DOCSLIB.ORG

Missoula Flood Dynamics and Magnitudes Inferred from Sedimentology of Slack-Water Deposits on the Columbia Plateau, Washington

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Missoula Flood Dynamics and Magnitudes Inferred from Sedimentology of Slack-Water Deposits on the Columbia Plateau, Washington Missoula flood dynamics and magnitudes inferred from sedimentology of slack-water deposits on the Columbia Plateau, Washington GARY A. SMITH Department of Geology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 ABSTRACT flood-water tracts. These deposits, which exceed 30-m thickness in many places, consist of repetitive graded beds (rhythmites), Sedimentological study of late Wisconsin, Missoula-flood slack- ranging in thickness from 0.1 m to 1.0 m. Continuity of these water sediments deposited along the Columbia and Tucannon Rivers in terraces with flood-constructed eddy bars at the mouths of the southern Washington reveals important aspects of flood dynamics. Most valleys and the prominence of upstream-directed ripple cross- floodfades were deposited by energetic flood surges (velocities > 6 m/sec) laminations clearly relate the fine-grained "slack-water" sedi- entering protected areas along the flood tract, or flowing up and then ments to the scabland floods. directly out of tributary valleys. True still-water fades are less volumi- Bretz (1969) recognized the importance of understanding the nous and restricted to elevations below 230 m. High flood stages attended origin of the slack-water deposits for resolving flood dynamics and the initial arrival of the flood wave and were not associated with sub- chronology. Significant advances in the understanding of the stratig- sequent hydraulic ponding upslope from channel constrictions. Among raphy of these deposits have taken place (for example, Waitt, 1980), 186 flood beds studied in 12 sections, 57% have bioturbated tops, and and mechanisms of slack-water deposition have been proposed (Ba- about half of these bioturbated beds are separated from overlying flood ker, 1973; Waitt, 1980, 1985a). The physical sedimentological study beds by nonflood sediments. A single graded flood bed was deposited at reported on here was undertaken to resolve the origin of the slack- most sites during most floods. Sequences in which 2-9 graded beds were water deposits, the number of rhythmites deposited in each flood, and deposited during a single flood are restricted to low elevations. These the relationship of rhythmite-depositing floods to the dramatic ero- sequences imply complex, multi-peaked hydrographs in which the first sional and depositional features of the scabland. flood surge was generally the largest, and subsequent surges were at- Controversy over interpretation of the slack-water beds was her- tenuated by water already present in slack-water areas. Slack-water- alded by Bretz (1969, p. 533): "There are altogether too many in one sediment stratigraphy suggests a wide range of flood discharges and section, and they are too thin to assign each [bed] to a separate flood volumes. Of >40 documented late Wisconsin floods that inundated the influx. Thicknesses of the total deposit seem too great, however, to Pasco Basin, only about 20 crossed the Palouse-Snake divide. Floods assign to one flood." Although evidence for more than one cataclys- younger than the set-S tephras from Mount St. Helens were generally mic flood had been recorded (Bretz and others, 1956; Bretz, 1969), smaller than earlier floods of late Wisconsin age, although most still most subsequent workers adopted the early view of Bretz (1929, p. crossed the Palouse-Snake divide. These late floods primarily traversed 529) that apparently conformable sequences of as many as 40 to 62 the Cheney-Palouse scabland because stratigraphy of slack-water sed- graded beds could possibly record a complex, pulsating hydrograph iment along the Columbia River implies that the largest flood volumes for a single great flood (Baker, 1973; Patton and others, 1979; Carson did not enter the Pasco Basin by way of the Columbia River. and others, 1978; Bjornstad, 1980). The observation that tephra layers within the sequence of graded beds accumulated with eolian sedi- INTRODUCTION ments (Bunker, 1980; Waitt, 1980) led to recognition of breaks within the depositional history. Waitt (1980) also interpreted brief ("de- Most geologists know about the legacy of the great outburst cades") subaerial hiatuses at other stratigraphic levels within the floods from glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana, the resulting slack-water sequence and, because of gross similarity of all beds, spectacular landforms of Washington's Channeled Scabland, and the argued that each bed was the record of a single flood. tireless efforts of J Harlan Bretz to convince skeptics of the cataclys- This stimulating but controversial hypothesis, requiring tens of mic scale required for the floods (see Baker, 1978, and Baker and floods from a self-dumping glacier-dammed lake (Waitt, 1980,1985a; Bunker, 1985, for a review). Bretz (1925,1928,1929,1930,1959,1969; Baker and Bunker, 1985), was the topic of subsequent spirited debate Bretz and others, 1956) focused his efforts on descriptions of large (for example, Baker and Bunker, 1985; Waitt, 1985a). Evidence fa- erosional channels; huge, now-dry cataracts; and gigantic, megarip- voring Waitt's (1980) hypothesis was subsequently found in the de- pled gravel bars that dominate the landscape of the Channeled Scab- posits of glacial lakes north of the Channeled Scabland (Fig. 1), where land, within a 30,000 km2 area of loess-mantled basalt in eastern as many as 89 flood beds of interpreted Missoula-flood origin are Washington. Baker's (1973) thorough study of the scabland channels interbedded with varved lacustrine silt and clay (Rigby, 1982; Atwater, and the coarse gravel deposits associated with them led to elegant 1984, 1986; Waitt, 1984, 1985a). Bed-for-bed correlations between paleohydraulic interpretations of the cataclysmic floods. these glacial-lake sections and the slack-water sediments of southern Until the 1980s, little attention was given to sand and silt Washington remained contested, however, and the alternative hy- forming conspicuous terraces in valleys adjacent to the main pothesis that multiple slack-water rhythmites could be generated in the Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 77-100, 17 figs., 2 tables, January 1993. 77 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/105/1/77/3381691/i0016-7606-105-1-77.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 G. A. SMITH Figure 1. Map of the Pacific Northwest showing maximum late Wisconsin extent of the Cordilleran ice sheet, major glacier-dammed lakes (shown at maximum stage), the Channeled Scabland, and area inundated by Missoula floods. Channeled Scabland by each flood was rejuvenated (Baker and Bun- responsible for hydraulic ponding of flood waters to depths possibly ker, 1985; Kiver and Stradling, 1985). exceeding 200 m in the Pasco Basin (Fig. 2A; Baker, 1973;Craig, 1987; The problem has been further complicated by the stratigraphic O'Connor and Baker, 1992). The Tucannon River joins the Snake River evidence of several flood episodes, each consisting of one or more 125 km upstream of the Snake-Columbia confluence in the Pasco outburst floods over periods of several thousand years at each glacial Basin. Because slack-water sediment in these valleys was presumed maximum (McDonald and Busacca, 1988; Moody, 1987; Bjornstad to be related to backflooding by hydraulic ponding in the Pasco Basin, and others, 1991). McDonald and Busacca (1988) recognized at least Bretz (1969) referred to them as "backflood deposits," a term also six such episodes, increasing the uncertainty in correlating erosional adopted by Waitt (1980). The term is not generally applicable to flood- and depositional products of individual floods or even flood episodes. deposited, rhythmically bedded sand and silt, however, because these The late Wisconsin flood episode occurred between about 15 ka and deposits also occur at seldom-noted sites along the major flood routes, 12 ka, and its depositional products are associated with as many as including the Columbia River. The term "slack water" is used here, three volcanic ashes correlated with set-S tephra erupted from Mount although it is also not perfectly suited for describing these sediments, St. Helens at about 13 ka (Mullineaux and others, 1978). The next because several existing definitions include the provision that slack- oldest episode occurred before —36 ka, and its deposits overlie set-C water sediments are deposited from suspension (Baker and others, tephras from Mount St. Helens (McDonald and Busacca, 1988; 1983; Kochel and Baker, 1988; Baker, 1989). The dominance of cross- Moody, 1987). Busacca and others (1989) infer that this older Wis- stratification within the deposits negates suspension deposition alone. consin phase produced the greatest cataclysmic flows. A general upward progression from massive or plane-bedded coarse sand, to ripple cross-laminated fine sand, and finally to massive SLACK-WATER SEDIMENTS: GENERAL FEATURES AND or laminated, very fine sands and silt, has led to comparison of the PREVIOUS INTERPRETATIONS slack-water deposits to the Bouma sequence of sedimentary struc- tures in turbidites (Baker, 1973; Bjornstad, 1980; Bunker, 1980; Waitt, Missoula-flood slack-water sediments are best known from ex- 1980). The principal distinction from a typical turbidite is the occur- posures in the Walla Walla Valley (Bjornstad, 1980; Waitt, 1980), rence of poly directional, usually bidirectional, cross-laminations in lower Yakima Valley and Badger Coulee (Bunker, 1980; Waitt, 1980), the rippled interval of the slack-water deposits that, in backflooded and the Tucannon Valley (Baker, 1973; Patton and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tidal Hydrodynamic Response to Sea Level Rise and Coastal Geomorphology in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2015 Tidal hydrodynamic response to sea level rise and coastal geomorphology in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Davina Passeri University of Central Florida Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Passeri, Davina, "Tidal hydrodynamic response to sea level rise and coastal geomorphology in the Northern Gulf of Mexico" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1429. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1429 TIDAL HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO SEA LEVEL RISE AND COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO by DAVINA LISA PASSERI B.S. University of Notre Dame, 2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2015 Major Professor: Scott C. Hagen © 2015 Davina Lisa Passeri ii ABSTRACT Sea level rise (SLR) has the potential to affect coastal environments in a multitude of ways, including submergence, increased flooding, and increased shoreline erosion. Low-lying coastal environments such as the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of SLR, which may have serious consequences for coastal communities as well as ecologically and economically significant estuaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Tide Simplified by Phil Clegg Sea Kayaking Anglesey
    Tide Simplified By Phil Clegg Sea Kayaking Anglesey Tide is one of those areas that the more you learn about it, the more you realise you don’t know. As sea kayakers, and not necessarily scientists, we don’t have to know every detail but a simplified understanding can help us to understand and predict what we might expect to see when we are out on the water. In this article we look at the areas of tide you need to know about without having to look it up in a book. Causes of tides To understand tide is convenient to imagine the earth with an envelope of water all around it, spinning once every 24 hours on its north-south axis with the moon on a line parallel to the equator. Moon Gravity A B Earth Ocean C The tides are primarily caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon. Simplifying a bit, at point A the gravitational pull is the strongest causing a high tide, point B experiences a medium pull towards the moon, while point C has the weakest pull causing a second high tide. Because the earth spins once every 24 hours, at any location on its surface there are two high tides and two low tides a day. There are approximately six hours between high tide and low tide. One way of predicting the approximate time of high tide is to add 50 minutes to the high tide of the previous day. The sun has a similar but weaker gravitational effect on the tides. On average this is about 40 percent of that of the moon.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Water Levels and Flow
    253 CHAPTER 5 WATER LEVELS AND FLOW 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to provide the hydrographer and technical reader the fundamental information required to understand and apply water levels, derived water level products and datums, and water currents to carry out field operations in support of hydrographic surveying and mapping activities. The hydrographer is concerned not only with the elevation of the sea surface, which is affected significantly by tides, but also with the elevation of lake and river surfaces, where tidal phenomena may have little effect. The term ‘tide’ is traditionally accepted and widely used by hydrographers in connection with the instrumentation used to measure the elevation of the water surface, though the term ‘water level’ would be more technically correct. The term ‘current’ similarly is accepted in many areas in connection with tidal currents; however water currents are greatly affected by much more than the tide producing forces. The term ‘flow’ is often used instead of currents. Tidal forces play such a significant role in completing most hydrographic surveys that tide producing forces and fundamental tidal variations are only described in general with appropriate technical references in this chapter. It is important for the hydrographer to understand why tide, water level and water current characteristics vary both over time and spatially so that they are taken fully into account for survey planning and operations which will lead to successful production of accurate surveys and charts. Because procedures and approaches to measuring and applying water levels, tides and currents vary depending upon the country, this chapter covers general principles using documented examples as appropriate for illustration.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Tides and Tidal Currents
    CHAPTER 9 TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENTS ORIGINS OF TIDES 900. Introduction superimposed upon non-tidal currents such as normal river flows, floods, and freshets. Tides are the periodic motion of the waters of the sea due to changes in the attractive forces of the Moon and Sun 902. Causes of Tides upon the rotating Earth. Tides can either help or hinder a mariner. A high tide may provide enough depth to clear a The principal tidal forces are generated by the Moon bar, while a low tide may prevent entering or leaving a and Sun. The Moon is the main tide-generating body. Due harbor. Tidal current may help progress or hinder it, may set to its greater distance, the Sun’s effect is only 46 percent of the ship toward dangers or away from them. By the Moon’s. Observed tides will differ considerably from understanding tides and making intelligent use of the tides predicted by equilibrium theory since size, depth, predictions published in tide and tidal current tables and and configuration of the basin or waterway, friction, land descriptions in sailing directions, the navigator can plan an masses, inertia of water masses, Coriolis acceleration, and expeditious and safe passage through tidal waters. other factors are neglected in this theory. Nevertheless, equilibrium theory is sufficient to describe the magnitude 901. Tide and Current and distribution of the main tide-generating forces across The rise and fall of tide is accompanied by horizontal the surface of the Earth. movement of the water called tidal current. It is necessary Newton’s universal law of gravitation governs both the to distinguish clearly between tide and tidal current, for the orbits of celestial bodies and the tide-generating forces relation between them is complex and variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Nautical Terms: English – Italian Italian – English
    Glossary of Nautical Terms: English – Italian Italian – English 2 Approved and Released by: Dal Bailey, DIR-IdC United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Interpreter Corps http://icdept.cgaux.org/ 6/29/2012 3 Index Glossary of Nautical Terms: English ‐ Italian Italian ‐ English A………………………………………………………...…..page 4 A………………………………………………………..pages 40 ‐ 42 B……………………………………………….……. pages 5 ‐ 6 B……………………………………….……………….pages 43 ‐ 44 C…………………………………………….………...pages 7 ‐ 8 C……………………………………………….……….pages 45 ‐ 47 D……………………………………………………..pages 9 ‐ 10 D………………………………………………………………..page 48 E……………………………………………….…………. page 11 E………………………………….……….…..………….......page 49 F…………………………………….………..……pages 12 ‐ 13 F.………………………………….…………………….pages 50 ‐ 51 G………………………………………………...…………page 14 G…………………………………………………….………….page 52 H………………………………………….………………..page 15 I ………………………………………………………..pages 53 ‐ 54 I………………………………………….……….……... page 16 K………………………………………………..………………page 55 J…………………………….……..……………………... page 17 L…………………………………………………………………page 56 K……………………….…………..………………………page 18 M……………………………………………………….pages 57 ‐ 58 L…………………………………………….……..pages 19 ‐ 20 N……………………………………………….……………….page 59 M…………………………………………………....….. page 21 O……………………………………………………….……….page 60 N…………………………………………………..…….. page 22 P……………………………………….……………….pages 61 ‐ 62 O………………………………………………….…….. page 23 Q…………………………………………………….………….page 63 P………………………............................. pages 24 ‐ 25 R…………………………………………………….….pages 64 ‐ 65 Q…………………………………………….……...…… page 26 S…………………………….……….………………...pages 66 ‐ 68 R…………………………………….…………... pages 27 ‐ 28
    [Show full text]
  • Tide 1 Tides Are the Rise and Fall of Sea Levels Caused by the Combined
    Tide 1 Tide The Bay of Fundy at Hall's Harbour, The Bay of Fundy at Hall's Harbour, Nova Scotia during high tide Nova Scotia during low tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth. Most places in the ocean usually experience two high tides and two low tides each day (semidiurnal tide), but some locations experience only one high and one low tide each day (diurnal tide). The times and amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean (see figure 4) and by the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry.[1] [2] [3] Most coastal areas experience two high and two low tides per day. The gravitational effect of the Moon on the surface of the Earth is the same when it is directly overhead as when it is directly underfoot. The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead once and underfoot once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is 12 hours and 25 minutes. The high tides do not necessarily occur when the Moon is overhead or underfoot, but the period of the forcing still determines the time between high tides.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Oceanography, Number 16
    No 16 September 2004 CONTENTS EDITORIAL………………………………………………………………………………… 3 A TRIBUTE TO DAVID VAN KEUREN………………………………………………...... 4 ARTICLES Centenario de la Base Orcadas (Geoff Swinney)……………………………………. 5 Mr Hodges’ accumulator (Anita McConnell)………………………………………... 9 The Flye revisited (Paul Hughes, Alan Wall)………………………………………... 11 A.A. Aleem: Arab marine botanist/oceanographer, extraordinaire (S. El-Sayed, S. Morcos)……………………………………………………………………………. 14 At sea with Vøringen 1876-1878. An overview of primary sources on the history of the first Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition (Vera Schwach)………………….. 18 CONFERENCE REPORTS………………………………………………………………….. 21 NEWS AND EVENTS………………………………………………………………………. 23 BOOK REVIEWS……………………………………………………………………………. 25 BOOK ANNOUNCEMENT…………………………………………………………………. 29 ICHO-VIII – CALL FOR PROPOSALS…………………………………………………….. 39 ANNUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BIOGRAPHIES 2004…………………………………. 39 1 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE COMMISSION OF OCEANOGRAPHY President Eric L. Mills Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, CANADA Vice Presidents Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre La Verveine 7, Square Kraemer 06240 Beausoleil, FRANCE Margaret B. Deacon Jopes Park Cottage Luckett Callington, Cornwall PL17 8LG, UNITED KINGDOM Walter Lenz Institut für Klima- und Meeresforschung Universität Hamburg D-20146 Hamburg, GERMANY Helen Rozwadowski Maritime Studies Programme University of Connecticut, Avery Point Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA Secretary Deborah Cozort Day Archives Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093-0219, USA Editor of Newsletter Eric L. Mills Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, CANADA Phone: (902) 494 3437 Fax (902) 494 3877 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Editorial – Some new directions With this issue of History of Oceanography the Commission of Oceanography ventures into new waters – the publication of its newsletter on the World Wide Web rather than in hard copy print.
    [Show full text]
  • Unapproved Minutes of Special Meeting of the Emerald Isle Board of Commisisoners May 29, 2002 – 9:00 A.M
    UNAPPROVED MINUTES OF SPECIAL MEETING OF THE EMERALD ISLE BOARD OF COMMISISONERS MAY 29, 2002 – 9:00 A.M. - TOWN HALL Mayor Schools started the meeting, which was an informational meeting to get started on the inlet project. The main purpose of this meeting is for the permitting agencies to come forth with whatever concerns or issues they feel need to be dealt with and for Tom Jarrett to present what the project is going to be. There will be time, at the end of the meeting, for public comment. Self introduction was done and those present at the meeting were: Doji Marks, Emerald Isle Commissioner; Floyd Messner, Emerald Isle Commissioner; Dick Eckhardt, Commissioner, Emerald Isle; Art Schools, Mayor of Emerald Isle; Frank Rush, Town Manager of Emerald Isle; Emily Farmer, Commission of Emerald Isle; Pat McElraft, Commissioner of Emerald Isle; John Dorney, Division of Water Quality; Tere Barrett, Division of Coastal Management, Morehead City; Joanne Steeenhuig, Division of Water Quality, Wilmington; Keith Harris, Corps of Engineers; Larry Calame, Corps of Engineers; Mickey Sugg, Corps of Engineers; David Allen, North Carolina Wild Life; Tracy Rice, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service; John Ellis, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service; Ron Sechler, National Marine Fisheries Service; Ted Tyndall, Coastal Management, Morehead City; Tom Jarrett, Coastal Planning & Engineering; Cheryl Miller, Coastal Planning & Engineering; Cynthia (?), North Carolina Wildlife; Rick Monahan, Division of Marine Fisheries; Jeff Hudson, Deputy Manager, Onslow County Government; Gregory Rudolph, Carteret County Shore Protection Manager; Sam Bland, Hammocks Beach State Park. Mayor Schools introduced Carolyn Custy, who put together all todays meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Currents Educational Pamphlet
    ~ +,,-, MCO ..'\; f ." ~ .~ . 8 ~ {. \ ""'m~ 0' "..i Prepared by Physical Science Services Branch Scientific Services Division Educational Pamphlet #4 April 1981 l &1.5. DIPARTMENT Of COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmolpheric Adminiltration National Ocean Survey Office of Program Development and Management Illustrations 1 - Map showing principal ocean currents or the world. Fig. 2 - Example of a typical reversing current showing time vs. velocity ror one day. 3 - Effect of nontidal current on reversing tidal current. 4 - Typical current curves showing daily and mixed types of reversing currents. 5 - Example or a typical rotary current. 6 - Typical computation of reversing currents. 1 - Sample page of daily predictions for the Narrows, New York Harbor, N.Y. Pig. 8 - Sample page of Table 2 showing places referred to the Narrows. 9 - Sample page from a tidal current chart. , U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Natianal Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Survey Rockville, Md. TIDAL CURRmfTS Man in his never ending search for knowledge and in his travels on the sea has long known about the ocean's tides and currents. Although he may not have fully understood the reasons for the movements of these waters, he was very much aware of their benefits and dangers to him. Today the study of the tide and current is still a major problem facing the oceanographer due to the increased needs of the scientist, engineer, military, and the general public. In presenting a study of the ocean's tides and currents, the usual practice is to consider each separately. In this paper the primary emphasis is on tidal currents with only a brief reference to the tide.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanography of the British Columbia Coast
    CANADIAN SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 56 DFO - L bra y / MPO B bliothèque Oceanography RI II I 111 II I I II 12038889 of the British Columbia Coast Cover photograph West Coast Moresby Island by Dr. Pat McLaren, Pacific Geoscience Centre, Sidney, B.C. CANADIAN SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 56 Oceanography of the British Columbia Coast RICHARD E. THOMSON Department of Fisheries and Oceans Ocean Physics Division Institute of Ocean Sciences Sidney, British Columbia DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS Ottawa 1981 ©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1981 Available from authorized bookstore agents and other bookstores, or you may send your prepaid order to the Canadian Government Publishing Centre Supply and Service Canada, Hull, Que. K1A 0S9 Make cheques or money orders payable in Canadian funds to the Receiver General for Canada A deposit copy of this publication is also available for reference in public librairies across Canada Canada: $19.95 Catalog No. FS41-31/56E ISBN 0-660-10978-6 Other countries:$23.95 ISSN 0706-6481 Prices subject to change without notice Printed in Canada Thorn Press Ltd. Correct citation for this publication: THOMSON, R. E. 1981. Oceanography of the British Columbia coast. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 291 p. for Justine and Karen Contents FOREWORD BACKGROUND INFORMATION Introduction Acknowledgments xi Abstract/Résumé xii PART I HISTORY AND NATURE OF THE COAST Chapter 5. Upwelling: Bringing Cold Water to the Surface Chapter 1. Historical Setting Causes of Upwelling 79 Origin of the Oceans 1 Localized Effects 82 Drifting Continents 2 Climate 83 Evolution of the Coast 6 Fishing Grounds 83 Early Exploration 9 El Nifio 83 Chapter 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Uma Descida No Maelström
    BBiibblliiootteeccaa VViirrttuuaallbbooookkss UUMMAA DDEESSCCIIDDAA NNOO MMAAEELLSSTTRRÖÖMM EEDDGGAARR AALLLLAANN PPOOEE TTrraadduuççããoo ddee SSIILLVVEEIIRRAA DDEE SSOOUUZZAA **************** Edição especial para distribuição gratuita pela Internet, através da Virtualbooks. A VirtualBooks gostaria de receber suas críticas e sugestões sobre suas edições. Sua opinião é muito importante para o aprimoramento de nossas edições: [email protected] Estamos à espera do seu e-mail. Sobre os Direitos Autorais: Fazemos o possível para certificarmo-nos de que os materiais presentes no acervo são de domínio público (70 anos após a morte do autor) ou de autoria do titular. Caso contrário, só publicamos material após a obtenção de autorização dos proprietários dos direitos autorais. Se alguém suspeitar que algum material do acervo não obedeça a uma destas duas condições, pedimos: por favor, avise-nos pelo e-mail: [email protected] para que possamos providenciar a regularização ou a retirada imediata do material do site. www.virtualbooks.com.br/ Copyright© 2000/2003 Virtualbooks Virtual Books Online M&M Editores Ltda. Rua Benedito Valadares, 429 – centro 35660-000 Pará de Minas - MG Todos os direitos reservados. All rights reserved. *************** UUMMAA DDEESSCCIIDDAA NNOO MMAAEELLSSTTRRÖÖMM Tradução de SILVEIRA DE SOUZA Os caminhos de Deus na Natureza, assim como na ordem da Providência, não são os nossos caminhos; nem são os modelos que estruturamos de modo algum comensuráveis com a imensidão, profundidade e inescrutabilidade de Suas obras,
    [Show full text]
  • Appearance and Water Quality] of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida
    Appearance and Water Quality] of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2192 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District Appearance and Water Quality of Turbidity Plumes Produced by Dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida By CARL R. GOODWIN and D. M. MICHAELIS Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2192 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1984 For sale by the Distribution Branch, Text Products Section U.S. Geological Survey 604 South Pickett St. Alexandria, VA 22304 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Goodwin, Carl R., and Michaelis, D. M. Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes produced by dredging in Tampa Bay, Florida (United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper; 2192) Bibliography: p. 56 Supt. of Docs, no,: 119.13:2192 1. Plumes (Fluid dynamics) Measurement. 2. Turbidity Measurement. 3. Water quality Florida Tampa Bay Measurement. 4. Dredging Florida Tampa Bay. I. Michaelis, D.M. II. Title. III. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. IV. Title: Turbidity plumes. V. Series: Geological Survey water- supply paper; 2192. TC801. U2 no. 2192 553.7'0973 s [627'.73] 84-600152 [TC175] CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Background 2 Location and description 3 Factors that affect appearance and water quality 3 Physical
    [Show full text]