Glossary of Heresies

Glossary of Heresies

For the convenience of the reader, many of the (alleged) heresies discussed in this volume arc listed here by name of heresy or group of hcreticsJollowed by infimnation about the hcresiarch (founder) or chief representatives, summary of doctrine, and cross-references to related heresies. Since there has always been much debate about the exact meaning of each heresy, this listing cannot claim to be complete or authoritative. The reader may find discussions of these here• sics in this volume by using the index.

Albigenses (Albigensians)-named after town of Albi in southwest France. Antisacerdotal (denies powers of the clergy), ascetic theology first appeared in 1012-1020 in Limousin. Condemned by Council of Toulouse in 1119. Albigensian Crusade against them in thirteenth cen• tury; crushed by Inquisition in fourteenth century. Also called Cathars, and probably influenced by Bogomils and Manichaeans. Anabaptists-Name for numerous groups that opposed infant baptism, also known as Baptists. Anti-trinitarianisrn-Theology that contests the official Church doc• trine concerning the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Ghost). Arians and Socinians were anti-trinitarian because they denied the equality of Fa• ther and Son. Apollinarianisrn-Apollinarius the Younger, bishop ofLaodicea (c.310- c.390). Denied the existence in Christ of a rational human soul, in order to combat Arianism. Arianisrn-Arius, priest of Alexandria (c. 250-336). Emphasized the cre• ated, human nature of Christ, to be distinguished from divine nature of God, and thus God and his Son cannot be one. Condemned at Coun• cil ofNicaea (325 A.D.). See Anti-trinitarianism. Bogornils-Bogomil, Balkan priest (tenth century A.D.). Morally austere neo-Manichaean dualists: the visible, material world created by the devil. Rejected baptism, the Eucharist, most Church institutions. Influ• enced Cathars, Albigenses. 282 Glossary of Heresies

Calvinism-Jean Calvin, founder of one major branch of Protestantism in Geneva (1509-1564). Stressed sinfulness of man, God's love. Rejected authority of Roman Catholic pope, criticized corruption of clergy. Dif• fered with Luther about Eucharist, clergy, and role of good works. Catharism-from Greek katharos, "pure." Morally austere neo• Manichaean dualists, rejected Roman Catholic Church as work of the devil. Known as Albigenses in France, also found in Italy, Germany, and Spain, influenced by Bogomil missionaries (eleventh to fifteenth cen• turies A.D.). Donatism-Donatus, bishop of Carthage (d. ca. 355 A.D.). Moral ascetic, opposed state interference with church, rejected riches, inspired peasant rebels, sought maryrdom. Epicureanism-Epicurus, Greek philosopher (341-270 B.c.); spread by Lucretius, Roman poet (ca. 95-ca. 50 B.c.). Atomist, materialist; soul dies with body; gods not concerned with the world. Eutychianism-Eutyches, superior of monastery outside Constantinople (c.375-454). Emphasized the exclusive prevalence of divinity in Christ, against the Arians and Nestorians. Condemned at Council of Chal• cedon in 451 A.D. gnosticism-From Greek gnosis, "knowledge." Early figures include Apollos and Simon Magus (first century A.D.), Cerinthus, Marcion (1 00-160). Their "secret" knowledge included dualism: God and spirit are good; matter and body are evil. Hobbism-Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (1588-1679). Used materialist metaphysics to argue for subordination of church to princes. Hussites-Followers of Jan Oean) Hus, Moravian reformer (1373-1415). Proto-Protestant challenged corruption of Roman Catholics; empha• sized Scripture, accepted some ofWycliffe's heresies. Burned at stake at Council of Constance; Pope Martin declared crusade against followers in 1520. Lutheranism-Martin Luther, founder of one branch of Protestantism (1485-1546). Attacked corruption of Roman Catholic Church; trans• lated Bible into vernacular. Salvation only by grace, not Calvinist works. Magic-A heresy because it assumed supernatural powers beyond those accepted by other religions. Associated with devil worship and lewd behavior. Manicheanism-Manes, or Mani, Iranian visionary and founder of re• ligion (216-27 4(?) A.D.). Viewed the world as a fusion of spirit (good) and matter (evil). Ascetic. A type of gnosticism, related to Cathars, Albigensians. Glossary ofHeresies 28:;

Mennonites-Menna Simons, Dutch Anabaptist (1496-1561). Doubted Real Presence in Eucharist, rejected infant baptism. Montanism-Montanus (second century A.D.). Ecstatic, prophetic, anti• materialist; rigorous morality. Tertulian (ca.155-ca.220 A.D.) was his most important follower. Nestorianism-Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople (fifth century A.D.). Stressed double nature, divine and human, of Christ. Condemned at Council ofEphesus (431 A.D.). Orthodox Catholic Church-also known as eastern orthodox, Byzan• tine Church. Church of Greek-speaking half of Roman Empire, split with Roman Catholics in 1054. Doctrine of Trinity different from Roman Catholic. Pelagianism-Pelagius, British monk (c.354-after 418). Denied doctrine of original sin; stressed essential goodness of human nature and freedom of the will; believed human effort could lead to salvation. Condemned at Carthage in 418 and Ephesus in 431. Priscillianism-Priscillian, bishop of Avila, first Christian heretic to re• ceive capital punishment (c.340-385).Ascetic, similar to gnosticism and Manicheanism, dualistic doctrine that matter is evil and spirit good. Condemned at Synod of Bordeaux, 384. Roman Catholicism-Christian church led by pope in Rome, claiming to derive from the Apostle Peter. Accused of heresy by orthodox, Protestants, Cathars, and returned charge. Sabbatianism-Sabbatai Zevi (Shabbatai Sevi, Tzevi) (1626-1676), claimed to be the Jewish Messiah, but converted to Islam in 1666. Fol• lowers interpreted apostasy as a step toward full Messiahship, still to COnle. Sabellianism-Sabellius (flourished 217-220 A.D.). Denied orthodox trinity. Excommunicated by Pope Calixtus. Followed by Miguel Serve• tus (1511-1553), who was executed by Calvin. Socinianism-Laelius (1525-1562) and Faustus (1539-1604) Socinus. Italian reformers active in Switzerland, Poland, and Transylvania. Ra• tionalist, anti-trinitarian theology. Spinozism-Baruch (or Benedict) de Spinoza, philosopher and lens• grinder (1632-16 77). Rejected Jewish law. Pantheistic, materialist, de• terminist philosophy was often understood as atheism. Biblical criticism was pioneering use of historical method on sacred text. Waldensians (Valdenses)-Peter Waldo (Valdes), lay preacher at Lyons (flourished 1170-1184). Sect also known as "Poor of Lyons," banned by papal bull in 1184. Morally rigorous, emphasized poverty, also opposed Cathars. Index

Adamites, 54, 158, 251, 255 Basnage,Jacques, 173,178-179,214, Adelung,Johann Christoph, 186, 190, 230,251-252,266 201 Basnage de Beauval, Henri, 122, Albigensians, 106-107, 211, 229, 232, 131-132,138,251-252 246-249,255,261,266,268-269, Basu, Sammy, 2, 8, 11-32 281-282 Bayle, Pierre, 3, 52-53, 58, 63, Alexander VIII, 101 119-140,147-149,152-154, Alsted,Johann Heinrich, 55, 58 157-159,179,185,212,232, Anabaptisn1, 16, 54,206, 231, 268,271, 251-252,269,272,274-275,278, 281 280 Anglicanism, 77-78, 80, 82-83, 85-86, Beausobre, Isaac de, 57, 59, 163, 186, 88,98,121,217-218,231 211-214,266,270,278 Antisemitism, 5 Bergier, Nicolas Sylvestre, 4, 222, Apollinarius, Apollinarians, 4, 36, 266, 263-280 281 Bertrand, Elie, 245-247, 250, 261-262 Arius, Arians, 4, 45, 80, 140, 151, 163, Biddle,John, 166 208,211,213-217,228,232,234, Blount, Charles, 167 252-253,255,267-268,279-282 Bodin, Jean, 52, 64-65, 70, 124-125, Arminius, Arminians, 16, 18, 106, 108, 135, 137 211,252 Boehme, Jacob, 40-41, 163 Arnauld, Antoine, 130 Bogomils, 5, 211,281-282 Arnold, Gottfried, 52, 141, 162-163, Bonnet, Charles, 244 185, 190, 198-201 Boureau-Deslandes, Andre, 54 Athanagoras, 164 Bossuet,Jacques-Benigne, 9, 56, 101, Athanasius, 164, 187,208, 213, 122,223,231,251,273 216-217 Branlhall,John, 78, 87, 98 Atheisn1, 9, 18, 34, 45-46, 53-54, 78, Brucker, Johann Jakob, 186, 208, 132-133, 139,141, 154, 158, 214-215,278 179-180,235,245,252,271,275 Burroughes,Jeremiah, 17,24-25,28, Augustine, St., 42, 64, 67, 107, 123, 31-32 137,212,266 Burgess, Glenn, 5, 58, 95 Autun, Jacques d', 52, 62-63, 71 Burton, Robert, 33-4

Bahrdt, Carl Friedrich, 186 Calvin, Jean; Calvinisn1, 4, 12, 16, Baptists, 16-17,20,142,199 52-54,64,69,102,106-107,109, 286 Index

122,124-127,130,162,191,221, D'Holbach, Baron, 56, 157, 245, 264, 223-224,230-231,237,246,253, 277-280 255,261,268-269,278-279, Diderot, Denis, 186-187, 208, 282-283 221-222,225,239,241,243,264 Camisards, 37-39, 41 Docetism, 166 Caraites, 171 Doig, Kathleen Hardesty, 4, 222, 260, Castellion, Sebastian, 51 263-280 Castro, Alphonse de, 7 Donatus, Donatism, 4, 107, 228,235, Cathars, 54, 106, 251, 255,269, 266-269,274,282 282-283 Donato, Clorinda, 4, 222, 239-262 Cerinthus, 161-170,210,252-253, Di:inmeh, 173-17 4 282 Du Marsais, Cesar Chesneau, 151, Challe, Robert, 154-155 154-155,277,279 Champion, Justin, 9, 58, 142 Du Preau, Gabriel, 7-8 Chandler, Samuel, 112 Charles I, 19, 82, 88 Eastern Orthodox Church, 4, 229, 283 Charles II, 78, 80, 130 Ebionites, 54 Charles V, 64 Edwards, Th01nas, 2, 8, 11-32 Charron, Pierre, 63, 68, 70, 72-73 Eleutherius, 36 Chavannes, Alexandre-Cesar, 245, Enthusiasm, 35-37, 49, 142, 154, 163, 250-251,261 167, 185-187, 189-191, 193, 196, Chidley, Katherine, 20, 22, 28, 31 198,200,206,208,212,218 Chiliasn1, chiliasts, 3, 16, 186, 189-203 Epicureans, 8, 17, 79,282 Cohen Herrera, Abraham, 179 Episcopius, 106 Colberg, Daniel Ehregott, 163 Erasmus, 20, 22, 51, 111, 256 Coleman, Patrick, 4, 221, 223-238 Erastianism, 16, 55, 57, 83-84, 96 Collins, Anthony, 112 Eusebius, 42-43 Conscience, 15, 18-19, 23, 55, 79, Eutychius, Eutychians, 4, 228, 82-84, 89-90, 94, 104-106, 108, 252-253,267,269,282 131,147-148,158-159,206, 269-271,279 Fanatics, fanaticism, 3, 54, 90, Constantine, 80-82, 87, 91, 93, 107, 186-187,189-192,200,206, 199,205,209-210,213-216,227 212,218,226-227,230,233,237, Corrodi, Heinrich, 3, 186, 189-203 243,246-249,251,253, Crell, Sanmel, 163 268-269,272 Cynics, 8, 54 Fenelon, 177,236 Feustking, Johann Heinrich, 9 D'Alembert,Jean Le Rond, 224-225, Flathman, Richard, 5, 92-95 233,235,239,241,243,261,264, Fontenelle, 155 277 French Prophets, 9, 33-49, 54 Daniel, 37 Furly, Benjamin, 109, 114-115 De Felice, Fortunato Bartol01neo, 240-263 Galilei, Galileo, 57, 63, 68, 111 Dellon, Charles, 56, 101-102, 104, Gallicanism, 56, 102, 120-121, 125, 108, 113, 155, 160 133-135,224,228-229,235-236 Index 287

Gibbon, Edward, 3, 163, 168, 186-187, Jansenius, Jansenists, 102-103, 130, 205-220 157,226,228,256,265,270 Gnostics, gnosticism, 35, 40-41, 140, Jaucourt, Louis de, 247-248, 253-254, 163-164, 166,210,213-215, 262,278 282 Jenkinson, Sally, 3, 9, 53, 55, 119-138 Goldie, Mark, 77, 95-97 Jesuits, 24, 120-121, 126-127, 134, Goodwin, John, 13, 15, 17,19-20,27, 151,156-157,163,178,226,228, 29-30 236,246,256 Gregory VII, 64, 217 Jesus Christ, 15, 17, 35-36, 43, 53, Gregory IX, 107 65-66,69,80,87,104,146, Grotius, Hugo, 122, 133, 135, 137, 149-151,160, 166-167,171, 215,229,237,252 193-196,208,210,215-216,218, 227,234,240,242,271 Haller, Albrecht von, 244 Jews,Judaism, 3, 9, 17, 34, 41,45-46, Hering, Johann Gottfried, 141 56,63-65,67,110-111,124-125, Hickes, George, 33, 47 141, 146, 164-165, 171-183, 186, Hitler, Adolf, 5 191-192,195,198,210,214,246, Hobbes, Th01nas, 2, 52, 54-58, 77-99, 270 122,125,127,133-135,137,207, John, St., 64,166-167,208,210,214 271,282 Jurieu, Pierre, 37, 48, 148, 151, 153 Holberg, Ludvig, 142-143, 173, 179, Justinian, 36 181-182 H6pital, Michel del', 123 Kabala, 40, 63, 65,68-69,140, 172, Horowitz, Maryanne, 2, 52-53,61-75 179 Huguenots, 37-40,57,109,119,121, Kant, Immanuel, 33-34, 180, 186 127, 129-131, 135, 138, 152, 154, 211,214,259 Lactantius, 67, 107 Hun:te, David, 3, 179, 186-187, 206-208, La Mettrie,Julian Ofiiay de, 56, 224 212,217-219,227,278,280 Lardner, Nathaniel, 186, 211 Hus,Jean Gan); Hussites, 4, 64, 221, Leade,Jane, 8-9,34,40-41,44,48 229,231-232,246-252,256,259, Lee, Francis, 2, 8-9, 33-49, 54-55 262,267-268,272,282 Le Clerc,Jean, 3, 53,108,119-138, 166,186,211,214 linpostors, Three, 52-54, 66, 73, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhehn, 48, 122, 140-141, 179 138,140,142,202,271 Independents, 12, 15-17, 20-22, Lessing, G. E., 180, 192-193, 201 24-27,85,89 Leti, Gregorio, 56, 104 Inquisition, 5, 56,101-117,119,125, Levellers, 26 131,133,140,155-156,223,230, Levesque de Burigny,Jean, 150-151, 239,246,252,256 153,278 Irenaeus, 36, 47, 163-166 Lilburne,John, 13, 19, 28 Islam, 5, 9, 17, 34, 45-46, 110, 163, Locke,John, 82, 108-109, 112, 172-173, 205, 271 114-115,122,125,134,136-137, 140,166,215-216,218 James I, 19, 24, 38, 67 Louis XIII, 62 288 Index

Louis XIV, 38, 102, 121-122, 126, Moravians, 221,223,231, 282 129-131,137,154 Mori, Gianluca, 58, 160 Lucretius, 79 Moses, 53, 64,66-67,81,147,165, Luther, Martin; Lutheran, 4, 7, 16, 46, 179 64, 69, 81,85, 124,162,178,191, Mosheinl,Johann Lorenz, 57, 163, 221,231-232,246-251,253,256, 167, 169-170, 185-186, 199, 259,266,269,276,282 211-214,266,270,278-279 Luxembourg (Lutzenburgo), Bernard Mulsow, Martin, 3, 52, 59, 139, de, 7, 9 161-170,187,242

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 24, 67, 123, 137 Naude, Gabriel, 2, 52-55, 57, 61-75, McKenna, Antony, 3, 52-53, 58, 71, 162-163, 185 139,145-160 Nederman, Cary, 5, 137 Magic,4,52, 61-75,81,185,257,282 Nestorius, Nestorianism, 4, 162, 208, Magus, Simon, 64, 161-170, 210,282 228,252-253,257,282-283 Maimbourg, Louis de, 3, 9, 55-56, Newton, Isaac, 139-141,217 119-138, 140 Nostradan:ms, 65, 69 Maimon, Solomon, 180 Malebranche, Nicolas, 146-147 Origen,152,156,196,242,266 Mani, Manes, Manicheanism, 4, 9, 34, Orobio de Castro, Isaac, 56, 106, 111, 45-46,53,107,132,211-213, 177-178, 182 228,232,234,252-253,257,270, Orpheus, 161 282 Overton, Richard, 13,16-17,20,24, Marion, Elie, 38, 48 28-32 Marnix van St. Aldegonde, Phillipe de, 119,124-125 Pagitt, Ephraim, 8 Marshall, John, 77, 95-96 Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, 263-264, Martyr, Peter, 16 276 Marsollier,Jacques, 56, 101, 103-104, Paracelsus, 69, 163 113 Pascal, Blaise, 146, 212, 226, 234, 243 Maximilla, 43-44 Paul, St., 43, 64, 66, 80-81, 89-93, Melanchthon, 16 208,210,215 Mendelssohn, Moses, 180, 186 Paul IV, 230 Mennonites, 4, 54, 283 Paul V, 110 Millenarians, millenarianism, 3, 5-6, Pelagius, Pelagianisn1, 4, 103, 137, 228, 15,24,36-38,41,140,187,191 252-253,279,283 Milton, John, 82 Petau, Denis, 163-165, 168,214 Mingard, Gabriel, 244-246,250, 261 Peter, St., 17, 64, 81, 93 Mohammed, 53,66-67,74,179,213 Philadelphians, 8, 33-34, 40-41, 44 Monophysites, 228 Photiniens, 242, 257 Montaigne, Michel de, 63-64, 68, 70, Pietism, 9, 141, 162-163,185, 72-73, 146 189-190, 198-201 Montanus, Montanism, 4, 9, 33-49, Plato, Platonism, 41, 63-65, 70, 73, 252-253,283 140,163-164,168,186,207-209, Montesquieu, 224 212-218,266 Pluquet, Fran~ois Andre Adrien, 4, Sectaries, 12, 14-22, 24-26, 90 221,223-238 Semler, Johann Salomo, 192-193, Pocock, John G. A., 3, 7, 9, 26, 95-96, 195-196,198,200 169-170,186-187,205-220 Serrarius, Petrus, 173, 178 Popkin, Richard, 3, 6, 58, 141-143, Servetus, Michael, 51, 66-67, 246,253, 171-183 261-262,283 Pordage, John, 40-41 Shaftesbury, Lord, 189, 202, 280 Presbyterians, 11-13, 15, 17-22, Simon, Richard, 53, 63, 140 24-25,80,89-90 Simonutti,Luisa,2,56, 101-117,143 Priestley, Joseph, 186, 206, 215, 218, Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 173 220 Socinians, 3-4, 9, 34, 45-46, 52, 55, Priscilla, 4 3-44 124-125, 135, 138-139, Priscillianism, 266, 283 147-149,161-170,210,216, Prynne, William, 16, 25, 27, 29-32 218,252-253,257,261, Puritans, 12, 19-20, 25, 36 269-270,283 Pyrrhonism, 158, 167, 234,244-245, Spinoza, Baruch, 3-4, 53, 55-56, 58, 252,261 122,141,171-183,224-225,232, Pythagoreans, 207 245,283 Stein bart, Gotthilf Samuel, 193-196, Quakers,4,41,47,54, 142,150,173, 198,200 206,234-235 Stockmann, Paul, 8 Stouppe,J. B., 8, 179 Rawls, John, 5-6 Swedenborg, In:nnanuel, 34 Reimmann,Jakob Friedrich, 9-10, 141 Remonstrant, 104,107,109,119,122, Taylor, John, 10, 12,20 134-135,211 Tertullian, 36, 67-68, 283 Richter, Melvyn, 5 Thomasius, Christian, 52 Roales, Francesco, 156 Thompson, Martyn, 2, 54, 58, 77-99 Robinson, Henry 15, 17, 21, 26,29 Tillemont, 163,210-211 Rocoles,Jean-Baptiste, 173 Toland,John, 9, 54,58, 163,167,280 Rosicrucians, 62 Trinity, Trinitarianism, 4, 17, 35, 146, Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 226, 245, 254, 148-149,161-170,213-218,234, 264,270,278 265 Royal Society, The, 42 Tuck, Richard, 79, 85-86, 89, 91-94 Ryan, Alan, 79, 82-85, 92-94 Turlupins, 8, 54 Rycaut, Paul, 173 Tyssot de Patot, Simon, 156

Sabellius, Sabellianism, 4, 253, 266, Van Limborch, Phillip, 2, 52, 56, 283 101-117,122,125,134,166,252, Saltnursh,John, 13, 27, 32 256 Sarpi, Paolo, 103, 108, 160 Vautier, Franc;:ois, 157 Savonarola, Girolamo, 65, 68, 74,251 Voltaire, 3, 160, 168, 179, 186-187, Scholem, Gershom, 173-175 209,212,215,221,225-226,236, Schmidt, Johann Lorenz, 141 240,243,245,252-254,261-262, Searl-Chapin, Stacey, 2, 8, 33-49 264,267,278 290 Index

Wachter,]. G., 178 Wolff, Christian, 192,202,254,258-259 Walch, Christian W F., 167, 186 Wright, George, 79, 95 Waldo (Valdes, Waldus), Peter; Wycliff, John, 9, 81,229, 250, 253, Waldensians (Vaudois), 4, 54, 81, 258,262,282 107,211, 247,249-251, 258-259, 266,269,283 Zevi, Sabbatai, 3, 141,171-183,283 Walwyn, William, 13, 15, 17, 20, Zimmermann,Johann Georg, 189 23-24,27-29,82 Ziska, Jean, 248 Warburton, William, 209 Zurbuchen, Simone, 3, 186, 189-203, Westphal, A., 57 278 Williams, Roger, 17, 24, 29, 82 Zwicker, Daniel, 163-166 Whiston, William, 163 Zwingli, Ulrich, 16, 253, 258, 276