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Appearance and Water Quality] of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida

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Appearance and Water Quality] of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida Appearance and Water Quality] of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2192 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District Appearance and Water Quality of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida By CARL R. GOODWIN and D. M. MICHAELIS Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2192 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1984 For sale by the Distribution Branch, Text Products Section U.S. Geological Survey 604 South Pickett St. Alexandria, VA 22304 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Goodwin, Carl R., and Michaelis, D. M. Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida (United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper; 2192) Bibliography: p. 56 Supt. of Docs, no,: 119.13:2192 1. Plumes (Fluid dynamics) Measurement. 2. Turbidity Measurement. 3. Water quality Florida Tampa Bay Measurement. 4. Dredging Florida Tampa Bay. I. Michaelis, D.M. II. Title. III. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. IV. Title: Turbidity plumes. V. Series: Geological Survey water- supply paper; 2192. TC801. U2 no. 2192 553.7'0973 s [627'.73] 84-600152 [TC175] CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Background 2 Location and description 3 Factors that affect appearance and water quality 3 Physical and chemical properties of dredged material 3 Type, size, and operation of dredge 4 Methods for placement and containment of dredged material 5 Physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties of receiving water 6 Acknowledgments 7 Study methods 7 Aerial photography 8 Water sampling and analysis 9 Dredged-material classification 11 Determination of tidal conditions, dredge equipment, and dredged-material placement 12 Appearance and water-clarity data 13 Dredging operations 13 Hopper-dredge loading during floodtide 13 Hopper-dredge maneuvering and pipeline dredge with submerged discharge at slack water 16 Hopper-dredge unloading during floodtide 20 Hopper-dredge unloading and pipeline-dredge smoothing dredged- material placement area at slack water 22 Pipeline dredge with oscillating surface discharge and secondary erosional plume during floodtide 26 Pipeline dredge with intermittent discharge and secondary erosional plume during floodtide 33 Pipeline dredge discharging within turbidity barrier during ebbtide 36 Pipeline dredge discharging to emergent dike with turbidity barrier during floodtide 41 Pipeline dredge discharging to partly enclosed dike with turbidity barrier during floodtide 47 Summary of appearance and water-clarity data 50 Water-quality data 50 Water-clarity parameters 51 Chemical constituents 55 Nutrients 55 Trace metals and arsenic 57 Pesticides and industrial compounds 59 Summary of water-quality data 61 Long-term turbidity trends 61 Summary and conclusions 63 References cited 64 Metric conversion factors and abbreviations 66 Contents III FIGURES 1. Map showing Tampa Bay subareas and tidal-stage and tidal-velocity monitor sites 3 2. Diagram of three pipeline-dredge discharge methods 5 3. Diagram showing relation between turbidity barrier, turbid water, and fluid mud 6 4. Color-enhanced satellite image of turbidity plume in Tampa Bay, 1972 7 5. Photograph of camera and mount used for vertical aerial photography 8 6. Explanations of category symbols used in Unified Soil Classification System 8 7. Three sample drillers' logs, showing sediment classification and description 9 8. Diagrams showing A, Mississippi Valley triangular soil classification chart; B, relation to Unified Soil Classification System 11 9-12. Hopper-dredge loading during floodtide: 9. Map of sample sites 1-7 and respective photograph areas 12 10. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at South Tampa Bay monitoring sites 13 11. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 1-3 14 12. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 4-7 15 13-15. Hopper-dredge maneuvering and pipeline dredge with submerged discharge at slack water: 13. Map of sample sites 8-10 and respective photograph areas 17 14. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at South Tampa Bay monitoring sites 18 15. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 8-10 18 16-18. Hopper-dredge unloading during floodtide: 16. Map of sample sites 11-13 and respective photograph areas 20 17. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at South Tampa Bay monitoring sites 21 18. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 11-13 22 19-21. Hopper-dredge unloading and pipeline-dredge smoothing dredged-material placement area at slack water: 19. Map of sample sites 14 17 and respective photograph areas 23 20. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at South Tampa Bay monitoring sites 24 21. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 14 17 24 22-25. Pipeline dredge with oscillating discharge and secondary erosional plume during floodtide: 22. Map of sample sites 18-26 and respective photograph areas 26 23. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at South Tampa Bay monitoring sites 27 24. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 18-22 28 25. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 23-26 29 26. Satellite image of west-central Florida, showing both parts of a separated turbidity plume at entrance to Tampa Bay 30 27-30. Pipeline dredge with intermittent discharge and secondary erosional plume during floodtide: 27. Map of sample sites 27-32 and respective photograph areas 31 28. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at South Tampa Bay monitoring sites 33 29. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 27-29 34 30. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 30-32 35 IV Contents 31-34. Pipeline-dredge discharging within turbidity barrier during ebbtide: 31. Map of sample sites 33-40 and respective photograph areas 37 32. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at Hillsborough Bay monitoring sites 38 33. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 33-36 39 34. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 37-40 40 35-38. Pipeline-dredge discharging to emergent dike with turbidity barrier during floodtide: 35. Map of sample sites 41 49 and respective photograph areas 42 36. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at Hillsborough Bay monitoring sites 43 37. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 41-45 44 38. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 46-49 45 39-42. Pipeline-dredge discharging to partly enclosed dike with turbidity barrier during floodtide: 39. Map of sample sites 50-58 and respective photograph areas 46 40. Graph showing tidal stage and tidal velocity at Hillsborough Bay monitoring sites 47 41. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 50-53 48 42. Photographs of and water-clarity data for sites 54-58 48 43-45. Graphs showing relations between: 43. Suspended solids and turbidity for samples from Hillsborough Bay and South Tampa Bay 53 44. Suspended solids and volatile solids for samples from Hillsborough Bay and South Tampa Bay 54 45. Turbidity and transparency for samples from Hillsborough Bay and South Tampa Bay 55 46. Graph showing average monthly turbidity and monthly dredged-material production rates in South Tampa Bay 62 47. Graph showing average monthly turbidity and monthly dredged-material production rates in Hillsborough Bay 62 TABLES 1. Clay mineralogy of Tampa Bay sediments 7 2. Particle-size gradation and cohesiveness designation for 10 of the soil categories of the Unified Soil Classification System 10 3. Sample calculation of approximate particle-size gradation 10 4-12. Sampling conditions for: 4. Hopper-dredge loading during floodtide 16 5. Hopper-dredge maneuvering and pipeline dredge with submerged discharge at slack water 19 6. Hopper-dredge unloading during floodtide 21 7. Hopper-dredge unloading and pipeline-dredge smoothing dredged- material placement area at slack water 25 8. Pipeline dredge with oscillating discharge and secondary erosional plume during floodtide 27 9. Pipeline dredge with intermittent discharge and secondary erosional plume during floodtide 33 10. Pipeline-dredge discharging within turbidity barrier during ebbtide 36 11. Pipeline-dredge discharging to emergent dike with turbidity barrier dunng floodtide 41 12. Pipeline-dredge discharging to partly enclosed dike with turbidity barrier during floodtide 47 Contents 13-18. Comparison of mean: 13. Turbidity, suspended-solids, volatile-solids, and transparency values for samples of plume and ambient water 51 14. Turbidity, suspended-solids, volatile-solids, and transparency values for samples from Hillsborough and South Tampa Bays 52 15. Nutrient-concentration values for samples of plume and ambient water 56 16. Nutrient-concentration values for samples from Hillsborough and South Tampa Bays 57 17. Arsenic and trace-metal concentration values for samples of plume and ambient water 58 18. Trace-metal concentration values for samples from Hillsborough and South Tampa Bays 59 19. Concentrations of 2,4-D in water samples 60 VI Contents Appearance and Water Quality of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida By Carl R. Goodwin and D. M. Michaelis Abstract Turbidity plumes in Tampa Bay, Florida, produced dur­ A region of rapidly accelerating then decelerating ing ship-channel dredging operations from February 1977 flow near the mouth of Tampa Bay produced a two-part or to August 1978, were monitored in order to document separated plume. Flow acceleration contracted the width of plume appearance and water quality, evaluate plume influ­ the visible plume, and subsequent flow deceleration ence on the characteristics of Tampa Bay water, and provide caused plume expansion. The two wide segments of the a data base for comparison with other areas that have sim­ plume appeared to be separated from each other because ilar sediment, dredge, placement, containment, and tide of the intervening narrow part.
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