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HAIDER KARAR Reg BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, DROSICHA MANGIFERAE GREEN IN MANGO ORCHARDS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By HAIDER KARAR Reg. No. 84-ag-853 M.Sc .(Hons.) Agriculture A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD (PAKISTAN) 2010 DEDICATED To My Mother MY HEAVEN LIES BENEATH HER FEET & My Wife Raeesa Haider FOR HER SERVICES TO MY MOTHER & LOOKING AFTER THE CHILDREN OH! MY ALMIGHTY ALLAH, MAKE ME AN INSTRUMENT OF YOUR PEACE WHERE , THERE IS HATRED , LET ME SOW LOVE , WHERE THERE IS INJURY , PARDON WHERE THERE IS DOUBT , FAITH WHERE THERE IS DESPAIR , HOPE WHERE THERE IS DARKNESS , LIGHT AND WHERE THERE IS SADNESS , ENJOY . CONTENTS CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES -------------------------------------------------------- i LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------- v LIST OF APPENDICES ------------------------------------------------- vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ------------------------------------------- vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ----------------------------------------------- viii ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------- ix I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Agriculture in Pakistan ___________________________________1 1.2 The importance of fruits to Pakistan _________________________1 1.3 Importance of mango ____________________________________2 1.4 Insect pest of mango _____________________________________2 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Survey ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 2.2 Population Dynamics ------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.3 Cultivar Resistance --------------------------------------------------------- 5 2.4 Effect of host plant ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.5 Biology ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.6 Selectivity Studies ---------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.6.1 Cultural control ------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.6.2 Mechanical control --------------------------------------------------- 8 2.6.3 Chemical control ----------------------------------------------------- 9 2.7 Sustainable management approach for the control of mango mealybug --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 III PROBLEM ORIENTATION STUDIES Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 3.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.2 Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------------- 14 3.2.1 Study Sites and its Climate ----------------------------------------- 14 3.2.2 Preliminary Survey --------------------------------------------------- 14 3.2.3 Comprehensive Survey ---------------------------------------------- 14 Contents 3.3 Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------------------- 16 3.3.1 Preliminary Survey --------------------------------------------------- 16 3.3.1.1 Awareness among Farmers about Insect Pests ------- 16 3.3.1.2 Relationship between Pest and Yield Losses --------- 17 3.3.1.3 Dominance Factors of Mango Mealybug -------------- 18 3.3.2 Comprehensive Survey ---------------------------------------------- 19 3.3.2.1 Respondent’s Knowledge about Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Mango -------------------------------------- 19 3.3.2.2 Awareness Regarding Methods of Spreading of Mealybug --------------------------------------------------- 20 3.3.2.3 Awareness among Respondents Regarding Hibernation Places of Mango Mealybug ----------------------------- 21 3.3.2.4 Practices Adopted by the Farmers for the Control of Mango Mealybug ---------------------------- 22 3.3.2.4.1 Cultural Practices ------------------------------ 22 3.3.2.4.2 Mechanical Practices -------------------------- 23 3.3.2.4.3 Response of Chemical Insecticide ---------- 24 3.3.2.5 Practices Adopted by the Farmer to Control the Fertilized Female of Mango Mealybug Coming down the Tree --------------------------------------------- 25 3.3.2.6 Yield Losses by Mango Mealybug --------------------- 26 3.3.2.7 Major Problems Faced by the Farmers ---------------- 27 3.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 IV POPULATION DYNAMICS, CULTIVAR RESISTANCE AND BIOLOGY Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 4.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 32 4.2 Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------------- 34 4.2.1 Population dynamics of Mealybug on Chaunsa Cultivar of Mango ------------------------------------------------- 34 4.2.2 Population of mango Mealybug on different Cultivars of Mango ------------------------------------------------------------ 34 4.2.3 Methodology to Study the Biology of Mango Mealybug under Field Conditions ------------------------------- 35 4.2.3.1 Collection of eggs ----------------------------------------- 36 4.2.3.2 Hatching of Eggs ------------------------------------------ 36 4.3 Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------------------- 38 4.3.1 Population of mango mealybug versus plant sides -------------- 38 4.3.1.1 Population of Mango Mealybug on Leaves on Various Plant Sides --------------------------------------- 38 4.3.1.2 Mango Mealybug on Inflorescence -------------------- 40 4.3.1.3 Mango Mealybug on Branches ------------------------- 41 4.3.1.4 Population of Mango Mealybug on Trunk and Weeds-------------------------------------------------- 42 Contents 4.3.1.5 Predation, Parasitization and Fungal Attacked Population of Mango Mealybug ------------------------ 42 4.3.2 Graphical interaction between weather factors and population of mango mealybug during 2005- 2006 and 2006-2007 ----------------------------------------------------------- 43 4.3.2.1 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather Factors during 2005-2006 ------------------------------- 43 4.3.2.2 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather Factors during 2006-2007 ------------------------------- 44 4.3.2.3 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather Factors on an Average Basis of Both Years Data --------------------------------------------------------- 45 4.3.3 Role of weather in population fluctuation of mango mealybug ------------------------------------------------------------ 47 4.3.3.1 Simple Correlation Between Weather Factors and Population of Mango Mealybug ------------------- 47 4.3.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression Models ------------------- 47 4.3.4 Active period of nymphs moving up the trees at various day times --------------------------------------------------- 49 4.3.5 Population of mango mealybug on different cultivars of mango ------------------------------------------------------------ 50 4.3.5.1 Population of Mango Mealybug During 2005- 2006 --------------------------------------------------------- 50 4.3.5.1.1 Cultivars Resistance --------------------------- 51 4.3.5.1.2 Plant Direction --------------------------------- 52 4.3.5.1.3 Period of Abundance of Mango Mealybug --------------------------------------- 52 4.3.5.2 Population of Mango Mealybug During 2006- 2007 --------------------------------------------------------- 53 4.3.5.2.1 Cultivars Resistance --------------------------- 54 4.3.5.2.2 Plant Direction --------------------------------- 54 4.3.5.2.3 Period of Abundance -------------------------- 54 4.3.5.3 Population of Mango Mealybug on Cumulative Basis of Both Years Studies ----------------------------- 57 4.3.6 Antibiosis Resistance Against Mango Mealybug in Different Cultivars of Mango ------------------------------------ 59 4.3.6.1 Number of Eggs Laid Per Female ---------------------- 59 4.3.6.2 Weight of Female ----------------------------------------- 60 4.3.6.3 Length of Female ----------------------------------------- 60 4.3.6.4 Width of Female ------------------------------------------ 62 4.3.6.5 Length of Ovisac ------------------------------------------ 62 4.3.6.6 Width of Ovisac ------------------------------------------- 62 4.3.7 Biology of mango mealybug on susceptible cultivar Chaunsa -------------------------------------------------------------- 63 4.3.7.1 First Stadium ---------------------------------------------- 63 4.3.7.2 Second Stadium ------------------------------------------- 63 Contents 4.3.7.3 Third Stadium --------------------------------------------- 64 4.3.7.4 Females ----------------------------------------------------- 64 4.3.7.5 Males ------------------------------------------------------- 65 4.3.8 Study on the behaviour of the pest ------------------------------ 65 4.3.8.1 Speed of Nymphs ---------------------------------------- 65 4.3.8.2 Removal of Whitish Cocoon ---------------------------- 65 4.3.8.3 Egg Laying Behaviour ----------------------------------- 66 4.3.8.4 Nymphs Live Without Food ----------------------------- 66 4.3.8.5 Copulation Time ------------------------------------------ 66 4.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 Biology and Behaviour of Mango Mealybug on Chaunsa Cultivar ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 Period of abundance -------------------------------------------------------- 70 V CULTIVAR RESISTANCE BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN LEAVES AND INFLORESCENCE Abstract 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