a significant industrial base, were announced. These are now considered The new town policy was launched in 1970s as an official the “first generation” of new towns (see Fig. 1). These new recognition by the Government of Egypt (GOE) that the towns (Sixth of October, El-Sadat, El-Obour, 15th of May, Mediterranean Sea Alexandria New Domiat Borg El-Arab El-Obour th ShikZaied 10 of Ramadan El-Sadat Badr El-Shrouk 6th of October Cairo 15th of May Sinai New Fayom New Bani-suief New Elminia New Assuit New Akhmem Red Sea New Sowhag New Qina New Tibba New Aswan Aswan Exisng Cies 1st generaon 2nd generaon 3rd generaon Fig. 1. The three generations of new towns in Egypt. 12 I.R. Hegazy, W.S. Moustafa / International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 2 (2013) 10–18 and New Domiat) were planned to be geographically and 3. Current problems and criticisms of the new town economically independent of major cities, each with their own industrial base and large target populations of The main criticism of the new towns, readily acknowl- between 250,000 and 500,000. edged by the Ministry of Housing, is that they are not The legislative and institutional frameworks for the new attracting anywhere near the planned populations (Ali, towns were formalized with the promulgation of the New 2003; El-Nhas, 2006; El-Laham, 2011; Sayed, 2008) which Communities Law (No. 59 of 1979). It created the New overall was set to be 5 million inhabitants by 2005. In 2006 Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) within the Minis- the Census enumerated only 766,000 inhabitants in all the try of Housing, which was designated as the sole body new towns extant at that time, or 2.45% of the 2006 official responsible for establishing new communities, including urban population and a tiny 1.06% of the national the identification of sites, provision of onsite and offsite population. infrastructure, setting standards, construction of housing Problems commonly identified with the new towns could and services, and distribution of land for investors (WB, be summarized as follows (Abo El-atta and Rabee, 1998; 2008). The Law 59/1979 also gave it the right to declare Ali, 2003, 2007; El-Zaafrany and Aabas, 2007; Sayed, special development zones on governmental desert. Law 2008; Ali and Abd El-Galeel, 2009): 59/1979 stipulated that each new town would be managed by a town development agency under NUCA, but that – New towns have been developed through typical pro- once developed the new towns were to revert to standard cesses, with little consideration of location dynamics, municipal local administration under the relevant gover- target beneficiaries, the economic underpinning of new norate (WB, 2008). towns, and effective market incentives. By the mid-1980s the “second generation” was launched – Creating new towns is an expensive endeavor, since all in the desert around Greater Cairo. These new towns (El- basic infrastructures must be provided from scratch. Shrouk, El-Obour, Badr and Shik Zaied) were planned to – The new towns over-rely on governmental investments, absorb the population increase in Cairo. In parallel, a and their continued development will require even “third generation” of new towns was established in the near greater budgetary commitments. desert as sister towns or twins to existing cities (Ali, 2003). – In some cases proper soil and other studies were not Examples include New Assiut, New Thebes, New Minia, undertaken, and designated lands could not be devel- New Aswan, etc. At present there are a total of 20 new oped. In this context, there remains a lack of clarity towns which are functioning or under construction and about the constraints, potentials, and opportunities of more than 40 new cities and communities are on the draw- the environmental and physical characteristics of the ing boards. selected sites such as the topography and soil character- In the early 1990s there was a significant shift in the con- istics of the areas and storm water issues. cept of new towns and the associated land management – Although the new communities law envisioned the even- policy. Up until this time new towns were mainly developed tual handing over of new towns to the respective local to attract the working classes through the construction of government authorities, this has not occurred, because government subsidized low-cost housing units. either (1) local authorities are perceived as not having With increasing criticism of the quality social housing, the management capacities to maintain the high stan- a much more “capitalist” mode of development was dards of the new towns, or (2) because local authorities applied. The boundaries of existing new towns and settle- cannot assume the service debts and liabilities associated ments were rearranged and dramatically extended, partic- with these new towns. ularly in those cities around Cairo which were considered – Many private sector developers hurried to develop up- to have development potential. Those cities were merged market sites without regard for market demand, leading and boundaries were extended to create New Cairo in many schemes to fail.
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