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The Weight of History: Change and Continuity in German Foreign Policy Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

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The Weight of History: Change and Continuity in German Foreign Policy Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2010 The weight of history: change and continuity in German foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Anne-Kathrin Kreft Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Kreft, Anne-Kathrin, "The weight of history: change and continuity in German foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict" (2010). WWU Graduate School Collection. 28. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/28 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE WEIGHT OF HISTORY: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT By Anne-Kathrin Kreft Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Amir Abedi-Djourabtchi Dr. Bidisha Biswas Dr. Vernon Johnson MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. I acknowledge that I retain ownership rights to the copyright of this work, including but not limited to the right to use all or part of this work in future works, such as articles or books. Library users are granted permission for individual, research and non-commercial reproduc- tion of this work for educational purposes only. Any further digital posting of this document requires specific permission from the author. Any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, is not allowed without my written permission. Anne-Kathrin Kreft January 21, 2010 THE WEIGHT OF HISTORY: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Western Washington University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Anne-Kathrin Kreft January 2010 Abstract This study tests whether the consensus on German foreign policy continuity after unification is applicable to foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, where the involvement is complicated by historical legacies resulting from the Holocaust, and includes an evaluation of realist and constructivist theories. An interpretative case study with comparative insights from EU, UK and French foreign policy considers three cases in the pre- and two in the post- unification period: the 1967 War, the 1982 Israel-Lebanon War and the 1987 Intifada; and the Red-Green Coalition period from 2000-2005 and the Grand Coalition period from 2005- 2009 respectively. The hypothesis of foreign policy continuity caused primarily by an elite level norm of philo-Zionism is confirmed, although a constructivist reading needs to also ac- knowledge rational liberal norm compliance. European integration and national interests are further determinants of German foreign policy towards the conflict, whereas transatlantic re- lations and U.S. involvement have merely an enabling or obstructing impact on the success of German (and European) policy. While the findings support constructivism and illustrate the salience of norms in German foreign policy making, they also demonstrate the limitations of the civilian power model, which is at the core of the constructivist continuity thesis. iv Acknowledgements Several people and institutions deserve special mention for their support and contributions to my research. First and foremost, I would like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Amir Abedi, Dr. Bidisha Biswas and Dr. Vernon Johnson, for their continuous support, advice and input as well as for their patience in accompanying my thesis planning and writ- ing process. My gratitude also goes to the Political Science Department’s Public Affairs Re- search Fund, whose generous funding allowed me to conduct personal interviews with ex- perts on German foreign policy. Joan Blackwell and Debbi Engebretson’s assistance with administrative issues and paperwork ensured that I could focus my energy on research and writing; for that they are greatly appreciated. Further, I thank the Director of the American Jewish Committee in Berlin, Ms. Deidre Berg- er, Coordinator of German-American Cooperation at the German Federal Foreign Office, Mr. Karsten Voigt, member of the Bundestag Mr. Dirk Niebel and the German, Israeli and Pales- tinian diplomats I interviewed for sacrificing some of their time to meet with me or to answer questions by email. Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to the Institut fuer Demoskopie Allensbach for mailing me data on public opinion polls and to the staff at the German Federal Foreign Office’s political archive and at the Bundestag’s parliamentary documentation ser- vice line for helping me locate relevant primary documents. v Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................4 Theories of International Relations and Foreign Policy Analysis ........................................................... 4 Change and Continuity in German Foreign Policy ........................................................................................ 8 German Middle East Policy ................................................................................................................................... 11 Theory .......................................................................................................................................15 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 18 The Early Years: Realpolitik and Morality .................................................................................... 20 Case 1: The 1967 War ................................................................................................................. 25 German Foreign Policy ........................................................................................................................................... 25 Analysis of Primary Documents – The Foreign Service ............................................................................ 29 Party Positions ........................................................................................................................................................... 33 Public Opinion ............................................................................................................................................................ 36 German Foreign Policy in the European Context ........................................................................................ 37 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Case 2: 1982 Lebanon War ......................................................................................................... 44 Background ................................................................................................................................................................. 44 The Rise of the PLO ............................................................................................................................................. 44 The German and European Response ......................................................................................................... 45 The 1982 Lebanon War .......................................................................................................................................... 48 German and EC foreign policy ............................................................................................................................. 49 Party Positions ........................................................................................................................................................... 55 Public opinion ............................................................................................................................................................ 58 Summary .....................................................................................................................................................................
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