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ﻖ ﯿ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﯽ ﻤﯿ ﺷ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺳﺎل Jacobus Henricus Van T ' ﮏ

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ﻖ ﯿ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﯽ ﻤﯿ ﺷ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺳﺎل Jacobus Henricus Van T ' ﮏ ﺳﺎل ﺑﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرزادﮔﺎه/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ Jacobus Henricus van 't ١٩٠١ Hoff ﮐﺸﻒ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ ھﻠﻨﺪ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮﻟﯿﻦ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ و ﻓﺸﺎر اﺳﻤﺰی ﯾﺎﮐﻮﺑﻮس در ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﮫﺎ ھﻨﺮﯾﮑﻮس واﻧﺖھﻮف Hermann Emil Fischer ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺷﮑﺮ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ١٩٠٢ آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮﻟﯿﻦ ﭘﯿﻮرﯾﻦ ھﺮﻣﺎن اﻣﯿﻞ ﻓﯿﺸﺮ Svante August ﺳﻮﺋﺪ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اراﺋﻪ ﺗﺌﻮری ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ ١٩٠٣ Arrhenius اﺳﺘﮑﮫﻠﻢ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﯽ ﺳﻮاﻧﺖ آرﻧﯿﻮس William Sir ﮐﺸﻒ ﮔﺎزھﺎی ﻧﺠﯿﺐ و ١٩٠۴ Ramsay اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻟﻨﺪن ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ آنھﺎ در وﯾﻠﯿﺎم رﻣﺰی ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ Johann Friedrich ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺷﯿﻤﯽ آﻟﯽ و ١٩٠۵ Wilhelm Adolf آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻮﻧﯿﺦ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎی در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ von Baeyer ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ رﻧﮕﮫﺎی آﻟﯽ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت آدوﻟﻒ ﺑﺎﯾﺮ ھﯿﺪروآروﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺟﺪاﺳﺎ ﯾﯽ Henri Moissan ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮر و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ در ١٩٠۶ ھﺎﻧﺮی ﻣﻮاﺳﺎن ﺳﻮرﺑﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ رﻧﮕﮫﺎی آﻟﯽ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ھﯿﺪروآرﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ Eduard Buchner ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ و ١٩٠٧ آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻮﻧﯿﺦ ﮐﺸﻒ روش ﺗﺨﻤﯿﺮ ﺑﺪون ادوارد ﺑﻮﺧﻨﺮ ﺳﻠﻮل Ernest ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ زﻣﯿﻨﻪٔ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩٠٨ Rutherford ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ و ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﻣﻮاد وﯾﮑﺘﻮرﯾﺎی ﻣﻨﭽﺴﺘﺮ رادﯾﻮاﮐﺘﯿﻮ ارﻧﺴﺖ رادرﻓﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روی ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﯿﺰورھﺎ Wilhelm Ostwald آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه واﺻﻮل ﺑﻨﯿﺎدی ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ١٩٠٩ وﯾﻠﮫﻠﻢ اوﺳﺘﻮاﻟﺪ ﻻﯾﭙﺰﯾﮏ ﺗﻌﺎدﻻت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ واﮐﻨﺶ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺷﯿﻤﯽ آﻟﯽ و ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ Otto Wallach آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩١٠ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﮔﺎﺗﯿﻨﮕﻦ اوﺗﻮ واﻻش ﺗﺮﮐﯿ ﺐھﺎی آﻟﯿﻔﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺣﻠﻘﻮی Marie Curie, née ﮐﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ رادﯾﻢ و ﻟﮫﺴﺘﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﻮﻟﻮﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزی ١٩١١ Sklodowska ﺳﻮرﺑﻦ رادﯾﻢ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روی ﻣﺎری ﮐﻮری ﺗﺮﮐﯿ ﺐھﺎی اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ Victor Grignard ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه وﯾﮑﺘﻮر ﮔﺮﯾﻨﯿﺎرد ﻧﺎﻧﺴﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﮫﺎد روﺷﯽ ﺑﺮای ھﯿ ﺪروژندار ﮐﺮدن ١٩١٢ ﺗﺮﮐﯿ ﺐھﺎی آﻟﯽ در ﺣﻀﻮر ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﻤﯽ از ﯾﮏ ﻓﻠﺰ Paul Sabatier ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﻟﻮز ﭘﻞ ﺳﺎﺑﺎﺗﯿﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ اﻟﮕﻮی اﺗﺼﺎل اﺗﻤﮫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮل ھﺎ و اراﺋﻪ Alfred Werner ﺳﻮﺋﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه دﯾﺪﮔﺎھﯽ ﻧﻮ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ١٩١٣ زورﯾﺦ آﻟﻔﺮد ورﻧﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮﯾﮋه در ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ Theodore ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ دﻗﯿﻖ وزن اﺗﻤﯽ William Richards آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩١۴ ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از ھﺎروارد ﺗﺌﻮدور وﯾﻠﯿﺎم ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ رﯾﭽﺎردز Richard Martin ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮ روی ١٩١۵ Willstätter آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻮﻧﯿﺦ رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪھﺎی ﮔﯿﺎھﯽ رﯾﭽﺎرد وﯾﻠﺸﺘﺘﺮ ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿﻞ ١٩١۶ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه اﻋﻄﺎ ﻧﺸﺪ و ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ وﯾﮋه اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ١٩١٧ Fritz Haber آﻟﻤﺎن/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﻓﺮﯾﺘﺲ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ آﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎک از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ١٩١٨ ﻓﺮﯾﺘﺲ ھﺎﺑﺮ ھﺎﯾﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﯿﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه اش ١٩١٩ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه اﻋﻄﺎ ﻧﺸﺪ و ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ وﯾﮋه اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. Walther ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ١٩٢٠ Hermann Nernst آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮﻟﯿﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ واﻟﺘﺮ ﻧﺮﻧﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ Frederick Soddy اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩٢١ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﻣﻮاد رادﯾﻮاﮐﺘﯿﻮ و آﮐﺴﻔﻮرد ﻓﺮدرﯾﮏ ﺳﻮدی ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﺰوﺗﻮب ھﺎ Francis William ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن ﻃﯿﻒ ﺟﺮﻣﯽ Aston اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﯾﺰوﺗﻮپ ھﺎی ﺗﻌﺪاد زﯾﺎدی ١٩٢٢ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﯿﺲ وﯾﻠﯿﺎم ﮐﻤﺒﺮﯾﺞ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ رادﯾﻮاﮐﺘﯿﻮ و اراﺋﻪ آﺳﺘﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ Fritz Pregl اراﺋﻪ روﺷﯽ در ﻣﻮرد ١٩٢٣ اﺗﺮﯾﺶ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﺮاز آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰھﺎی ﻣﯿﮑﺮو ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻓﺮﯾﺘﺰ ﭘﺮﮔﻞ آﻟﯽ ١٩٢۴ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه اﻋﻄﺎ ﻧﺸﺪ و ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ وﯾﮋه اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. Richard Adolf اﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﺎھﯿﺖ ھﺘﺮوژن اﺗﺮﯾﺶ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﮫﺎی ﮐﻠﻮﺋﯿﺪی و اراﺋﻪ ١٩٢۵ Zsigmondy ﮔﺎﺗﯿﻨﮕﻦ روﺷﯽ ﺑﺮای اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رﯾﭽﺎرد ژﯾﮕﻤﻮﻧﺪی آﻧﮫﺎ The (Theodor) ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ روی ١٩٢۶ Svedberg ﺳﻮﺋﺪ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آﭘﺴﺎﻻ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﮫﺎی ﺗﻔﺮق ﺗﺌﻮدور ﺳﯿﺪﺑﺮگ Heinrich Otto Wieland ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ درﺑﺎره ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ١٩٢٧ آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻮﻧﯿﺦ اﺳﯿﺪھﺎی ﺻﻔﺮاوی و ﻣﻮاد ھﺎﯾﻨﺮﯾﺶ اوﺗﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ وﯾﻠﻨﺪ Adolf Otto ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮ روی ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ Reinhold آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٢٩٨ اﺳﺘﺮولھﺎ وارﺗﺒﺎط آﻧﮫﺎ ﺑﺎ Windaus ﮔﺎﺗﯿﻨﮕﻦ وﯾﺘﺎﻣﯿ ﻦھﺎ آدوﻟﻒ وﯾﻨﺪاوس Arthur Harden ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روی ﺗﺨﻤﯿﺮ ١٩٢٩ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻟﻨﺪن ﺷﮑﺮ و آﻧﺰﯾﻤﮫﺎی آرﺗﻮر ھﺎردن ﺗﺨﻤﯿﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮ Hans Karl August Simon -von Euler آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه Chelpin ﮔﺎﺗﯿﻨﮕﻦ ھﺎﻧﺲ ﻓﻮن اوﺑﺮ ﺷﻠﭙﯿﻦ ﺗﺨﻘﯿﻖ روی ﺧﻮن و Hans Fischer آﻟﻤﺎن/اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ١٩٣٠ رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪ ھﺎی ﮔﯿﺎھﯽ و ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژی ﻣﻮﻧﯿﺦ ھﺎﻧﺲ ﻓﯿﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﺘﺮ آﻧﮫﺎ Carl Bosch آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ھﺎﯾﺪل ﮐﺎرل ﺑﻮش ﺑﺮگ ١٩٣١ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روﺷﮫﺎی ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر Friedrich Bergius آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ھﺎﯾﺪل ﻓﺮﯾﺪرﯾﺶ ﺑﺮژﯾﻮس ﺑﺮگ Irving Langmuir آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺟﻨﺮال ١٩٣٢ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﺳﻄﺢ اﯾﺮوﯾﻨﮓ ﻻﻧﮕﻤﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮏ ١٩٣٣ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه اﻋﻄﺎ ﻧﺸﺪ و ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮم ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ و دو ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ وﯾﮋه اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. Harold Clayton ١٩٣۴ Urey آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﺸﻒ ھﯿﺪروژن ﮐﻠﻤﺒﯿﺎ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ(دوﺗﺮﯾﻢ) ھﺎروﻟﺪ ﯾﻮری Frédéric Joliot ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﻓﺮدرﯾﮏ ژوﻟﯿﻮ رادﯾﻮم ﭘﺎرﯾﺲ ﮐﻮری ١٩٣۵ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ رادﯾﻮ اﮐﺘﯿ ﻮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ Irène Joliot- Curie ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ رادﯾﻮم ﭘﺎرﯾﺲ اﯾﺮن ژوﻟﯿﻮ ﮐﻮری (Petrus (Peter ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ Josephus ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﮔﺸﺘﺎور دوﻗﻄﺒﯽ ھﻠﻨﺪ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮﻟﯿﻦ ١٩٣۶ Wilhelmus ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﮫﺎ و ﭘﺮاش اﺷﻌﻪ آﻟﻤﺎن Debye اﯾﮑﺲ واﻟﮑﺘﺮون در ﻓﺎز ﭘﯿﺘﺮ دﺑﺎی ﮔﺎزی Walter Norman ١٩٣٧ Haworth اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روی ﺑﯿﺮﻣﻨﮕﺎم ﮐﺮﺑﻮھﯿ ﺪراتھﺎ و وﯾﺘﺎﻣﯿﻦC ﻧﻮرﻣﻦ ھﺎورث ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮروی Paul Karrer ﺳﻮﺋﯿﺲ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﺎروﺗﻨﻮﺋﯿﺪھﺎ، ﻓﻼوﯾ ﻦھﺎ و زورﯾﺦ ﭘﻞ ﮐﺎرر وﯾﺘﺎﻣﯿ ﻦھﺎیA, B2 Richard Kuhn آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ھﺎﯾﺪل ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی ﮐﺎﻧﺘﻮﺋﯿﺪھﺎ و ١٩٣٨ رﯾﭽﺎرد ﮐﻮھﻦ ﺑﺮگ وﯾﺘﺎﻣﯿﻦ ھﺎ Adolf Friedrich Johann ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی ھﻮرﻣﻮنھﺎی Butenandt آﻟﻤﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮﻟﯿﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﯽ آدوﻟﻒ ﻓﺮﯾﺪرﯾﺶ ١٩٣٩ ﺑﻮﺗﻨﺎﻧﺖ ﮐﺮواﺳﯽ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ Leopold Ruzicka ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی ﭘﻠﯽ ﻣﺘﯿ ﻠﻦھﺎ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژی ﻓﺪرال و ﺗﺮﭘﻦھﺎی ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻟﺌﻮﭘﻮﻟﺪ روﺗﺴﯿﮑﺎ ﺳﻮﺋﯿﺲ ١٩۴٠ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه اﻋﻄﺎ ﻧﺸﺪ و ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮم ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺟﺎﯾﺰه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ و دو ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ١٩۴١ وﯾﮋه اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ١٩۴٢ George de ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﺠﺎرﺳﺘﺎن/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺟﺰﺋﯽ اﯾ ﺰوﺗﻮپھﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ١٩۴٣ Hevesy اﺳﺘﮑﮫﻠﻢ ردﯾﺎب در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪٔ ﭼﻮرج ھﻮﺳﯽ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪھﺎی ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ Otto Hahn آﻟﻤﺎن/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﻣﺎﮐﺲ ﮐﺸﻒ ﺷﮑﺎﻓﺖ ١٩۴۴ اﺗﻮ ھﺎن ﭘﻼﻧﮏ ھﺴﺘﻪھﺎی ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ Otto Hahn ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت و ﻧﻮآور یھﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه در زﻣﯿﻨﻪٔ ﮐﺸﺎورزی و ﻣﻮاد ١٩۴۵ آرﺗﻮری اﯾﻠﻤﺎری ھﻠﺴﯿﻨﮑﯽ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ﺑﻮﯾﮋه وﯾﺮﺗﺎﻧﻦ روﺷﯽ در ﻧﮕﮫﺪاری ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ James Batcheller Sumner آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﻮرﻧﻞ ﮐﺸﻒ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺗﺒﻠﻮر آﻧﺰﯾ ﻢھﺎ ﺟﯿﻤﺰ ﺑﭽﻠﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﻨﺮ John Howard Northrop آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ١٩۴۶ ﺟﺎن ھﺎوارد راﮐﻔﻠﺮ ﻧﻮرﺗﺮوب ﺗﮫﯿﻪ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ ھﺎی آﻧﺰﯾﻢ ھﺎ وﯾ ﺮﻟﻮسھﺎ در ﻓﺮم Wendell ﺧﺎﻟﺺ آنھﺎ Meredith آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ Stanley ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ وﻧﺪل ﻣﺮدﯾﺖ راﮐﻔﻠﺮ اﺳﺘﻨﻠﯽ Sir Robert اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩۴٧ Robinson ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﯾﯿﺪھﺎ آﮐﺴﻔﻮرد راﺑﺮت راﺑﯿﻨﺴﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰھﺎﯾﯽ Arne Wilhelm اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻓﻮرز و ﺳﻮﺋﺪ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩۴٨ Kaurin Tiselius ﺟﺬب ﺑﻮﯾﮋه ﮐﺸﻒ اﯾﺸﺎن آﭘﺴﺎﻻ آرﻧﻪ ﺗﯿﺴﻠﯿﻮس درﺑﺎره ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ ھﺎی ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎی ﺧﻮن William Francis ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﻣﻮدﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ١٩۴٩ Giauque ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﻮﯾﮋه ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﻮاد وﯾﻠﯿﺎم ﺟﯿﻮک در دﻣﺎھﺎی ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ Otto Paul Hermann Diels آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﯿﻞ اوﺗﻮ داﯾﻠﺰ ﮐﺸﻒ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ دی ١٩۵٠ اﻧﮫﺎ Kurt Alder آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﻮرت آﻟﺪر ﮐﻮﻟﻮﮔﻦ Edwin Mattison McMillan آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎ ادوﯾﻦ ﻣﮏ ﻣﯿﻼن ﮐﺸﻒ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ١٩۵١ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از اوراﻧﯿﻮم Glenn Theodore Seaborg آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎ ﮔﻠﻦ ﺳﯿﺒﻮرگ Archer John Porter Martin اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﻣﻠﯽ آرﭼﺮ ﺟﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻟﻨﺪن ﻣﺎرﺗﯿﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روﺷﮫﺎی ١٩۵٢ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزی ﮐﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ Richard Laurence Millington Synge اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ رووت رﯾﭽﺎرد ﻻورﻧﺲ ﺳﺎﯾﻨﮓ Hermann آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﺸﻒ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ١٩۵٣ Staudinger ﻓﺮاﯾﺒﻮرگ ﻣﺎﮐﺮوﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﮫﺎ ھﺮﻣﺎن اﺳﺘﺎودﯾﻨﮕﺮ Linus Carl ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی ﻣﺎھﯿﺖ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪھﺎی ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ١٩۵۴ Pauling ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژی ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آن در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻨﻮس ﭘﺎوﻟﯿﻨﮓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﮐﻤﭙﻠﮑﺲ Vincent du ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﮫﻢ Vigneaud ﮔﻮﮔﺮددار در ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ، ١٩۵۵ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﻮرﻧﻞ ﺑﻮﯾﮋه ﺳﻨﺘﺰ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﯾﮏ وﻧﺴﺎﻧﺖ دو وﯾﻨﯿﻮ ھﻮرﻣﻮن ﭘﻠﯽ ﭘﭙﺘﯿﺪ Cyril Norman Sir Hinshelwood اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺳﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺮﯾﻞ آﮐﺴﻔﻮرد ھﯿﻨﺸﻠﻮود ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿ ﺰمھﺎی ١٩۵۶ واﮐﻨﺶ ھﺎی ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ Nikolay Nikolaevich روﺳﯿﻪ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ Semenov ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ آﮐﺎدﻣﯽ ﻋﻠﻮم روﺳﯿﻪ ﻧﯿﮑﻮﻻی ﺳﯿﻤﯿﻨﻮف Lord (Alexander اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮروی ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﻮﺗﯿﺪو ١٩۵٧ R.) 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R. Barton اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ ﮐﺎﻟﺞ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﻟﻨﺪن درک ﺑﺎرﺗﻮن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻔﮫﻮم ١٩۶٩ ﮐﻨﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺳﯿﻮن و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدھﺎی آن در ﺷﯿﻤﯽ Odd Hassel ﻧﺮوژ/داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اوﺳﻠﻮ آد ھﺴﻞ Luis F. Leloir آرژاﻧﺘﯿﻦ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﮐﺸﻒ ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﻮﺗﯿﺪھﺎی ﻗﻨﺪو ١٩٧٠ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ آﻧﮫﺎ در ﺑﯿﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰھﺎی ﻟﻮﯾﯿﺰ اف ﻟﯿﻠﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﻮﯾﻨﺲ آﯾﺮس ﮐﺮﺑﻮھﯿﺪارﺗﮫﺎ Gerhard ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﯽ ﮐﺎﻧﺎدا/ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ١٩٧١ Herzberg و ھﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﮫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﮐﺎﻧﺎدا ﺧﺼﻮص رادﯾﮑﺎﻟﮫﺎی آزاد ﮔﺮھﺎرد ھﺮﺗﺰﺑﺮگ Christian B. Anfinsen آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روی ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﯾﺘﺴﺪا رﯾﺒﻮﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﺎزھﺎ ﮐﺮﯾﺴﺘﯿﻦ آﻧﻔﯿﻨﺰن Stanford Moore ١٩٧٢ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه راﮐﻔﻠﺮ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﻮرد ﻣﻮر ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﮫﻢ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮل رﯾﺒﻮﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﺎز William H. Stein آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه راﮐﻔﻠﺮ وﯾﻠﯿﺎم اﺷﺘﯿﻦ Ernst Otto Fischer آﻟﻤﺎن/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻣﻮﻧﯿﺦ ارﻧﺴﺖ ﻓﯿﺸﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روی ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ١٩٧٣ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت آﻟﯽ ﻓﻠﺰی ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﯾﭽﯽ Geoffrey Wilkinson اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ/ ﮐﺎﻟﺞ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﻟﻨﺪن ﺟﻔﺮی وﯾﻠﮑﯿﻨﺴﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻧﻈﺮی و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ Paul J. Flory آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩٧۴ در ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﻮرد ﭘﻞ ﻓﻠﻮری ﻣﺎﮐﺮوﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮل ھﺎ John Warcup اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه Cornforth واﮐﻨﺸﮫﺎی ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﯿﺰوری ﺳﺎﺳﮑﺲ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺲ ﺟﺎن ﮐﺎرﻧﻔﻮرت آﻧﺰﯾﻤﮫﺎ ١٩٧۵ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی Vladimir Prelog ﺳﻮﺋﯿﺲ/ اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻮﺷﯿﻤﯽ و واﮐﻨﺶ وﻻدﯾﻤﯿﺮ ﭘﺮﯾﻼگ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺲ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮل ھﺎی آﻟﯽ .William N »ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﺶ ﺑﺮ Lipscomb روی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ١٩٧۶ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﻮردو ﻧﻮرزاﯾﯽ" ﺑﻮران"ھﺎی ]٨۴[ وﯾﻠﯿﺎم ﻟﯿﭙﺴﮑﺎم ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ« ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ درﺑﺎره ﺑﻠﮋﯾﮏ/ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻟﯿﺒﺮ Ilya Prigogine ﺗﺮﻣﻮدﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺗﻌﺎدﻟﯽ ﺑﺮوﮐﺴﻞ و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ١٩٧٧ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺌﻮری اﯾﻠﯿﺎ ﭘﺮﯾﮕﻮﺟﯿﻦ ﺗﮕﺰاس آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرھﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روی ﻓﮫﻢ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل Peter D.
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