Nematol. medito (1990), 18: 199-207.

Scottish Crop ResearchInstitute - Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K. Faculty 01 Biology, University 01 Solia - Sofia, Bulgarial Laboratory01 PlanI Nematology- G.E.L.A.N.Moscow 117 071, U.S.S.R.2

THE OCCURRENCE OF (NEMA TODA:DORYLAIMIDA) IN WESTERN USSR WITH FURTHER COMMENTS ON LONGIDORID NEMA TODES IN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN

by D.I.F. BROWN, C.E. TAYLOR, B. CHOLEVAl and N.D. ROMANENKO2

Summary. In£ormation on the occurrence and distribution o£ longidorid and their association with nepoviruses in western USSR is compiled as an annotated list £rom the published literature and £urther comments, including re£erence to recently described species, afe made o£ longidorids in Europe and the Mediterranean basino

When reporting the occurrence and distribution of doridae. None was found in the regions above 60° latitude longidorid nematodes in Europe and the Mediterranean in the European region and in the Kamchatka. In compil- basin, Brown and Taylor (1987) excluded the USSR be- ing this annotated list of longidorid species from these causeof paucity of data. Some records of Longodoridae in sourcesit has been assumedthat the published reports are the USSR afe those of Micoletzky (1923, 1927) who iden- of correctly identified species.Some misidentification are, tified elongatus (subsequently synonymised however, likely especia1lyof early records of what are now with L. caespiticolaby Sturhan (1963a), and di- regarded as speciescomplexes i.e. X. americanum-group. versicaudatumfrom alluvium associatedwith tributaries of Severa! new species of Longidoridae bave been de- the.river Volga. Other early records afe those of Tulaga- scribed from Europe since the publication of Brown and nov (1937, 1938, 1949) who originally described Paralongi- Taylor (1987) and these are listed bere, together with fur- dorus georgiensisand X. pachtaicum from southern USSR, ther comments on some of the speciespreviously cited. Kiryanova (1951) who described P. nudus, aIsofrom south- ern USSR, and Merzkeevskaya (1951, 1953) who de- scribed L. tardicaudafrom centrai USSR. Kiryanova and Krall (1969, 1971) cite a total of nearly USSR 3000 nematological papers published in the USSR up to The distribution of Longidoridae in the USSR reflects, 1970. Skarbilovich (1978) cites 4966 references in a com- even more than in Europe, the distribution of nematolo- prehensive bibliography of Russian literature on nema- todes published between 1874 and 1975. Several refer- gists with a particular interest in these nematodes.Most of the relatively few records are tram cultivated crops which encesto Longidoridae afe given in these three yublications which together with others in HelminthologicaI Abstracts probably indicates that in the USSR, as in other developed and English Translations of SelectedTaxonomic Papersin countries, man has been responsablefar the dissemination Nematology, Volume 5 (Brown, Fortuner and Creamer, of severa! of the commonly occurring and widely distrib- 1989) have provided the main sourcesfar the compilation uted speciese.g. X. americanum,X. diversicaudatum,X. in- of this annotated list of longidorid nematodesoccurring in dex, L. elongatus. However, where natural, undisturbed the western part of the USSR (Fig. 1). AIso, Romanenko biotopes bave been sampled, new speciesbave been dis- (1973, 1985) surveyed fruit plantations, vineyards, arable covered e.g. X. aceri, X. artemisiae,L. arenosusand Roma- crops and some forests throughout the European part of nenko (unpublished results) has recently identified a fur- the USSR, regions of north Caucasus,middle Asia, west ther five previously undescribed speciesbelonging to the Siberia, Kolski peninsula and Kamchatka during 1967-79 Longidoridae tram various locations in the Western and identified the occurrence of 15 species of Longi- USSR.

199 Xiphinema currant in the Voronezh region, Tajikistan (Kankina and Metlitskava, 1983). X. aceri Chizhov, Tiev et Turkina, 1986 was described tram specimens obtained tram the rhizosphere of Acer X. diversicaudatum(Micoletzky, 1927) Thorne, 1939 campestrisgrowing in a broad-leaf forest near the river was £irst described £rom specimensobtained £rom alluvium Agadan in the northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkarya. associatedwith tributaries o£ the river Volga, Byelorussia. The speciesis most closely related to X. neovuitteneziand It has also been recorded £rom vineyards in Moldavia (Po- X. pyrenaicum. linskovskii, 1979; Stegarescu,1966, 1972), £rom raspberry in the Voronezh region (Kankina and Metlitskaya, 1983; X. americanum Cobb, 1913 has been recorded in sev- Milkus, 1974; Milkus etal., 1975), £rom wild strawberry in era! localities including Kazakhstan, Moldavia, Moscow, the Voronezh region and Krasnodarskiy Kray (Roma- Tajikistan and Turkmenistan but doubt is attached to nenko, 1985) and £rom black currant and raspberry in Pol- some of the identifications which should perhaps be re- tasa, and near Moscow. Populations o£ this speciesat sev- ferred to X. pachtaicum or other species in the X. eral sites bave been recorded' in association with arabis americanum-group(Lamberti and Bleve Zacheo, 1979; Ro- mosaic and strawberry latent ringspot nepoviruses (Roma- manenko, 1985). However, in the Moscow area tornato ringspot virus, transmitted by X. americanum sensu lato nenko, unpublished results). (possibly X. brevicolle or X. pachtaicum) was found to be X. incognitum Lamberti et Bleve Zacheo, 1979 has been causing damagein a raspberry plantation (P.D. Waister in identified from the rhizosphere of raspberry (Metlitskaya, litt.). The report by Koev et al. (1970) that X. americanum 1983). was transmitting leaf crinkle to black currant is now con- sidered to be incorrect (Romanenko, unpublished results). X. index Thorne et Allen, 1950 has been recorded many Boldyrev and Bozykh (1983) transmitted raspberry leaf times from vineyards in Moldavia, Tajikistan, Turkmeni- curI (tomato ringspot nepovirus) to raspberry with nema- stan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Polinkovskii (1980) found todes identified as X. americanumbut Milkus and Kudin- it in 14 of 21 districts when sampling vineyards in Molda- skaya (1980) failed to transmit the virus with nematodes via and it has been demonstrated as a vector of grapevine they identified as X. americanum.Thus, whilst present ev- fanleaf nepovirus, including the yellow mosaic variant, in idence suggeststhat many of the records of X. americanum vineyards. In a survey of fruit plantations at the Varzob from the USSR should be attributed to other species(X. Mountain Botanica! Station, Tajikistan, X. index was brevicolle, X. pachtaicum, X. paramonovi, X. rivesi), the oc- recorded as damaging black currant (Kankina and currence and spread of tornato ringspot nepovirus in fruit Metlitskaya, 1983). It has also been found in vineyards in plantations in severallocalities is indicative of the presence the Caucasus(Romanenko, unpublished results). of virus-vector speciesin the X. americanum-groupviz. X. americanumsensu stricto, X. californicumand X. rivesi. X. italiae Meyl, 1953 has been recorded from vineyards in Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979) and from wild raspberry X. artemisiae Chizhov, Tiev et Turkina, 1986 was de- in Moscow province (Romanenko, 1985). scribed tram specimensobtained tram the rhizosphere of Artemisia campestrisin a pasture in the upper reachesof the X. pachtaicum (Tulganov, 1938) Kiryanova, 1951 was river Chevek, northern Caucasus.It most closely resem- originally described from specimensfrom southern USSR. bles X. diversicaudatum,X. ingens,X. phoenicisand X. vuit- It has subsequentlybeen found to be widespread through- tenezi. out most southern European countries. In the USSR it has been recorded from fruit orchards in Kabardino-Ba!karya X. attorodorum Luc, 1961 has been reported only from (Tiev, 1981, 1983), from vineyards in Uzbekistan (Roma- Kuybyshev, Armenia and Krym, on wild strawberry and nenko, 1985) and Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979), from cherry, respectively (Romanenko, 1985). It is a tropical wild strawberries and lucerne in Krym, from apple and species and has not been recorded from Europe (Brown peach in the Ukraine (Romanenko, 1985) and from rasp- and Taylor, 1987). berry and otherplants in western USSR (Romanenko, un- published results). X. brasilienseLordello, 1951 was recorded as X. itan- haenseCarvalho, 1962 £rom the rhizosphere of citrus crops X. paramonovi Romanenko, 1981 was first recorded as in Abkhazskaya, Georgia (Tskitishvili, 1983) which is the X. paramericanumfrom the rhizosphere of arpIe and pear only record o£ the occurrence of this speciesin the USSR. trees in the UzIovaya district, Tula Province (Romanenko, 1973). Subsequently it has been found at the lnstitute of X. brevicolle Lordello et Da Costa, 1961 has been re- ZooIogy Academy of Sciences,Moldavia in experimental corded in association with deciduous fruit crops, berry pIots of raspberries, black currants and wiId strawberries. crops, vineyards and other plants in the western USSR and After re-examination of specimens Romanenko (1981) western Siberia (Romanenko, 1973, 1985) and from black concluded that although there were similarities to X. ame-

200 ARCTIC OCEAN

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J LITHUANIA~ BYEL, LATVIA

.MOSCOW MOLDA VIA UKRAINE USSR

GEORGIA -

KAZAKHSTAN ~

o 500 ~ KIRGIZIA miles

T r\JIKIST A-N~l_~~~

Fig. The republics cf western USSR. - 201- ricanum and other closelyrelated species,especially X. perimental Station (Degtyarev et al., 1985). It has also brevicolle,the specimensshould be recognisedas a new been recorded from Kabardino-Balkaskaya (Tiev, 1981), species. from fruit orchards in Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979), X. rivesiDalmasso, 1969 has been recorded from wild vineyardsin the Ukraine (Milkus et al., 1975), flood plains strawberriesin Kaluzhskaya(Romanenko, 1985). in the Moscow area (Kiryanova, 1959; Romanenko, 1971; Teploukhova, 1974; Orekhova, 1985) and from Estonia X. turcicum Luc et Dalmasso, 1963 has been recorded (Krall, 1965), Latvia (Eglitis et al., 1962), Tajikistan with other Xiphinema speciesfrom vineyards in severallo- (Ivanova, 1972) and Uzbekistan (Kiryanova, 1951). calities in Moldavia (Polinskovskii, 1979; Stegarescu, 1967, 1972). L. leptocephalusHooper, 1961 has been recovered from the rhizosphere of arpIe (Prikhodko, 1988). X. vuittenezi Luc, Lima, Weischer et Flegg, 1964 ap- pears to be widespread in vineyards in Moldavia and the L. lutosus Heyns, 1965 was identified by Romanenko Ukraine (Kozhokaru and Korolchuk, 1976; Milkus, 1974; (1976) from specimens from fruit crops in Moldavia but Milkus eta!., 1975; Polinskovskii, 1979; Stegarescu,1972) subsequently these specimenswere described as Paralongi- and has been found in fruit orchards in Kabardino- dorus maximus (Romanenko, 1985). Balkarya (Tiev, 1983) and the Ukraine (Romanenko, 1985). L. macrosomaHooper, 1961has beenrecovered from grapevine in Tajikistan and from raspberry and wild straw- berry in Voronezh region (Romanenko, 1985).

Longidorus L. martini Merny, 1966 was recoveréd from brown car- bonate soils at an altitude of 1500 to 2200 m in Tajikistan L. africanus Merny, 1966 has been recorded tram wood- land at altitudes of 1500 to 2200 m in centrai Tajikistan (Kankina and Ivanova, 1986). (Ivanova, 1972; Ivanova and Kankina, 1972; Kankina and L. olegi Kankina et Metlitskaya, 1983 was first identi- Ivanova, 1986). fied from specimens recovered from the rhizosphere of L. arenosus Kankina et Ivanova, 1986 was described berry bushes at the Varzob Mountain Botanica! Station, tram specimensobtained tram the rhizosphere of Calligo- Kondar district, Tajikistan and subsequently described num microcarpum growing with Populus prunosa and from specimens from raspberry cv. Newbury growing at Haloxylon persicumin an undisturbed biotope at Karadum, the RossoshanskiBerry-Fruit Experimental Station, Vor- Tajikistan. The speciesis morphologically similar to L. at- onezh region. The speciesis morphologically similar to L. tenuatus, L. cohni, L. proximus and L. vineacola. macrosoma,L. goodeyi and L. apulus.

L. attenuatusHooper, 1961 has been recorded tram the L. profundornm Hooper, 1966 has been recovered from rhizosphere of black currant in the Voronezh region soiIs associatedwith apples (Prikhodko, 1988). (Kankina and Mitlitskaya, 1983) and Tambov province (Romanenko, 1985) and tram wild strawberry, raspberry L. sylphusThorne, 1939 has been recorded from a vine- and Canadian maple in Tula province and Mordovskaya yard in Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979). Merzheevskaya (Romanenko, 1973, 1985). (1953) described L. striata from Byelorussia but Lamberti L. caespiticolaHooper, 1961 was first recorded by Mi- (1975) subsequently synonymised it with L. sylphus. coletzky (1927) as L. elongatus tram alIuvium associated L. tardicauda Merzheevskaya, 1951 is widespread in with tributaries of the river Volga but Sturhan (1963a) centra! T ajikistan where it has been found in association subsequently identified the specimensas L. caespiticola.It with raspberry crops at the Varzob Mountain Botanica! has aIso been recorded tram Byelorussia (Merzkeevskaya, Station, Kondar district (Ivanova, 1972; Ivanova and 1951, 1953) and tram the rhizosphere of arpIe Kankina, 1972; Kankina and Metlitskaya, 1983). (Prikhodko, 1988). L. vineaco/a Sturhan et Weischer, 1964 has been re- L. distinctus Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 has corded parasitising peppermint and fIax in Moldavia been recorded tram the rhizosphere of raspberry (Roma- (Lisetskaya, 1968; Polinkovskii, 1979). nenko, unpublished results). L. elongatus (de Man, 1976) Thorne et Swanger, 1936 is regarded by Romanenko (1973, 1985) as the most wide- spread longidorid speciesin the USSR. Large populations P. georgiensisTulganov, 1937 was described tram fe- bave been recorded on sugar beet in the Sumii region male specimensfound in the rhizosphere of tomato at the (Sigareva and Filenko, 1983) and at the Ivanovskaya Ex- Neurne Collective Farm in thePotii region, Abkhazia.

202 P. nudus Kiryanova, 1951 was described from speci- X. diversum Roca, Lamberti, Santos et Abrantes, 1988 mens collected in Uzbekistan which is the only record of was described from specimens collected from Cupressus its occurrence. lusitanica at Cruz Alta, Bucaco, Portugal and has algabeen identified from several other localities in that cauntry. P. maximus Buetschli, 1874 was recovered from the rhizosphere of grain crops in Kazakhstan. It was originally X. exile Roca, Lamberti, Santos et Abrantes, 1988 has identified as L. lutosus (Romanenko, 1976) in Moldavia, been recorded only from its type locaIity, from Pinus pin- where it was found in association with raspberry (Roma- aster at Sameiro, Braga, Portugal. Of the 31 nominai spe- nenko. 1985). cies belonging to the X. americanum-grouponly X. pachy- dermum Sturhan, 1983, also first identified from Portugal, Europe and X. exile may be regarded as being bisexual with maIes being common. The following are new speciesdescribed since those re- ported by Brown and Taylor (1987) together with further X. hygrophilum Southey et Luc, 1973 specimensfrom comments on some of the speciespreviously recorded. Israel were originally identified as X. ensiculiferum (Cohn and Sher, 1972) but subsequently Southey and Luc (1973) redefined X. ensiculiferum and identified the specimens Xiphinema from Israel as X. hygrophilum.

X. aequum Roca et Lamberti, 1988 was described from X. incertum Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 was specimenscollected from the rhizosphere of Olea europaea identified as a single female specimentram the rhizosphere trees al Palagiano, Taranto, Italy which is the only report of grapevine at Ferenci, Yugoslavia (Barsi, 1989) and also of its occurrence. as seven speciÌnens tram raspberry at Sadovp, Bulgaria (Choleva et al., 1990). X. diversicaudatum (Micoletzky, 1927) Thorne, 1939 was reported by Franz (1942) from Austria (from the Ad- X. italiaeMeyl, 1953 was erroneously reported to occur mont region, centrai Austria and not the Vorarlberg re- in Switzerland (Brown and Taylor, 1987) and this species gion, western Austria, as reported by Brown and Taylor, has not been identified in scii samples from Switzerland 1987). However, Sturhan (1963b) considered the species (Klingler, persocomm.). In Israel X. italiae is a vector of identification as of doubtful validity. Furthermore, grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (GFLV) (Cohn et al., 1970) Klinger et al. (1990) consider this speciesto be absent from and in Nigeria, where it was found in 57% of samplesfrom eastern Switzerland, southern Germany and probably also vineyards, it was recovered from 13 of 32 vineyards in- from the Vorarlberg region of Austria. In Switzerland this fected with GFLV. However, it has not been demon- species seems to be associatedwith soils rich in silicates strated to be a vector of the virus in Nigeria (Khan, 1988). derived from deposits in the centrai and western Alps In Libya this specieshas been recovered from the rhizo- (Klinger et al., 1990). X. diversicaudatumis rarely recov- sphere of olive trees growing in the coastal regions (Edon- ered from vineyards in northern Switzerland but has been gali, 1989) and in deciduous fruit orchards (Siddiqi and identified as the vector of arabis mosaic nepovirus infect- Khan, 1986). ing grapevines in the Terrier canton in which areaX. index is absent (Vallotton and Perrier, 1990). X. macroacanthum"t'amberti,Roca et Agostinelli, 1989 Choleva et al. (1990) recovered this speciesin 66% of differs from X. ingensin having a well developed Z-pseudo samplescollected from raspberry crops in Bulgaria, and in organ and large uterine spines. Previous records of X. in- the Ustovo region X. diversicaudatumwas associatedwith gensidentified from severallocalities in ltaly (Martelli and virus degeneration in the raspberry crops. Arabis mosaic Lamberti, 1967; Lamberti etal., 1975; Roca and Lamberti, and grapevine fanleaf nepoviruseswere recovered from re- 1978, 1985; Lamberti et al., 1985) afe now referred to X. spectively 38 and 17 of 55 vineyards surveyed in the viti- macroacanthum. culture areas of the Moldavia and Dobrudscha regions of Romania (Eppler et al., 1989). AIso, strawberry latent X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kiryanova, 1951 is ringspot nepovirus was recovered from 2 of 49 vineyards. the most frequently occurring speciesfound in vineyards X. diversicaudatum was thought to bave been identified in Serbia, Yugoslavia. Two morphometricallydistinguish- from preliminary soil sampling but this requires confirma- able forms occur and afe separatedby differences in body, tion as the specieswas not detected in subsequentsamples. odontostyle and odontophore lengths. The smaller form X. index and X. brevicolle were present in these samples was found in nurseries of grapevine cuttings whilst speci- also a speciesresembling X. pachtaicum.As a reswt of some mens of the larger form were recovered tram the rhizo- divergence from X. pachtaicum in stylet length and the po- sphere of grapevine rootstocks. Both forms were found in sition of the guide sheath these specimenswere tentatively soils samplestram vineyards used far scion production (J0- identified asX. simile (Eppleret al., 1989). vicic, 1988).In Bulgaria,low densitiesofX. pachtaicum

203 were recovered from one third of the samples collected Bulgaria since the originaI record by Stoyanov (1964) (B. from raspberry plantations (Choleva et al., 1990) and in Choleva, unpublished results). Libya the specieswas recovered from the rhizosphere of olive trees growing in coastal regions (Edongali, 1989). L. congoensisAboul-Eid, 1970 has been recorded tram two soil samples collected tram the rhizosphere of halo- X. rotundatum Schuurmans Stekhoven et Teunissen, philous vegetation at Almeria, Spain (Andres and Arias, 1938 specimenstram Hungary (Andrassy, 1973) were ex- 1988b). amined by M. Luc (Lab. des Vers, MNHN, Paris, France) who confirmed thé originai identification by Andrassy L. distinctusLamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 has (1973). SpecimensnominaIly of this specieswere not ob- been recovered tram the rhizosphere of grapevine and tained tram Y ugoslavia and therefore the identification of parlar in the Senta and Zrenjanin regions, respectively, in X. rotundatum tram Yugoslavia (Hrzic, 1978) stili requires Yugoslavia (Barsi, 1989). confirmation. L. euonymusMali et Hoop~r, 1973 has been found in soi! samplescollected tram the rhizosphere of grassesand X. grandeSteiner, 1914; X. krugi Lordello, 1955 (= X. parlar in the Novi Sad and Zrenjanin regions, respec- denoudeni), X. radicicola Goodey, 1936; X. surinamense tively, in Yugoslavia (Barsi, 1989). Loof et Maas, 1972 and X. vulgare Tarjan, 1964 all were reported as present in Spain in a doctoral thesis by Palomo L. intermediusKozlowska et Seinhorst, 1979 occurs in (1975). Arias et al. (1985b) subsequently suggestedthat Poland (Szczygiel and Brzeski, 1985) and has also been re- the identification of these tropical speciesin Spain be re- covered from several soli samplescollected in centraI Italy garded as cf doubtful validity especially as the originai (Roca and Lamberti, 1985). specimensupon which the identifications were based are not available. Aiso Sturhan (1963b) reported that the in- L. juvenilis Dalmasso, 1969 was recovered from sciI dividuaI female specimenfound by Gà:dea(1955) in a peat samples taken around the roots of Mahonia aquifolia and ditch near Vigo, Galicia was undoubtedly a representative grapevine in the Novi Sad and Ormoz regions of YugosIa- of the genus Xiphinema but was not, as stated, X. grande. via (Barsi, 1989). X. coxi (europeum)and X. pseudeocoxibave each been re- covered from soil samplescollected in centrai Spain and in L, macrosomaHooper, 1961 has been recorded as a vec- one sampleboth specieswere present (Arias et al., 1987). tor of Pfeffinger disease (raspberry ringspot nepovirus) which is an irnportant pathogen of sweet cherry in Swit- zerland (Klingler and Kunz, 1985). AIsoin Switzerland L, Longidorus matrosoma has been associatedwith the presenceof rasp- berryringspot nepovirus in grapevines (Vallotton and Per- L. alvegusRoca, Pereira et Lamberti, 1989 which re- rier, 1990). In the Plovdiv region in 'Bulgaria, L. mac- semb1esL. euonymus, was described £rom specimensco1- rosomain associationwith L. elongatushas been recovered 1ected in the rhizosphere o£ sweet pepper (Capsicuman- frorn the rhizosphere of raspberry affected by raspberry nuum) at A1vega(Abrantes) Ribatejo, Portugal. ringspot and tornato black ring viruses (B. Choleva, un- published results). L. belloi Andres et Arias, 1988 was originally identi£ied as L. profundorum tram the rhizosphere o£ cerealsnear To- Lo pini Andres et Arias, 1988b has been described only ledo, Spain (Andres and Arias, 1982, 1985, 1988a; Bleve- from five uncultivated sites in Spain where it was found in Zacheo et al., 1984; Andres and Bello, 1985; Arias et al., the rhizosphere of Pinus sylvestrisLo, Quercuspyrenaica L., 1985a). Subsequently, specimenso£ this specieswere re- Juncussp. and natura! pasture. covered £rom soil samples£rom several sites in Spain. The results o£ a statistical analysis o£ morphometric data £rom L. pisi Edward, Misra et Singh, 1964 and L. latoceph- three populations together with several morphological di£- alus Lamberti, Choleva et AgostineI1i, 1983 afe considered £erenceswere used to di££erentiate the specimens £rom conspecific, with L. latocephalusa junior synonym of L. pisi those o£ L. profundorum tram England and these di££er- (Choleva etal., 1991). AIso, the male specimenof L. lato- enceswere used to describe specimensas L. belloi (Andres cephalusdescribed by Lamberti et al. (1983) is now con- and Arias, 1988a). sidered to possibly be a male of an undescribed Longidorus species similar to, but not identical with, L. attenuatus L. closelongatusStoyanov, 1964 was recovered tram (Choleva et al., 1991). Edongali and Ben-Othman (1988) severalsamples collected in northeastern Italy (Coiro et al., reported L. pisi, which they incorrectly named asParalongi- 1988) which suggeststhat the distributions of L. ;uvenilis dorus pisi, from soil samplestaken in homegardens in Tri- and L. closelongatusare similar being southern France and politania, Libya where Arabian jasmine (fasminumsambae) northern Italy. L. closelongatusbaso not been recovered in and rose geranium (Pelargoniumodoratissimum) were grow- extensive sampling of the type location or other areas in ing poorly.

204 Paralongidorus BROWN D.J.F. and TAYLOR C.E.., 1987 - Comments on the ocur- rence and geographical distribution of longidorid nematodes P. rex Andrassy, 1986 has been described only tram its in Europe and the Mediterranean region. Nematol. medit., 15: type locality in a Quercusforest at Feketehegy in the Pilis 333-373. BUETSCHLIO., 1874 - Zue Kenntnis der freilbenden Nematoden Mountains, Hungary. insbesondere der kieler Hafens. Abh. Seskemb. natur/ Ges., 9: 237-292. CARVALHOJ.C., 1962 - Xiphinema itanhaense n.sp. (Nematoda : Acknowledgements ). Arq. Inst. Biol., 29: 223-225. We thank the many colleagueswho bave supplied in- CHIZOV V.N., TIEV R.A. and TURKINA A. Yu., 1986 - [Two new species of the genus Xiphinema (Nematoda : Longi- formation and data especially Drs. J. Klingler, Switzerland doridae) from the northern Caucasus]. Zool. Zh., 65: 932-935. and M. Luc, France. We are also indebted to Mrs Lesley CHOLEVA B., PENEVA V. and BROWN D.J.F., 199.1 - Longidorus Creamer far va!uable assistancewith translations of sev- latocephalus, Lamberti, Choleva arid Agostinelli, a junior syn- era! Russian texts. The senior author gratefully acknowl- onym of L. pisi Edward, Misra and Singh (Nematoda : Dory- laimida). Revue Nématol., 13: (in I?ress). edgesfinancial assistanceprovided by the British Council CHOLEVA B.M., PEYKOVAY.I. and NEDELCHEVS.L., 1990 - Study and the Bulgarian Academy of Agricultura! Sciencesre- on distribution of nematode virus vectors (Fam. Longidoridae) search exchange scheme. of raspberry crops in Bulgaria. Helminthologia, 24: (in press). COBB N.A., 1913 - New Nematode genera found inhabiting fresh water and nonbrackish soils. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3: 432-444. Literature cited COHN E. and SHER S.A., 1972 - A contribution to the of the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913. J. Nematol., 4: 36-64. ABOUL-EID H.Z., 1970 - Systematic notes on Longidorus and Par- COHN E., TANNE E. and NITZANY F.E., 1970 - Xiphinema italiae, alongidorus. Nematologica, 15: 159-179. a new vector of grapevine fanleaf virus. Phytopathology, 60: ANDRASSY1.,1973 - 100 neue Nematodenarten in der ungarischen 181-182. Fauna. Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 11: 7-48. COIRO M.I., LAMBERTI F., VINDIMIAN M.E. and AGOSTINELLIA., ANDRASSYI., 1986 - [Paralongidorus rex sp.n. a new nematode spe- 1988 - I Longidoridae nei vigneti del Trentino. I.: Il genere cies tram Hungary]. Allattani Kozlemenyek, 73: 115-118. Longidorus (Micoletzky) Filipjev. Nematol. medit., 16: 53-58. ANDRES M. FE and ARIAS M., 1982 - Distribucion vertical de los DALMASSOA., 1969- Etude anatomiqueet taxonomiquedes nematodes del suelo del genero Longidorus en la Region Cen- genres Xiphinema, Longidorus et Paralongidorus (Nematoda : traI. Bol. Servo Plagas e Insp. Fitop., 8: 143-148. Dorylaimidae). Mem. Mus. natn: Hist. nat., Paris, Serie A. Zo- ANDRESM. FE and ARIAS M., 1985 - Patogenicidad del nematodo ologie, 61: 33-82. ectoparasito Longidorus profundorum, en cereales y legumino- DEGTYAREVA.G., PANCHENKOV.F. and BARNHTEIN L.A., 1985 - sas. Bol. Servo Plagas e Insp. Fitop., 12: 37- 43. [Longidorus infestation on sugarbeet]. Sakhamaya Svekla, 12: ANDRES M. FE and ARIAS M., 1988a - Longidorus belloi n.sp. 33-34. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) tram Spain. Revue Nématol., 11: EDONGALI E.A., 1989 - Plant parasitic nematodes associated with 415-421. olive trees in Libya. Int. Nematol. Network Newsl., 6: 36-37. ANDRESM. FE and ARIAS M., 1988b - A new species of Longidorus EDONGALI E.A. and BEN-OTHMAN K.A., 1988 - Needle nematode (Nematoda: Longidoridae) associated with forest soils and Paralongidorus pisi in Libya. Int. Nematol. Network Newsl., 5: notes on L. congoensis Aboul-Eid, 1970 and L. intermedius Ko- 22. zlowska & Seinhorst, 1979 new records far Spain. 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