TECHNICAL BULLETIN DuPont™ Steward® insecticide

Technical Bulletin

Outstanding Plant Protection Table of Contents Introduction ...... 2 Key Characteristics of DuPont™ Steward® Insecticide ...... 2 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 3 Formulation ...... 4 Mode of Action on ...... 4 Symptoms...... 5 Translaminar Activity ...... 6 Insects Controlled by Steward® ...... 7 Managing Resistance ...... 9 Analytical Methods ...... 9 Residue ...... 9 Water and Soil ...... 9 Crop Residue Overview...... 9 Crop Safety ...... 10 Current U.S. Tolerances...... 10 Compatibility...... 10 Spray Tank Stability ...... 11 Environmental Fate ...... 12 Behavior in Soil ...... 12 Metabolism ...... 12 Rate of degradation...... 12 Sorption to soil ...... 12 Behavior in Water...... 13 Hydrolysis...... 13 Degradation in water...... 13 Photostability ...... 13 Volitization Potential ...... 13 Ionization Potential (pKa) ...... 13 Behavior in Plants and ...... 13 Metabolism in plants...... 13 Metabolism in animals ...... 13 Environmental Hazards ...... 14 Toxicology ...... 14 Acute Toxicity ...... 15 Chronic and Subchronic Toxicity ...... 16 Mutagenicity and Genetic Toxicity ...... 16 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity ...... 16 Avian Toxicity ...... 16 Aquatic Toxicity ...... 16 Toxicity to Beneficial Insects ...... 17 Toxicity to Bees ...... 17 Material Safety Information ...... 18 Health, Safety and Handling Information ...... 18 Fire and Explosion Hazards...... 18 Extinguishing Media ...... 18 Fire Fighting Instructions ...... 18 Disposal Information...... 19 Spills, Leaks and Releases...... 19 Pesticide Disposal...... 19 Container Disposal ...... 19 Shipping Information ...... 20 Storage Conditions ...... 20 Personal Precautions, Symptoms and Treatment ...... 20 Warning/Poisoning Symptoms...... 20 First Aid ...... 21 Personal Protective Equipment...... 22 Medical Emergencies ...... 23 Notice of Warranty/Disclaimer...... Inside Back Cover

1 Introduction organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. Steward® also has relatively low toxicity to mammals and birds ® Indoxacarb, the active ingredient in DuPont™ Steward when used in accordance with the labels. The novel insecticide, is a broad-spectrum insecti- mode of action and its minimal impact on beneficial cide that also has activity on selected other pests. insects and mites makes Steward® an excellent choice ® The major insect pests controlled by Steward include for Insecticide Resistance Management and Integrated many lepidopteran pests such as species of Pest Management programs. budworms, armyworms, cutworms, loopers, and TM ® cloverworms. In addition to controlling numerous KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF DUPONT STEWARD other lepidopteran species, Steward® also controls Broad-spectrum lepidopteran insecticide that also selected sucking insect pests including fleahoppers controls other insect pests including alfalfa weevil and tarnished plant bug. larvae, Egyptian alfalfa weevil larvae, cotton flea- Indoxacarb represents a new class of insecticides — hopper and tarnished plant bug. the oxidiazines — and is designated by the United Steward® is used primarily as a larvicide. It also States Environmental Protection Agency as a has activity on eggs (ovilarvicidal) and adults of “reduced-risk” pesticide. The EPA defines a reduced many insect pest species. risk pesticide as having one or more of the following Novel mode of action; useful in insecticide advantages over existing products: low impact on resistance management programs. human health, low toxicity to non-target organisms (birds, fish and plants), low potential for groundwater Excellent crop safety on all targeted crops. contamination, lower use rates, low pest resistance Favorable comparative environmental and potential and compatibility with Integrated Pest ecological profile; minimal impact to beneficial Management programs. insects and mites. The primary route of entry into target insects is Steward® is resistant to washoff by rainfall or through ingestion, although the product also is overhead irrigation. absorbed through the cuticle. Steward® has a novel Exhibits excellent ultraviolet and spray tank stabil- mode of action that blocks the movement of sodium ity and unlike some insecticides has a positive ions into certain nerve cell ion channels, resulting in temperature correlation providing consistency of paralysis and death of the pest species. Steward® typi- control and residual activity. cally provides excellent crop protection for 5 to 14 days. Inhibition of insect feeding occurs very rapidly resulting in quick crop protection. Pest knockdown usually occurs within 1 to 3 days. Steward® has an excellent toxicological and ecotoxi- cological profile. Low use rates reduce environmental loading, particularly when compared to

2 Physical and Chemical Properties COMMON NAME: Indoxacarb Indoxacarb is the common name of the active ingredient in DuPont™ Steward® insecticide. The DuPont designation for indoxacarb is DPX-KN128. Two other DuPont designations used in this document are DPX-MP062 and DPX-JW062. DPX-MP062 is a compound composed of a 75:25 ratio of two optical isomers, DPX-KN128 (indoxacarb) and DPX-KN127, the insecticidally inactive isomer. DPX-JW062 is composed of a 50:50 ratio of DPX-KN128:DPX-KN127. CHEMICAL NAME: (S)-methyl 7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]amino]carbonyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine 4a(3H) carboxylate CAS REGISTRY NUMBER: 173584-44-6 CH3 O F STRUCTURAL FORMULA: Cl O F O O F

N N

N O O

EMPIRICAL FORMULA: C22H17ClF3N3O7 O

CH3 MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 527.8 PHYSICAL FORM: Solid COLOR: White ODOR: Mild, Innocuous RELATIVE DENSITY: 1.44 at 20ºC SOLUBILITY IN WATER: 0.20 ppm at 25ºC VOLATILITY: 2.5 x 10-8 Pa at 25ºC FORMULATION STABILITY: Steward® was stable at room temperature for up to one year and for two weeks in a standard accelerated aging test at 54ºC. pH STABILITY: In the laboratory, indoxacarb, the active ingredient in Steward®, is hydrolytically stable in slightly acidic solutions, but hydrolyzes rapidly under neutral and basic conditions. In the field, tank mixes of Steward® are stable under a wide range of pH conditions.

3 APPROXIMATE SOLUBILITY AT 25º C PPM Mode of Action on Insects n-heptane 1720 The active ingredient in DuPont™ Steward®, 1-octanol 14500 indoxacarb, works by inhibiting sodium ion entry into methanol 103000 nerve cells, resulting in paralysis and death of o-xylene 117000 targeted pests. The primary route of entry is through acetonitrile 138000 ingestion of treated foliage, with some additional absorption through the pest cuticle. Pests exposed to ethyl acetate 159000 Steward® stop feeding within 0-4 hours. Paralysis and acetone >250000 death occur within 4-48 hours. dichloromethane >250000 Insects exposed to Steward® exhibit the following Formulation symptoms: Feeding cessation DUPONT™ STEWARD® INSECTICIDE Uncoordination Active Ingredient: Indoxacarb (14.5%) Paralysis Density: 1.039 g/mL Color: Ivory Dilutability: Disperses in water Indoxacarb has shown ovilarvicidal activity in all lepidopteran species tested. Direct spray onto the egg is preferable to eggs being laid on a spray deposit. Laboratory data indicate that the probable mechanism of ovilarvicidal activity is due to adsorption of indoxacarb into the chorion and subsequent oral uptake as the neonate chews through the chorion to hatch. At this point the larva ingests a dose of indoxacarb that is sufficient to affect the feeding behavior of the larva thus stopping all feeding activity leaving the larva to die within the egg. Occasionally, eggs can be seen with the head of the neonate larvae protruding.

4 SYMPTOMS OF INTOXICATED INSECTS Indoxacarb Impact on Insects Insects exposed to indoxacarb exhibit unique symp- Hours post treatment: toms that are helpful in diagnosing affected insects, 0 2 4 6 8 10 14 18 24 36 48 determining field performance and scheduling appli- Exposure: ingestion, spray or residual contact cations. After ingesting or being directly sprayed with Na+ channels blocked; feeding stops (0-4 hrs) Inactive, partial paralysis, effects an indoxacarb formulation, insects will stop feeding Difficult to diagnose dying insects within a few minutes to 4 hours. The higher the Insect mortality occurs (4-48 hrs) labeled dose, the faster feeding stops. Insects Do not assess populations within this time gradually become less mobile and may show slight tremors to convulsions. In lepidoptera, the larva’s prolegs and posterior become paralyzed. During this phase, insects lose their ability to feed and do not diagnose a dying insect within the first 24 hours can recover even after only brief encounters with a toxic be difficult since they remain still or sluggish. Howev- dose. High temperatures increase desiccation and er, even though they may still be alive, insects speed of kill. Unlike some insecticides, indoxacarb exposed to a lethal dose quickly stop feeding. This exhibits a positive temperature correlation. Affected effect is irreversible. Insects exposed to a sublethal insects can stay alive for 4-48 hours depending on the dose eat much less than untreated larvae. They also dose of indoxacarb and susceptibility of the insect. It develop slower, gain less weight, pupate and emerge is recommended that mortality evaluations should be later than untreated insects. Uncoordinated insects conducted after 72 hours post treatment. Crop protec- may fall off the plant and desiccate, drown or become tion ratings also should be taken. The ability to subject to predation.

Indoxacarb treated leaves Spinosad treated leaves

DuPont™ Steward® provides quick crop protection from Helicoverpa zea larvae at the low rate of 0.5 ppm. At 30 hours post-treatment the majority of larvae are severely affected shown by their typical smaller, shrunken size compared to larvae exposed to leaves treated with spinosad at the same dose. The Steward® treated larvae, although still alive, are unable to feed and will die within 48 to 72 hours after exposure.

5 TRANSLAMINAR ACTIVITY, CONTROL OF indoxacarb results in control of fleahopper, lygus SUCKING INSECTS AND RESISTANCE TO bugs, plant bug, alfalfa weevil larvae and Egyptian WASHOFF weevil larvae. Indoxacarb’s movement into the leaf Indoxacarb is highly lipophilic and absorbs into the provides good residual activity under varied weather waxy cuticle of leaves. Research shows that conditions. Leaf penetration, in addition to low water DuPont™ Steward® is moderately translaminar, solubility, gives indoxacarb excellent rainfastness particularly when tank mixed with a penetrating relative to most labeled products. This allows growers oil-based surfactant and given time to penetrate the additional flexibility and control at labeled rates leaf. The rate and extent of penetration vary despite rainfall occurring just a few hours after depending on crop, leaf cuticle, variety, temperature, application. humidity and tank-mix partner. Leaf penetration by

Rainfastness of Steward®

Mean mortality of tobacco budworm larvae fed leaves removed from cotton plants sprayed with Steward® and exposed to 0.5" and 2.0" of artificial rainfall. Mean mortality based on

leaves collected two hours after artificial rainfall. 100

90

80

70

60 Steward® @ 125 gr. ai/ha

50 % Mortality 40

30

20

10

0 No Rain 0.5" of Rain 2.0" of Rain Amount of Rain

6 INSECTS CONTROLLED COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Indoxacarb is active against a wide spectrum of insect Alfalfa caterpillar Colias eurytheme pests from at least ten orders and over 30 families. Alfalfa weevil larvae Hypera postica Lepidopteran insects represent the majority of pests on the indoxacarb labels, but it also controls many American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera species of plant bugs, leafhoppers, fleahoppers, Apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella weevils, beetles and flies. Refer to product labels for Bean pod borer Maruca testulalis specific insects controlled, appropriate use rates, and application timing information. Beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua The following chart is an international list of the Borer (Pyralidae) Leucinodes orbonalis common and scientific names of many of the pests Bruce spanworm Operophtera brumata controlled. Please consult the appropriate country Cabbage armyworm Trichoplusia ni label for complete registration information and directions for use. Cabbage webworm Hellula rogatalis Based on extensive DuPont and university studies, Codling Cydia pomonella indoxacarb has demonstrated control of the following Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata insect pests. Corn earworm Helicoverpa zea Cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea Cotton fleahopper Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Cotton leafroller Sylepta derogata Cotton leafworm Alabama argillacea Cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Cotton leafworm Spodoptera litura Cotton semilooper Cosmophila fava Cross striped cabbageworm Evergestis rimosalis Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella Egyptian alfalfa weevil larvae Hypera brunnipennis European apple Hoplocampa testudinea European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Fruit tree tortrix Archips podana

7 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Granulate cutworm Agrotis subterranea Silver-Y moth Autographa gamma Grape berry moth Lobesia botrana Southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania Grape bud moth Eupoecilia ambiguella Soybean looper Pseudoplusia includens Green cloverworm Plathypena scabra Spiney bollworm Earias spp. Green fruitworm Spotted tentiform Phyllonorycter leafminer* blancardella Imported cabbageworm Pieris rapae Summer fruit tortrix Adoxophyes orana Lacanobia fruitworm Lacanobia subjuncta Tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris Large white butterfly Pieris brassicae Tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens Leafrollers Ctenopseustis spp. Tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta Leafrollers Planotortrix spp. Tomato fruitworm Helicoverpa zea Leaf-rolling grape tortrix Sparganothis pilleriana Tomato hornworm Manduca Lesser appleworm Grapholita prunivora quinquemaculata Light brown apple moth Epiphyas Tomato pinworm Keiferia lycopersicella Lygus bugs* Lygus hesperus Tufted apple budmoth Platynota idaeusalis Omnivorous leafroller Sabulodes caberata Variegated leafhopper Erythroneura variabilis Oriental cabbage webworm Hellula undalis Velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Oriental fruit moth Cydia molesta Western grape leafhopper Erythroneura elegantula Pandemis leafroller Conotrachelus nenuphar Western grapeleaf Harrisina brillians Polyphagous leaf roller Argyrotaenia pulchellana skeletonizer

Potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae Western yellow striped Spodoptera praefica armyworm Potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella White apple leafhopper Typhlocyba pomeria Redbanded leafroller Argyrotaenia velutinana Yellow striped armyworm Spodoptera ornithogalli Red bollworm Diparopsis watersi Rednecked peanut worm Stegasta bosqueella * Suppression only

8 Managing Insect Resistance Analytical Methods

Some insects are known to develop resistance to Currently, there are no published methods available products when used repeatedly for control. When this for Steward® insecticide. Currently recommended occurs, the recommended dosages fail to suppress internal DuPont methods are described in the reports the pest population below the economic threshold. listed below: Because the development of resistance cannot be RESIDUE predicted, the use of this product should conform to resistance management strategies established for the FDA multi-residue Protocol D procedure with modified use area. These strategies should include: Florisil clean up is applicable to the analysis of crop matrices for residues of DPX-MP062. DuPont Report ® Follow DuPont™ Steward label. Nos. AMR 2712-93 and AMR 3493-95, Supplement 4 Optimize spray coverage. are single analyte methods that can be used to con- Position Steward® in Integrated Pest Management firm any residues that might be found by FDA Proto- Programs incorporating cultural and biological col D in crops and related processed fractions. AMR control practices. 2712-93 can be used to monitor residues in crops (except alfalfa) with confirmation using AMR 3493-95, Target susceptible life stage. Supplement 4. AMR 3493, Supplement 4 is the Do not tank mix if a single product can control enforcement procedure for alfalfa. the pest. Do not use Steward® below the recommended WATER use rate. Environmental Chemistry Method for the Determina- tion of DPX-KN128/IN-KN127 Residues in Water Using Rotate insecticide classes that have different GC-ECD, DuPont Report No. AMR 3052-94. modes of action on succeeding insect pest generations. SOIL Environmental Chemistry Method for the Determina- Consult your local agricultural authorities for details. tion of DPX-KN-128 Residues in Soil Using GC-MSD, DuPont Report No. AMR 4367-97, Revision 1. CROP RESIDUE OVERVIEW Definition of Toxic Residue/Crop Residue Methods: Indoxacarb and its R-isomer are considered the relevant analytes in the total toxic residue.

9 Crop Safety Compatibility

DuPont™ Steward® insecticide has been found to be Steward® has proven to be compatible with many nonphytotoxic to a wide range of crops when used at potential tank-mix partners when added to the tank in labeled rates. Refer to product labels for proper uses the proper sequence. However, since formulations on all crops. may be changed and new ones introduced, it is rec- ommended that users premix a small quantity of a Current U.S. Tolerances desired tank mix and observe for possible adverse changes (settling out, flocculation, etc.). Avoid mix- The following chart provides the current Environmental tures of several materials and very concentrated spray Protection Agency (EPA) — established tolerances for mixtures. Do not add oils, surfactants or emulsifiable Steward® insecticide (indoxacarb) in or on raw concentrates prior to dry formulations since they will agricultural commodities (RACs). The tolerances are prevent adequate wetting and dispersion of the dry expressed in parts per million (ppm) of indoxacarb product. When tank mixing Steward® with any other and its R-isomer. Refer to product label for registered approved pesticide, always read and follow all use crop uses. directions, restrictions and precautions of both RAC PPM Steward® and the tank-mix partner(s) labels. When Alfalfa, forage 10 tank mixing, the most restrictive label applies. Alfalfa, hay 50 Follow the order specified on the product label. If no meat 0.05 sequence is recommended then follow this order: Animal fat 1.5 1. Water soluble bags Animal by-products 0.03 2. Water dispersible granules Cotton gin by-products 15 3. Wettable powders Cotton, undelinted seed 2 4. Water based suspension concentrates Milk 0.15 5. Water soluble concentrates Milk fat 4 6. STEWARD® and other oil based suspension Peanut 0.01 concentrates Peanut, hay 40 7. Emulsifiable concentrates Soybean, aspirated grain fractions 45 8. Adjuvants, surfactants, oils Soybean, hulls 4 9. Soluble fertilizers Soybean, seed 0.8 10. Drift retardants DO NOT add oils, surfactants or ECs prior to dry formulations since they will prevent adequate wetting and dispersion of the dry products.

10 ® STEWARD SPRAY TANK STABILITY Steward® remaining in tank held @ 35-40 F Pesticides should be applied as soon as possible fol- 100 lowing preparation to avoid the possibility of product degradation. However, equipment breakdown, sudden rain, high winds and other environmental factors can delay or interrupt insecticide applications. When an 90 pH = 5 application must be postponed, the unused spray pH = 7 solution may be left sitting in the equipment until the % Remaining pH = 9

situation improves enough to continue with the 80 0123 application. Days The chemical stability of a pesticide in a spray tank is primarily dependent on the temperature and the spray Steward® remaining in tank held @ 75-80 F mix pH. DuPont™ Steward® exhibits excellent tank sta- bility under a wide range of pH. In addition, spray tank 100 temperature did not affect Steward® stability over the standard tested range of 35 to 115 F. Many insecti- cides do not exhibit this wide degree of temperature 90 pH = 5 stability. pH = 7

The graphs are only relevant to indoxacarb and do % Remaining pH = 9 not apply to any added tank-mix partner. In all cases, 80 spray mixes should be thoroughly agitated to re-mix 0123 Days the products and then checked for re-suspension to ensure that the mixture is properly blended before application. Steward® remaining in tank held @ 110-115 F

This information is intended as a guide for under- 100 standing the tank stability of Steward® and is not to be used to determine if, or how much, pesticide should be added to an existing spray mix after a time delay, 90 pH = 5 or as a guide to determine how far in advance a spray pH = 7 mix can be prepared. % Remaining pH = 9

80 0123 Days

11 Environmental Fate Rate of degradation DPX-JW062 and DPX-MP062 degrade rapidly in Studies show that indoxacarb has a very low impact aerobic soil under laboratory conditions, with half-life on the environment when applied according to label values ranging from 3 to 9 days. Dissipation times directions. The environmental fate studies were per- seen in field studies with formulated DPX-JW062 are formed using either DPX-MP062 or DPX-JW062. longer, ranging from 17 to 63 days.

BEHAVIOR IN SOIL Sorption to soil Metabolism Soil sorption and aged column leaching studies conducted with DPX-JW062 (~50% indoxacarb) show DPX-MP062 (containing ~75% indoxacarb) and low mobility potential for indoxacarb and its major DPX-JW062 (~50% indoxacarb) degrade rapidly in soil degradation products. Indoxacarb has an average laboratory soil studies to numerous products. The Koc of 4500 mL/g and the Koc value for IN-JT333 is major routes of degradation in these soils proceeded approximately 17000 mL/g. The soil Koc values have by two pathways: cleavage of the N-carboxylate ester been measured for all of the major degradation to form IN-JT333 and cleavage of the oxadiazine ring products of indoxacarb in soil and no degradation to form IN-KG433. IN-JT333 and/or IN-KG433 can product demonstrated any significant mobility in soil. undergo further degradation to form IN-JU873, IN-ML438 and the cleavage products IN-KB687, Field soil dissipation studies conducted using IN-MK638 and IN-MK643. Carbon dioxide reaches a radiolabeled DPX-JW062 and unlabeled DPX-JW062 maximum of 36% of the applied radiolabel. Six degra- confirmed the low mobility of the parent compound in dation products of DPX-MP062 approach or exceed soil. IN-JT333, while not a significant residue, also 10% of the applied radioactivity in soil at any time in showed low mobility in soil. IN-KG433 was not pre- these studies. The following are considered the major sent in quantifiable levels in any field study. Results soil degradation products of DPX-MP062: IN-JT333, from the water balance estimates support the IN-KG433, IN-JU873, IN-ML438, IN-MK638 and conclusion that DPX-JW062 and IN-JT333 were not IN-MK643. Field soil dissipation studies using mobile in soil. Since no radioactive residue was found radiolabeled test material (DPX-JW062) showed that below the 45-cm depth in any soil, this radiolabeled indoxacarb was the only significant soil residue (equal field soil dissipation study provides strong evidence to or greater than 10% of the applied radiolabel) that no degradation products of indoxacarb present a under field conditions. significant leaching concern. Thus, indoxacarb and its soil residues show little potential for leaching and movement into groundwater.

12 BEHAVIOR IN WATER IONIZATION POTENTIAL (pKa) Hydrolysis Indoxacarb does not ionize at any environmentally or Indoxacarb undergoes hydrolysis in aqueous buffered biologically relevant pH. Therefore, the chemical solutions. At pH 5, indoxacarb is stable. At pH 7 and nature of the compound is not dependent upon pH. 9, the half-lives were 22 and 0.3 days, respectively. BEHAVIOR IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS Degradation in water Metabolism in plants Indoxacarb undergoes rapid photodegradation in The metabolism of indoxacarb has been studied in aqueous solution. The photolytic half-life of indox- cotton, grapes, lettuce and tomatoes. These crops acarb at pH 5 and 25 C was 4.5 natural sunlight days represented the major crop groups targeted for use of (based on a Wilmington, Delaware, USA summer day, this product. Parent compound was the only signifi- latitude 39º40’N). cant 14C-residue found. No significant metabolites or degradation products were found. The decrease in PHOTOSTABILITY residue levels with time is due primarily to growth Indoxacarb is susceptible to direct photolysis in dilution and secondarily to run-off and minor aqueous solution. The half-life of indoxacarb on soil metabolism. surfaces exposed to natural light was approximately 50 days, when corrected for losses seen in the non Metabolism in animals irradiated controls. Due to the rapid degradation seen The metabolism of indoxacarb has been studied in in laboratory soil degradation studies, soil photolysis laboratory animals (rats) and livestock (cows and lay- is not a major degradation process under field ing hens). Indoxacarb undergoes rapid and extensive conditions. metabolism. The primary routes of metabolism are hydroxylation of the indanone ring, hydrolysis of the VOLITIZATION POTENTIAL carboxymethyl group from the amino nitrogen and -8 Indoxacarb has a high vapor pressure (2.5 x 10 Pa at the opening of the oxadiazine ring, which gives rise to 25 C) and low water solubility (0.2 mg/L), which cleaved metabolites. The main routes of elimination -5 3 results in a low Henry’s law constant (6x10 Pa m are through feces and urine. In the rat, a majority of -1 mol at 25 C), indicating a low potential for volatiliza- the indoxacarb dose is eliminated within 7 days. tion of the active substance from soil under practical conditions of use. Any potential losses of indoxacarb to the atmosphere after application will be diluted through mixing and diffusion in air and further elimi- nated rapidly through photochemical oxidative degra- dation processes in the gas phase with a half-life of approximately 3 hours.

13 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS Toxicology Apply this product only as specified on the label. DuPont™ Steward® insecticide is toxic to mammals, OVERVIEW birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply Indoxacarb has low to moderate acute toxicity to directly to water, to areas where surface water is mammals. Based on comprehensive toxicological present or to intertidal areas below the mean high evaluation, indoxacarb has been judged not to be water mark. Do not contaminate water when genotoxic, oncogenic, or a developmental or repro- disposing of equipment rinse water. Do not apply ductive toxin. Although the mode of action of where/when conditions could favor runoff. Runoff indoxacarb is the blockage of sodium channels in the from treated areas may be hazardous to aquatic insect nervous system, indoxacarb exhibited acute organisms in neighboring areas. Cover, incorporate, neurotoxic effects in mammals only at the high doses or clean up granules that are spilled. tested. No primary treatment-related neuropathologi- cal findings were noted. No evidence of neurotoxicity Steward® is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct was seen at the highest dose tested in the subchronic treatment on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply neurotoxicity study in rats. The standard subchronic this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or rat study showed equivocal evidence of neurotoxicity weeds while bees are actively visiting the treatment only in moribund animals. In the rat, indoxacarb is area. extensively metabolized and excreted in the urine and feces.

14 Acute Toxicity of Indoxacarb

ACUTE TOXICOLOGY1,2 RESULT EPA TOXICITY CATEGORY

Acute Oral 1730 mg/kg in males II LD50 Rat 268 mg/kg in females (moderately toxic) Acute Dermal LD50 Rat >5000 mg/kg (very low toxicity) IV Acute Inhalation 4-hr LC50 Rat >5.5 mg/L (very low toxicity) IV (manufacturing use product) Eye Contact Moderate irritant III Rabbit Primary Dermal Irritation Non-irritant IV Skin Sensitization Sensitizer (Guinea Pig) N/A

Acute Toxicity of DuPont™ Steward® Insecticide

ACUTE TOXICOLOGY1,2 RESULT EPA TOXICITY CATEGORY

Acute Oral 3619 mg/kg in males III LD50 Rat 751 mg/kg in females (slightly toxic) Acute Dermal LD50 Rat >5000 mg/kg (very low toxicity) IV Acute Inhalation 4-hr LC50 >2.7 mg/L (very low toxicity) IV Eye Contact Not an eye irritant IV Rabbit

Primary Dermal Irritation Slight to mild skin Irritant IV

Skin Sensitization Sensitizer (Guinea Pig) N/A

1 LD50 is the dose of chemical per kilogram of body weight that is lethal to approximately 50% of the animals tested.

2 LC50 is the concentration of material in air or water that is lethal to approximately 50% of the animals tested.

15 CHRONIC AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY MUTAGENICITY AND GENETIC TOXICITY Based on the result of short-term (28 and 90 days) A battery of in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted studies, the low-dose effects of indoxacarb are to determine the genotoxic potential of indoxacarb. characterized primarily by decreases in body weight The test substance was negative for mutagenicity in parameters and nutritional status and/or effects on red all bacterial and mammalian assays and is therefore blood cells. At higher doses, findings include mortality not mutagenic or genotoxic, and it does not have the and evidence of neurotoxicity in rats and mice. In potential to induce heritable effects. most studies in rats (but not other species), females DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE were more sensitive to the effects of these com- TOXICITY pounds as compared to males. In all studies, test The results of a series of studies indicated that indox- substance-induced decreases in red blood cell acarb is not a reproductive, developmental or terato- parameters were of minimal to mild clinical severity genic hazards associated with the use of indoxacarb. and were associated with evidence of regeneration (reversibility). Chronic studies with indoxacarb were conducted on rats, mice, and dogs to determine oncogenic potential and/or chronic toxicity of the compound. Effects gen- erally similar to those observed in the subchronic studies were seen in the chronic studies. Indoxacarb was not oncogenic in rats or mice.

Environmental Toxicology

AVIAN DPX-MP062 (CONTAINING 75% INDOXACARB)

Bobwhite Quail LD50 98 mg/kg (moderately toxic)

Bobwhite Quail LC50 808 ppm (moderately toxic) Mallard Duck LC50 >5620 ppm (practically non-toxic)

AQUATIC DPX-MP062 (CONTAINING 75% INDOXACARB)

Rainbow Trout LC50 0.65 ppm (highly toxic) Bluegill LC50 0.90 ppm (highly toxic)

Mysid Shrimp LC50 0.0542 ppm (highly toxic) Daphnia magna LC50 0.60 ppm (highly toxic) Catfish LC50 0.29 ppm (highly toxic)

16 TOXICITY TO BENEFICIAL INSECTS TOXICITY TO BEES When used in accordance with the label, DuPont™ Steward® has low impact on honeybees and bumble- Steward® insecticide offers a rare combination of bees after the spray has dried. However, Steward® is effective control against target pests while protecting highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on beneficial insects. Field studies have shown that bene- blooming crops or weeds or to wet leaf residues. Do ficial insects walking over a dried residual of indox- not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming acarb on a leaf are generally unaffected. There is little crops or weeds while bees are actively visiting the movement of product through the tarsi of insects thus area to be treated. rendering predators and parasitic wasps mostly immune to indoxacarb. However, any insect behavior that culminates in ingestion of the product, such as preening (ants), probing (nabids) or lapping exudates from the leaf (apple maggot flies) will impact insect survival. Indoxacarb is formulated on a 5-7 micron size silica particle and may readily adhere to the body of the insect through antennal drumming behavior and general locomotory activity. Steward® has little or no impact on populations of staphylinid beetles, lacewings, big-eyed bugs, minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs, predacious flies, predatory mites and spiders. At the same time, Steward® is very effective against the target pest species occurring in these cropping systems. This selectivity of Steward® offers a significant advantage in Integrated Pest Man- agement and Insecticide Resistance Management Programs in many crops over some commercially available products.

17 Material Safety Information FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS

Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Fire fighting measures more information. Flammable Properties HEALTH, SAFETY AND HANDLING INFORMATION Handle this material as if it were a fire and explosion DuPont™ Steward® insecticide hazard.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT BY WEIGHT EXTINGUISHING MEDIA Indoxacarb ...... 14.5% Water, Water Spray, Foam, Dry Chemical, CO2. Total Inert Ingredients...... 85.5% FIRE FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS TOTAL 100% Keep personnel removed and upwind of fire. Wear EPA Reg. No. 352-598 self-contained breathing apparatus. Wear full protective equipment. Runoff from fire control may be a pollution hazard. If area is exposed to fire and conditions permit, let fire burn itself out. Burning chemicals may produce by-products more toxic than the original material. If product is on fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective equipment. Use water spray. Control runoff.

18 Disposal Information PESTICIDE DISPOSAL DuPont™ Steward® insecticide wastes should be ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES treated, stored, transported and disposed of accord- Safeguards (Personnel) ing to applicable federal, state/provincial and local NOTE: Review FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES and regulations. HANDLING (PERSONNEL) sections before proceeding Do not contaminate water, food or feed by disposal. with cleanup. Use appropriate PERSONAL PROTEC- Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper TIVE EQUIPMENT during cleanup. Evacuate person- disposal of excess pesticide, spray, mixture or rinsate nel, thoroughly ventilate area and use self-contained is a violation of Federal Law. If these wastes cannot be breathing apparatus. disposed of according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency Emergency response or the Hazardous Waste representative at the nearest Chemical resistant coveralls, waterproof gloves, EPA Regional Office for guidance. waterproof boots and face/eye protection. If dusting occurs, use NIOSH approved respirator protection. NOTE: Do not flush to surface water or sanitary sewer system. Initial containment Follow applicable Federal, State/Provincial and Local CONTAINER DISPOSAL laws/regulations. Prevent material from entering For plastic containers: Triple rinse (or equivalent). sewers, waterways or low areas. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill or incineration, or Spill clean up if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If Soak up with sawdust, sand, oil dry or other burned, stay out of smoke. absorbent material. Dispose of in an approved container. For metal containers (non-aerosol): Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by other procedures approved by Sate and local authorities.

19 Shipping Information Personal Precautions,

DuPont™ Steward® insecticide is classified by the Symptoms and Treatment Department of Transportation (DOT) as: The following provides Health Hazards, Symptoms, Proper Shipping Name: Environmentally Hazardous First Aid, Personal Protection and Medical Emergency Substance, Liquid, N.O.S. information. As always, please consult the EPA- (INDOXACARB) approved package label for the most up-to-date and Hazard Class: 9 complete information. UN No.: UN3082 HEALTH HAZARDS AND PROTECTION INFORMATION Packing Group: III Caution! Harmful if swallowed. Causes moderate eye Marine Pollutant: Yes irritation. Harmful if absorbed through skin. Avoid NOTE: Not regulated unless in bulk package or contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Wash thoroughly shipped by water. with soap and water after handling. Harmful if inhaled. Avoid breathing (dust, vapor or spray mist). Remove STORAGE CONDITIONS contaminated clothing and wash clothing before Do not subject to temperatures below 32 F. Store reuse. Prolonged or frequent repeated skin contact product in original container only in a location inac- may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. cessible to children and pets. Do not contaminate (Please see page 16 for Acute Toxicity Study water, other pesticides, fertilizer, food or feed in Information.) storage. Not for use or storage in or around the home. USERS SHOULD: Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. Remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.

20 FIRST AID If on skin or clothing: If swallowed: Remove contaminated clothing. Rinse skin immediately Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes. Call a poison treatment advice. Have person sip a glass of water if control center or doctor for treatment advice. able to swallow. Do not induce vomiting unless told to If inhaled: do so by the poison control center or doctor. Do not Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respira- If in eyes: tion, preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible. Call a Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water poison control center or doctor for further treatment for 15-20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present, advice. after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye. Have the product container or label with you when Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment calling a poison control center or doctor, or going advice. for treatment.

21 DuPont™ Steward® Insecticide

Some materials that are chemical-resistant to this product are listed below. If you want more options, follow the instructions for Category A on an EPA chemical-resistant category selection chart. Applicators and other handlers must wear: Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Chemical Resistant Gloves Category A (such as butyl rubber, natural rubber, neoprene rubber or nitrile rubber), all >14 mils. Shoes plus socks Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/maintaining personal protective equipment (PPE). If no such instructions for washables, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. For early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil or water, wear: Coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and long pants Chemical Resistant Gloves Category A (such as butyl rubber, natural rubber, neoprene rubber or nitrile rubber), all >14 mils. Socks plus chemical resistant footwear

22 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES For medical emergencies involving DuPont™ Steward® insecticide and related formulations of any other DuPont agrochemical product, call toll free: 1-800-441-3637

This is a 24-hour DuPont product information and emergency response number. Caller should state, “This is a medical emergency.” The caller will be placed in contact with the DuPont physician on duty/poison control center. The caller should be prepared to state the name of the DuPont product involved and the attending physician’s name, address and phone number.

23 Notes

24 NOTICE OF WARRANTY/DISCLAIMER Limitation of Warranty and Liability NOTICE: Read this limitation of warranty and liability before buying or using this product. If the terms are not acceptable, return the product at once, unopened, and the purchase price will be refunded. It is impossible to eliminate all risks associated with the use of this product. Such risks arise from weather conditions, soil factors, off target movement, unconventional farming techniques, presence of other materials, the manner of use or application, or other unknown factors, all of which are beyond the control of DuPont. These risks can cause: ineffectiveness of the product; crop injury; or injury to non-target crops or plants. DuPont does not agree to be an insurer of these risks. WHEN YOU BUY OR USE THIS PRODUCT, YOU AGREE TO ACCEPT THESE RISKS. DuPont warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label thereof and is reasonably fit for the purpose stated in the Directions for Use, subject to the inherent risks described above, when used in accordance with the Directions for Use under normal conditions. DUPONT MAKES NO OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS OR OF MERCHANTABILITY OR ANY OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY. IN NO EVENT SHALL DUPONT OR SELLER BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR SPECIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OR HANDLING OF THIS PRODUCT. BUYER’S OR USER’S BARGAINED FOR EXPECTATION IS CROP PROTECTION. THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE USER OR BUYER AND THE EXCLUSIVE LIABILITY OF DUPONT OR SELLER, FOR ANY AND ALL CLAIMS, LOSSES, INJURIES OR DAMAGES (INCLUDING CLAIMS BASED ON BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, TORT OR STRICT LIA- BILITY), WHETHER FROM FAILURE TO PERFORM OR INJURY TO CROPS OR OTHER PLANTS, AND RESULTING FROM THE USE OR HANDLING OF THIS PRODUCT, SHALL BE THE RETURN OF THE PURCHASE PRICE OF THE PRODUCT, OR AT THE ELECTION OF DUPONT OR SELLER, THE REPLACEMENT OF THE PRODUCT. DuPont or its Ag Retailer must have prompt notice of any claim so that an immediate inspection of buyer’s or user’s growing crops can be made. Buyer and all users shall promptly notify DuPont or a DuPont Ag Retailer of any claims, whether based on contract, negligence, strict liability, other tort or otherwise be barred from any remedy. This Limitation of Warranty and Liability may not be amended by any oral or written agreement. This reference guide is not intended as a substitute for the product label for the products referenced herein. Product labels for the referenced products contain important precautions, directions for use and product warranty and liability limitations that must be read before using the product. Applicators must be in possession of the product label(s) at the time of application. Always read and follow all label directions and precautions for use when using any pesticide alone or in tank mix combinations. The DuPont Oval, DuPont™, The miracles of science™ and Steward® are registered trademarks or trademarks of DuPont or its affiliates. Copyright © 1999-2004 E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. All rights reserved. 5/04 Reorder No.: K-04265 (Replaces H-81913)