CEU eTD Collection Gender and Nationalism in theBosnian Serb Media In partial fulfilment of the requirements therequirements of In partial fulfilment The Self Supervisor: Professor Elissa Helms Professor Supervisor: Department of Gender Studies Gender of Department Central European University European Central - Sacrifice ofBiljana Plavšić: Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Master of Arts of Master Predrag Babić Submitted to Submitted 2012 By

for the degree of degree of the for

CEU eTD Collection CEU eTD Collection self gender between link the how see to is point the and myresearch caseofstudybe the will RSin 2009 from her ofrepresentation book Novine ( RS in press prominent most have role important discourse femininity of essence an Self tradition. its nationalism in women of roles supposed the of one with matches childr her for herself sacrifices Plavsic that, Following children. or brother their for themselves sacrifice to women motivates that trope t con the of example an as marked is she that claim I outlier, an represents Plavsic Biljana that argued be can it Although Herzegovina. and Bosnia within entity Serb case politics Abstract radition of self of radition - sacrifice. study for that topic is Biljana Plavsic, the former President of Republika Srpska (RS), the (RS), Srpska Republika of formerPresident the BiljanaPlavsic, is topic that for study Svedocim ), public television broadcast ( broadcast television public ), In my MA thesis, MA my In a be can

-

eie truh h ntoait ocp o self of concept nationalist the through defined sacrifice in Serbian national myth. myth. national Serbian in sacrifice - ( sacrifice is not only a political choice but also, and much more importantly, more much and also, but choice political a only not is sacrifice I m witnessing”). am “I

I argue that the relation of femininity and ethnicity in Bosnian Serb Bosnian in ethnicity and femininity of relation the that argue I

n ehiiy n h tai Sr history. Serb tragic the in ethnicity and , religion , RTRS ijn Pl Biljana

and nation is formed by a focus on the concept of of concept the on focus a by formed is nation and ) and Plavsic herself through her autobiographical her through herself Plavsic and ) en en – vi' self avšić's In Serbian folk tradition, love is a familiar a is love tradition, folk Serbian In

.. h Bsin eb ouain This population. Serb Bosnian the i.e. - representation and the media media the and representation - sacrifice or martyrdom. The The martyrdom. or sacrifice ls Srpske Glas –

to embody the nation and and nation the embody to

In developing such a a such developing In

tinuation of the the of tinuation and Nezavisne CEU eTD Collection CEU eTD Collection always gavealways work. continue new to strength withmy me Maric mother Srpska inBanjaLuka all their for assistance archives of withthe me and wasgreat it a pleasure towork been have directions and advices Her Helms. Elissa supervisor Acknowle In add In my to help provided all for gratitude deepest my express to like would I all, of First This thesis isdedicatedThis thesis tothelovingmy memory of fatherMilorad. Finally, dgments to, I ition, a, whose words of faith, although coming from huge geographical distance, distance, geographical huge from coming although faith, of words whose a, would I

would aldo like to thank the staff of the National Library of Republika of Library National the of staff the thank to like aldo would

like particularly to acknowledge the moral support provided by my my by provided support moral the acknowledge to particularly like on this thesis thesis on this with her.

Glas Srpske of enormous importance for for importance enormous of .

CEU eTD Collection CEU eTD Collection TableofContents 1.2 1.1 1 5 4 3.1. 3 2. 2.1 2 1.4 1.3.2. 1.3.1. 1.3 1.2.2. 1.2.1.

CONFESSIONS INTRODUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION WELCOME 2

THE RESEARCHDESIGN THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR CON TOPIC AUTOBIOGRAPHYAS A R

T HE

WOMEN IN NATIONALISMIN WOMEN RELIGIONAND NATIONA BIOGRAPHY OFBILJANA POLITICAL ANDHISTOR TEXT CONFESSIONDISCOURSE ANALYSISOF PLAVSIC

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12 11 7 3 3 1 1 50 47 30 30 23 20 20 18 14

CEU eTD Collection CEU eTD Collection SRS SRS SP SNSD SNS SDS RTRS RS PDP NATO JNA ICTY NN NDH GS BiH ofAbbreviationsList – – – –

–

– – – – – Socijalist

Republika Srpska (Bosnian Serb Republic) Glas Srpske – Nezavisne novine

–

Bosna iHercegovina(Bosnia and Herze – Srpska radikalna stranka (Serb Radical Party) – Jugoslovenska narodna armija (Yugoslav Army) People’s Srpski narodniSrpski savez (Serb People’s Alliance) Srpska demokratska stranka Democrat (Serb Partija demokratskog(Party progresaofDemocratic Progress)

–

Nezavisna HrvatskaState(Independent ofCroatia, drzava 1941

International Yugoslavia Tribunal Criminal for former Radio Televizija Republike Srpske (Radio Television of RS)

Savez nezavisnih socijaldemokrata Democrats)Independent (Alliance of Social North ička partija (Socialist Party RS) of Atlantic TreatyAtlantic Organization

govina)

ic Party)

- 1945)

CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection written isoriginally lastname Her 1 the name for suffering of her people. boundlesslove ch autobiographic Plavs the by hero national releas being after 2009, In aftermath. to asa “traitor“ by right adm right a as started and for Tribunal Criminal International the (1996 conflict the of aftermath the in president a and (RS) Plavšić Biljana war: Bosnian t And entity. scholars years. wartimerole the andin ofdominantly the male politicians in were projects these of Most decades. two past the 1.1. 1.

In order to make things easier for the readers, I will refer to her in an anglicized form of form anglicized inwillher an I to refer thefor readers, to make easier things Inorder anged into “Biljana, the victim” the “Biljana, into anged Introduction was eventually sentenced to 11 years for war crimes. Being a controversial politician, she politician, controversial a Being crimes. war for years 11 to sentenced eventually was itted war crime war itted TOPIC i c Although

I in ways various in researched been has Yugoslavia former in nationalism of topic The , ytei Idnt el ih e ueo h ieseseti pio, u wt the with but prison, in spent she time the or rule her with deal don't I thesis my n g t a rrl fcsd e focused rarely was it ot

ee a oe oa haiy novd in involved heavily woman one was here i mda teto i R, iig aiu itriw ad ulsig an publishing and interviews various giving RS, in attention media big al

- book. h tpc f oe i pltc i Bosnia in politics in women of topic the wing nationalist, switched to switched nationalist, wing s against Bosnian Muslim Bosnian against s

incumbent incumbent - Throug wing

Plavšić 1

Serb . She was the wartime vice wartime the was She . h this process, t process, this h President of of President spe . She was portrayed as a woman who sacrificed herself in in herself sacrificed who woman a as portrayed was She .

politicians (Serbian Cyrillic: Cyrillic: (Serbian cially ed from the prison in Sweden, she was welcomed as a a as welcomed was she Sweden, in prison the from ed th e on former Yugoslavia former the s and Croats in Croats and s

and media and 1 the

he a RS, Milorad Dodik. In the following period following the In Dodik. Milorad RS,

Плавшић pro eulk Srpska Republika image of “Biljana, the traitor” the “Biljana, of image

- Western stance during her presidency, presidency, her during stance Western .

eetd n h rs o nationalism, of rise the in terested - “ ) and is pronounced as is pronounced and ) Serb Serb - president of president ethnic conflict 1998). In 2001 she surrendered to to surrendered she 2001 In 1998).

the

has been dealt with by some some by with dealt been has (ICTY) politics during and after the the after and during politics

ICTY, and and ICTY,

(RS), the Bosnian Serb Serb Bosnian the (RS), , where she she where , the ” her lastname: her

that lasted for four that lastedfour for Republika Srpska Republika has Plavshitch been referred referred been

completely completely pled guilty pled . Plavsic

. ,

CEU eTD Collection 2 framework anddesign researchdetails. ofmyinmore study subchapters following gender between RS in 2009 from her tragi the in ethnicity and femininity of essence an importantly, more much and also, but choice political tradition with children her for herself sacrifices Plavsic that, trope person. that historyfor in place glorious a provides love.” by defined “one traditio the of continuation the of example an as marked is she that claim I outlier, an represents Plavsic Biljana that argued nationa the through defined

Žarkov,2007:211 some that motivates women to sacrifice themselves for their brother or children. Following children. or brother their for themselves sacrifice to women motivates that age ht h rlto o fmnnt ad ethn and femininity of relation the that argue I

and to participate or lead political and national struggles national and political lead or participate to and

c f h spoe rls f oe i nationalism in women of roles supposed the of

Serb history. Biljana Plav Biljana history. Serb , religion ,

will be the case study of my research and the point is to see how the linkthe how see to is point the and research my of studycase the be will

2

I will explain political and historical background, theoretical theoretical background, historical and political explain will I and nation is formed by a focus on the concept of of concept the on focus a by formed is nation and hs en ta self that means This list

n of a higher moral order, as Dubravka Zarkov would put it, it, put would Zarkov Dubravka as order, moral higher a of n

ocp o self of concept s i c 's self 's 2 - -

representation and the media representation of representation media the and representation arfc i te ae f oe o te people the for love of name the in sacrifice – - arfc o martyrdom. or sacrifice

i.e. Bosnian Serb population. population. Serb Bosnian i.e. In Serbian folk tradition, love is a familiara is love tradition, folk InSerbian ic t i Bsin eb oiis can politics Serb Bosnian in ity

–

o moy h nat the embody to . Self . - sacrifice is not only a a only not is sacrifice lhuh t a be can it Although martyrdom This matches This ion and its its and ion .

In the the In

be CEU eTD Collection to 4 otherwise abbrevation 3 rebellionin 1991,whichresulted region theCroatian in in ofKrajina dominantly populated by decla Croatia and Slovenia of republics The Yugoslavia. in separatism and state of fall the as well as country republics six of onewas Bosnia afterliberation, 1945, In (NDH). Croatia of IndependentState the state, puppet fascist notorious the of part a became Bosnia Yugoslavia, occupied Germany Nazi Slov and Croats Serbs, of Austria Empire, (Ottoman conquerors foreign by occupied was it mostly but borders, current its less or more Muslims) multi a Itis southeast. the to Montenegro and east the to Serbia south, and west north, the to Croatia bordering Peninsula, ofBosniapolitics Srpska.and and theRepublika Herzegovina references of multitude a contain will that chapters the follow easily more to better to reader the help should This t behind reasons analysis, this of importance the understand Srpska. Republika the units, its of one on focus with Herzegovina and Bosnia in circumstances historical and political the into deeper bit 1. 1.2.

In order to simplify and follow the example of other scholars who did the same, I willthe term use I thewho same, did scholars ofother example the to follow simplify and Inorder In order to avoid confusion between confusionto between avoid Inorder 2.1. Bosniaks CONTEXT

Political historical background and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia is it topic, the of analysis and description further in engaging Before

4 , and and , of Socialist Yugoslavia which lasted until 1992. Political and economic crisis in the the in crisis economic and Political 1992. until lasted which Yugoslavia Socialist of BiH , Serbs and Croats. During its histo its During Croats. and Serbs ,

Bosnia whento referring -

Hungary) until in 1918 it joined the united country of south Slavs Slavs south countrytheof united joined 1918 it in until Hungary) n

as it is noted in the footnote above footnote in the as itisnoted

enes (in 1929 renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In 1941, after 1941, In Yugoslavia). of Kingdom to renamed 1929 (in enes - Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia ethnic country with three constituent peoples: Bosniaks (Bosnian (Bosnian Bosniakspeoples: constituent three with countryethnic

Bosniak 3

is a country located in Southeastern E Southeastern in located country a is - socialism in Eastern Europe led to the rise of nationalism of rise the to led Europe Eastern in socialism

and and Bosnian

3 ry it was a principality and a kingdom within kingdom a and principality a was it ry

, I will term, use I the , as well as the adjective welladjective , the as as

he idea for choosing this topic and and topic this choosing for idea he

Bosnian Muslim Bosnian Bosnian urope, in the Balkan the in urope,

red independence independence red important to go a a go to important , if not specified if , not specified

specific to the to specific when referring – Bosnia

Kingdom

and and - CEU eTD Collection Republic). largest the and 5 raped were women of amount vast a camps, concentration in up ended bi the as Bosnia Eastern in civilians Muslim Bosnian of persecution the with country the throughout cleansed ethnically were territories The territory. Bosnian of 72% about controlled eventually initial of number large a in resulting w (dominantlyBosnian Muslim), BiH of Army and Croatia) by supported and Croat (dominantly Council Defence Croatian the (dominantly Republika andArmy by Srpska Serbia), opposed toeachof supported other:Serb ethnically of series A Serbs. Bosnian by populated areas the in country the across put were roadblocks protest, In Yugoslavia. from independence declared Herzegovina and Bosnia of Parliament the March favor in was voters of 92.7% population), Bosnian the of 33% Serbs As up make to 1992. estimated were Serbs and 64% was turnout (the February well as referendum the boycotted for announced was referendum a and parliament Bosnian the Herzeg i.e. Herzegovina, and Bosnia of Republic Serb the established 1992) (January soon which BiH, in people Serb the founde and Parliament the boycott to decided and legislation that opposed 1991 October majorityin simple a Herzegovina”by violence reachturn outto however wouldi peak its ethnic of escalation The (JNA). Army People’s Yugoslav existing still the by supported Serbs

Originally: Originally: ggest example. The city of Sarajevo was under siege for 44 months, thousands of people people of thousands months, 44 for siege under was Sarajevo cityof The example. ggest

superior - Despite many attempts of peace plans by International Community, the war flared on flared war the Community, International by plans peace of attempts many Despite and Bosnia of Sovereignty the on “Memorandum the passed parliament Bosnian The Bosnia in November 1991. During the Serb boycott, the M the boycott, Serb the During 1991. November in Bosnia The name is today widely used in Serbian original to avoid the confusion with Republic of Serbia ofSerbia Republic with the confusion avoid to inoriginal Serbian used widely name istoday The Srpska Republika Bosna i Hercegovina Bosna Republika Srpska ity

due to th to due - based incidents led to the to led incidents based eulk Srpska Republika

e big

dead and dead

amount of weapo of amount ith a multitude of aith multitude paramilitary sides. troopsonall 5 wounded; many of them of many wounded; Bsin ras one ter w Rpbi of Republic own their founded Croats Bosnian . ; the name was soon shortened to to wasshortened soon ; thename 4 escalation of war with three sides completely sides three with war of escalation

nry and sources provided by JNA and JNA by provided sources and nry n Bosnia.

in Sarajevo in

. Serb representatives strongly representatives Serb .

of independence and on 5 on and independence of

emorandum was passed in in passed was emorandum civilians. Republika Srpska Republika d the Assembly of of Assembly the d Serb forces Serb

(Serb

they had

th

CEU eTD Collection http://www.idc.org.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=35&Itemid=126&lang=bs Croats. Bosnian 7,600 and BosnianSerbs 25,000 BosnianMuslims, war: 64,000 were duringBosnian the killed people 100,000 7 2004. in Srpska Republika ofthe byauthorities the 6 balance as this see many indicted, reflec been having without died Izetbegovic Alija leader Muslim be have indictees of 68% As public. shown as have polls T R general, Serb Bosnian former and Karadzic, Radovan RS, of formerPresident of those as such trials, Some Bosnia. in war the with connection in crimes war of convicted been had Muslims Bosnian 4 and Croats 12 Serbs, 45 2008, By individuals. Haguein was people killed district. separate a as Brcko of city the entitie two Muslim Bosnian and to Srpska Republika dominated divided internally Herzegovina, and Bosnia of state independent the solidifying signed was Agreement Peace general a Ohio, Dayton, in 1995, November Muslim to halt a putting Washington, alli and agreement peace a signed meantime the in had that forces Muslim Bosnian recognized officially the to according documentation civilians, Muslim Bosnian 8000 around killed paramilita and forces Serb were 1995, in Srebrenica of town small in occurred massacre

After research, the number is declared by the Memorial Center Srebrenica Center by the Memorial declared is number the Afterresearch, A formalAstudy he Tribunal Tribunal he the most the most ig is wie h advocate the while bias, ting The International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was set up in The The in up set was (ICTY) Yugoslavia former for Tribunal Criminal International The

of

May 1993 (but its jurisdiction reaches back to 1991) an 1991) to reachesback jurisdiction its (but 1993 May the the disastrous was often criticized for provoking tensions instead of instead tensions provoking for criticized often was is placed is by crimes commi crimes 6 . NATO forces bombed Bosnian Serb positions in 1995 supporting Croat and Croat supporting 1995 in positions Serb Bosnian bombed forces NATO .

the Research and Documentation Center of Bosnia and Herzegovina concluded in 2005 that in 2005 concluded Herzegovina and ofBosnia Center Documentation and Research the

a generally negative a around 100,000 around conflict Europeconflict

tted

during the war duringthe s en Serbs, and Croat leader Franjo Tudjman and Bosnian and Tudjman Franjo leader Croat and Serbs, en f h Tribunal the of According to t to According 7 has seen

attitude and the number of displaced of number the and - ra hsiiis ht a rgd ic 19. In 1993. since raged had that hostilities Croat http://www.potocarimc.ba/_ba/li 5

. According to Robert M. Hayden, the ICTY’s Hayden,the M. Robert Accordingto .

since World War II. War World since to - wards the Croat he most recent research recent most he lie i ws elcig the reflecting was it claimed - dominated Federation of BiH) with BiH) of Federation dominated

atko Mladic, are still in process. in still are Mladic, atko ICTY among the Serb and Croat andthe SerbCroat ICTY among - Potocari and officially recognized officially and recognized Potocari d since then ha then since d

promot

ste/nestali_a.php

around 2,2 million. 2,2 around ing ,

reconciliation, the number of number the s indicted 161 161 indicted s

(Serb s ance in ance f actual ries ries

I - t CEU eTD Collection membersdominantly are their BiH, in promotingplurality and International Socialist memberofthe a officially Although Lagumdzija. Zlatko Affairs, ofForeign Minister 9 ofRS independence thefor eventual arguing nationalistic, often are stances their International, Socialist memberofthe Althougha officially Dodik. RS,Milorad of ofcurrent President 8 sides and useda for revivalof“patriotic”amongfeelings thepopulation. three all from arguments nationalist with colored is event political Every (2010:55). other acknowledgme partial of mix complex a in result war for competition it, describes non officially the in situation political the reflects also That (Ibid.). war civil a was it claim Serbs of 83.6% aggression, Serbian a as war the see Croats of % 73.2 and Muslims yea Seventeen Serbia. with union in or state independent an as Srpska Republika the prefer would they that hide not do politicians Serb side, other the On own. their of entity an for need the politician Muslim Bosnian While country. the of future the on views opposed having groups ethnic three and entities two the of Croats an Bosnian 51.9% fair, are trials ICTY that believe Muslims Bosnian 67.9% while that, show the point e in peoples various them: between Yugoslav and countries former the within recrimination mutual of causes major the among are actions

The Alliance of Independent Social Democrats ( Democrats Social AllianceofIndependent The The Social DemocraticP Social The rs since the end of the war, opinions of it are completely different. While 95% of Bosnian of 95% While different. completely are it of opinions war, the of end the since rs Bosnia and Herzegovina remains a much divided society, with political representativespolitical divided society,with much aremains HerzegovinaBosniaand

d 79.2% Bosnian Serbs disagree d 79.2%(Ibid, 7). ouaiy f h Tiua dos remarkably drops Tribunal the of popularity - nationalist parties have strong nationalist stances (SNSD stances nationalist strong have parties nationalist x - arty ( arty Yugoslavia until one of their own heroes has been indicted, at which which at indicted, been has heroes own their of one until Yugoslavia

Socijaldemokratska partijaBiH Socijaldemokratska

“ setal, h IT hs noe sm pplrt amongst popularity some enjoyed has ICTY the Essentially, - s argue for the abolition of entities, Croat leaders often state state often leaders Croat entities, of abolition the for argue s time victimhood leads to the relativization of suffering and and suffering of relativization the to leads victimhood time Savez nezavisnih so nezavisnih Savez 6

Bosnian Muslims and often have nationalistic stances. nationalistic have often and Muslims Bosnian nts and partial denials of the suffering of the the of suffering the of denials partial and nts

, shortly , “( cijaldemokrata adn 2011:6). Hayden, SDP

), is the party of the current Bosnian Bosnian ofthe current party is the ), , shortly , 8 , SDP ,

country where even even where country

ol fo 2005 from Polls SNSD 9 ). As SelimovicAs ). ), is the party ),

CEU eTD Collection 10 of theSerbBosnia Republic of roles the took and Presidency the in positions their from resigned Koljevic and Plavsic independence, declared Bosnia After BiH. of independence the on referendum the boycott to deciding Herzegovina, and Bosnia in People Serbian of Assembly the founded Parliament the left representatives Serb well. the as to Bosnia led in Croatia, tensions ethnic of of republic increase neighboring the in conflicts of start the as well as crisis, whic Herzegovina, Koljevic Nikola and her brought 1990 of elections The Yugoslavia. of Communists the of League the of member a never was she communist, joi and II, War papers. a is She Depa the of Head the and professor university a became she where Sarajevo, to returned She Bari. and Prague in virology plant and London Boyce the at spent she where UniversityYork,NewCornell the in to went Scholar Fulbright a as and Zagreb of University the at biology graduated She Sarajevo. in life herof most spent and Herzegovina), and Bosnia (now Yugoslavia of Kingdom Tuzla, in 1930 (2002 prison in years seven spent she which for criminal war (1992 War Bosnian the during figures political Serb Bosnian leading 1.2.

Nikola Koljevic (1936 Koljevic Nikola 2. Biography of Biljana2. Biography Plavsic

Plavsic entered political life in 1990, before the first multiparty elections since World since elections multiparty first the before 1990, in life political entered Plavsic (1996 Srpska Republika the of President former a is Plavsic Biljana

highly accomplished scientist accomplished highly - Thompson Institute. After that, she specialized in electron microscopy in in microscopy electron in specialized she that, After Institute. Thompson e te newly the ned h was at the time still a part of Yugoslavia. Big political and economical and political Big Yugoslavia. of part a still time the at was h - 1997), Bosnian Serb politician, university professor, translator and an essayist and translator universityprofessor, politician, BosnianSerb 1997),

- - one Sr Dmcai Pry SS. en a tog anti strong a Being (SDS). Party Democratic Serb founded Herzegovina, where the theystay end until will of thewar.

with

over a hundred of hundred a over rtment of Biology at the University of Sarajevo. Sarajevo. of University the atBiology of rtment 7

10

o h Peiec o Bsi and Bosnia of Presidency the to

- two yearsresearchbotany two doing 2009). She was born was She 2009). published scientific works and and works scientific published - 1995) and a convicted a and 1995)

of Vice of - 1998), one of the of one 1998),

- on 7 on presidents presidents

th

July July

and and - CEU eTD Collection 14 13 ofGr ofthe idea 12 Muslim population and Croat war against for notorious crimes Guard, Volunteer Serb group ofthe paramilitary 11 his as Plavsic Biljana chose he and Community, International of pressure the under position power his from withdraw to had Karadzic Srpska, the and period communist influence ofthe onmost heBosnian leaders, had Serb the with continuation politics, Milosevic’s with dissatisfied war Plavsic’s Mirja wife whose Milosevic, with hands shake to refused even Vance on discussion the of beginning widely the undermining even and norms the meant that for, waited long Serbs all that leader the as portrayed was Milosevic Since Milosevic. Slobodan of opponent strong a was that politicians Serb Bosnian only, not if the with concerned more humanitarian was she on later as 1992, from coming were statements these visited struggle the of fruits the reap to million six be still will there battle, of field the on perish million six if even “t that saying quoted often was she and Islam”, embraced that Bosni phenomenon”, natural “a cleansing ethnic non for references derogatory and insulting contained often interviews Seselj Arkan as such people praising and stances

Vreme, 10 May 10 1993:36 Vreme, December 2002, 19 Vreme, far Party, Radical ofthe Serb the leader (1954), Seselj Vojislav (1952 Raznatovic Zeljko 12 13 After the end of the war and the final verification of the existence of the Republika the of existence the of verification final the and war the of end the After nationalist hardcore promoting herself distinguished Plavsic war, of years first the In te dooit f h Getr eba Se ed nlmaoy pehs n her and speeches inflammatory held She Serbia. Greater the of ideologist the , . She was nicknamed “the Iron Lady”, in comparison to Margaret Thatcher. Most of Most Thatcher. Margaret to comparison in Lady”, Iron “the nicknamed was She .

eater Serbia; accused by the ICTY for war crimes, he voluntarily surrendered and is stilland trial on warsurrendered voluntarily for crimes, he ICTY the by accused Serbia; eater work and andwork lessinvolved indiscussions meetings.was Yetrare, one she ofthe - ”, whi ”, ogrn ws vdne f hroa disorder hormonal a of evidence was mongering ch she later dismissed as not her words but of one wounded soldier she soldier wounded one of but words her not as dismissed later she ch - - 37 2000), widely known as Arkan, was a career criminal before the war and the criminal before career was a Arkan, widely as known 2000),

http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=329572

- Owen peace plan in the National Assembly of RS, she RS, of Assembly National the in plan peace Owen 11 - , the Serb par Serb the , renowned authority of Milosevic. In 1993, at the at 1993, In Milosevic. of authority renowned 8

an Muslims “genetically deformed material material deformed “genetically Muslims an ucso. n h peieta eetos of elections presidential the In successor. especially Radovan Karadzic.especially Radovan - right politician, ultra politician, right amilitary war leader, and Vojislav and leader, war amilitary na Markovic openly stated that that stated openly Markovic na here are 12 million Serbs and Serbs million 12 are here

14

Pasc hwvr was however, Plavsic, . - nationalist and promoter promoter and nationalist - eb. h called She Serbs.

going against going

the founder founder the

CEU eTD Collection yearssent 20 a serving humanity; crimes against (1996 BosnianPresidency 15 non the against crimes war for Plavsic Criminal Biljana indicted International (ICTY) Yugoslavia 2000, former for In Tribunal career. political Plavsic’s of end the marked That SRS. lostthe election Party (SP), RS toth andDodik’s SNSD theSocialist of by Seselj and theofficials ofSDS ofte after assassination, her order might Karadzic that afraid was she as IFOR, of corps peace the by protected was Luka Banja in residence Her the France. of president Chirac, Jacques to Secretary, State US the Albright, Madeleine from leaders, foreign vario meeting and reforms demanded certain accepting Community, International the with co started Dodik and Plavsic RS. of history the in overturn political biggest S party, own her founded and SDS left She RS. of Minister Prime the as (SNSD), Democrats Social Independent of Alliance oppositional of leader the Dodik, Milorad appointed and Assembly West the from also but region that from people and politicians from support got soon Plavsic Luka. Banja of city andcorruption, neglecting manipulations financial of north Karadzic accusing started political Plavsic’sshe in attitude: change complete a brought however That history. in sovereign Serbian female modern first a and RS of President new the as confirmed was Plavsic 1996,

Momcilo Krajisnik, former President of the National Assembly of RS (1992 AssemblyRS of National the of formerPresident Krajisnik, Momcilo - - - TheSerb populationBosnia. in indictment consisted In 1998, the reform coalition “Sloga” (Unity), which consisted of Plavsic’s SNS, SNS, Plavsic’s of consisted which (Unity), “Sloga” coalition reform the 1998, In persecution onpolitical, racialand religio ( humanity against crimes of counts five genocide)to commit ( genocide of counts two r Pol’ Alac (N) md msl o fre SS ebr. ht a the was That members. SDS former of mostly made (SNS), Alliance People’s erb . After long political struggle, in 1997 Plavsic dissolved the National National the dissolved Plavsic 1997 in struggle, political long After . - 1998), one of the founders of SDS. Indicted by ICTY and in 2006 found of guilty in and 2006 by Indicted ICTY ofSDS. founders oftheone 1998),

Article 4 of the Statute of the Tribunal the of Statute the of 4 Article - supported Serb Radicalsupported Serb (SRS). Party ofRS ence.

n Mmio Krajisnik Momcilo and

9

us grounds; deportation; inhumaneus acts) ril 5 thereof 5 Article

of following charges: - western parts of RS, especially RS, of parts western the - 1996) and Serb memberand of 1996) 15 : extermination; murder; murder; extermination; :

f rmnl activities, criminal of n being called a traitor traitor a called being n e coalition ofand e SDS coalition : genocide; complicity genocide; :

-

operating more more operating

us CEU eTD Collection cai020307e.pdf 16 she went Belgrade,where to shelivestoday. and conduct, good her of because 2009 October in her release to decided authorities Swedish pr yearsin 11 to sentencedwas She dropped. charges were othergrounds and religiousand ethnic Bosniaon non of persecution of guilty herself declared Plavsic Biljana prosecution, 6 the on released provisionally was and 2001, 10, January on ICTY the to surrendered voluntarily She

From the ICTY's Amended Consolidated Indictment, Indictment, Consolidated Amended FromICTY's the -

She isdivorced, children. without n cut f iltos f h lw o te utm o te a ( war the murder) of customs the or laws the of violations of count one th

September of the same the of September

ison and served seven years in the women’s prison Hinseberg in Frővi, Sweden. Frővi, in Hinseberg prison women’s the yearsin seven served and ison 16

er nte 16 the On year.

10 http://www.icty.org/x/cases/plavsic/ind/en/kra

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eebr20,atrbran ih the with bargain after 2002, December - Serb population in population Serb ril 3 thereof 3 Article - : CEU eTD Collection formerYugoslavia, forTribunal InternationalCriminal significanceof the understand to helps 2004; Doosje Branscombe, (e.g. interaction social and th mention to important also is it Finally, study. the in later how and 2004) Owens, Fields, (e.g. martyrdom of concept the 2002), Perica 2011; Brubaker (e.g. nationalism religion between connection the to refers which literature some is Zarkov there 2002; Third, 2007). Pavlowitch 2002; Colovic (e.g. gender with relation the and development signific practices Yuval Anthiasand (e.g. state and processes ethnic/national and women between links the to connected mainly are con social the of comprising I analysis inthis application. theimportance used and oftheir anthrostudies and social research The cultural constructions. studies, gender disciplines: several andof intersection the at lies relations study this in conducted these within martyrdom of concept the and gone have these of much not the However, society. in roles female and male these of notions how construct and and intertwine discourses countries and practices many in practices gendering and nationalist locating decades bee has literature important and considerable A state. and nation the in women of place the on emphasis the with nationalism and gender of relations 1.3.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK First, there is a considerable body of literature where general questions related to the to related questions general where literature of body considerable a is there First, the on world the of parts different in done been has work analytic of deal great A n soe f ieaue n eba ntoaim pcfcly is mgr, historical imagery, its specifically, nationalism Serbian on literature of scope ant it is gendered (e.g. Hasso 2005 Hasso (e.g. gendered is it pology struction of gender in nationalism are addressed. These questions questions These addressed. are nationalism in gender of struction . In this . - Davis, 1989; Peterson 1999; Nagel 1998). Second, there is a a Second, Peterson thereis 1989; Nagel 1999; 1998). Davis,

section I will explain whichI existing explain will section theories scholarly

11 ). All of this literature is used in more details details more in used is literature this of All ).

further to explore the significance of religion religion of significance the explore to further eioi 2010; Selimovic n produced by feminists in the past the in feminists by produced n e literature on transitional justice transitional on literature e

Hayden 2011) that that 2011) Hayden

and and CEU eTD Collection 2011). (Brubaker, nation the country, the fatherland, th patria, the to appealing by arguments political frames which language political flexible nationalism that argues Brubaker an political is imagined nation Anderson, to according Therefore, 6). (Ibid, exist not do they where nations self to nations of awakening the as not (1983:3); time” our a as nationalism saw Anderson (2000:23). characteristics” distinctive those protects and expresses that system political a in themselves rule principle or institutions, history, culture, their in distinct as themselves see who people world. the of parts differentin development 1. discourse inparticular. discour nationalist in politician female a of popularity the securing for strategy political a as instrumentalized be can motives religious and gender how exemplify to theories these use I RS. in media popular the in nationalism and triangularthe relat in martyrdom conceptof the on specificfocusa with prison, from release her after and about discourse the to related peculiarities the see to that so of case nationalism in women of representation the Herzegovina. emotion and relations the as well as 3.1.

Wom Many scholars have analyzed nationalism as a phenomenon, its basis and historic historic and basis its phenomenon, a as nationalism analyzed have scholars Many on theories established apply to order in literature bodyof this Iuse work this in Thus, Biljana Plavsic, former President of Republika Srpska and a convicted war criminal, criminal, war convicted a and Srpska Republika of President former Plavsic, Biljana en and

community: imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign (Ibid.). (Ibid.). sovereign and limited inherently both as imagined community: Nationalism

does

atce t is ok n ifune n ona and Bosnia in influence and work its to attached s not

“universally legitimate value in the political life of life political the in value legitimate “universally have se in general and Bosnian Serb official media media official Serb Bosnian and general in se Snyder defined nationalism a definednationalism Snyder

12 b cetn a e o giig principles) guiding of set a creating (by

a fixed nature; on the contrary, it is a highly highly a is it contrary, the on nature; fixed a hr is There - osiuns bt as but consciousness

a ait of variety ion of gender,religionof ion s “the doctrine that a a that doctrine“the s areas in which which in areas inventing

o the to e CEU eTD Collection women’s ethnic participationand tostate practices. national inrelation in processes five Davis’s Yuval and Anthias on rely I study, this of purpose the For differently. 1999) Peterson 1989, nati in position women’s lines, other and educational age, class, along also but lines, gender and territory. s the in roles specific imposes example a as analyzedbe can Plavsic Biljana of case The 2002:59). (Colovic, heroes national Serbian fea ambiguous and unclear popular possible any of purified be the and memory folk from figures to have characters These nation. a of image the form whichideas of system a imaginationinto historical of transference of process the o idea Colovic’s with Iagreecase. this in veryhelpful is history,which p climate negative a create can it because also but state countries, and nations groups, ethnic of conflicts the behind reason aoften is forms: it as problematic related two the of one takes that based identity territorially a as it finds Peterson Spike etc. NGOs, apparatus, practices and discourses shapes nationalism olitical representations ( dooia rpouto o te olciiy n a tasitr o is utr; as culture; its of transmitters discourses ideological in symbol and focus a (as differences ethnic/national of signifiers as and collectivity the of reproduction ideological cent participating as groups; ethnic/national of boundaries the of reproducers onalism has been classified in classified been has onalism hs ae a booia rpoues f ebr o ehi cletvte; as collectivities; ethnic of members of reproducers biological as are: These ethnic along divided only not is society that mind in have to necessary is it Although provides nationalism Serbian on researchSpecific

f ht rcs. ainls, n eea, s fe vr te t taiinls and traditionalism to tied very often is general, in Nationalism, process. that of , which means that nationalism and state construct men and women women and men construct state and nationalism that means which , Peterson, 1999:35). ociety for all the groups that obtain space at the covered covered the at space obtain that groups the all for ociety a similar way by many scholars many by way similar : social movements, religious communities, state communities, religious movements, social :

13

within a state, based on elite privileges and privileges elite on based state, a within tures in order to enter the Pantheon of Pantheon the enter to order in tures a - closer look closer e ad state and led

(Anthias and Yuval and (Anthias f “nationalization”, i.e. “nationalization”, f into into - seeking. It can be be can It seeking. ust f political of subset its symbolism and symbolism its rally in the the in rally

ways of of ways -

Davis n

CEU eTD Collection hist the to due Orthodoxy discourse nationalist mundane the in presence continuous its to led which nationalism of development the on religion of influence the see 2011:1 (Brubaker, nationalism of form religious distinctively a posit to and intertwining; and interpenetration of modes specify explain whi in ways specify to phenomena; analogous as nationalism and religion treat to are: These nationalism. and religion between connection the studying of ways distinct 1 reli of decline of time the in emerged which phenomenon, secular distinctively a as understood 1.3. myrelease toit. is from humble contribution prison2009 in the after her of representation media the and Plavsic Biljana of study case the and analysis combinati processe in visible increasingly claim: vi and symbols as women of ideas standardized the beyond recognized is agency female where category last the on is focus My ). Brubaker’s concern about such about concern Brubaker’s ). Yuval political economic, national, in participants as and ethnic/ of transformation and reproduction construction, the in used gion, the Age of Enlightenment, i.e. the i.e. Enlightenment, of Age the gion, 2. Religion and Nationalism: and 2. Religion Martyrdom Re “As both agents and victims (not mutually exclusive categories), women are are women categories), exclusive mutually (not victims and agents both “As the - Davis, 1989: n f gny n vict and agency of on iin n ntoaim ae og en otse trs s ainls was nationalism as terms contested been long have nationalism and ligion origins and power of nationalism; to treat religion as part of nationalism and to and nationalism of part as religion treat to nationalism; of power and origins

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n codne ih ht s lo pk Peterson’s Spike also is that with accordance In 18 14 th , since Serbian nationalism Serbian since ,

dy I will use the second approach in order to to order in approach second the use will I dy

century martyrdom, a concept that requires more more requires that concept a martyrdom, and military struggles (Anthias and (Anthias struggles military and

( Anderson, 1983: 7; 1983: Anderson,

1999:

1. n xml o such of example An 51). national categories; categories; national is very tied to the the to tied very is ch religion helps helps religion ch Brubaker, 2011: Brubaker,

CEU eTD Collection Roma. mostly Jews and Serbs, 700,000, to from80,000 varying ofvictims w Jasenovac camp extermination regime.The Bosnia and ofCroatia population Serb the crimes against 19 (1998 War Kosovo the in culminated which Albanians and Serbs between tensions various ethnic of place a been it has centuries theb of which mythis one the of ofKosovo, Battle thelegendary place of isa It from2008. an state independent be to it claim Albanian) (predominantly authorities whileKosovo 18 http://www.predsjednikrs.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110&Itemid=158&lang=rsyu http://tripalo.hr/knjige/hrvati_u_bih/vuksic Sources: disputes. to due political 1991 since censusa not had has as Bosnia isan estimate, Bosnia 17 nationalism Serbian within discourse religious the for basis the provides importance highest the of institution national otherwise an in religion a only not therefore is W Orthodoxy in Serbs of genocide Ustasha of memory the and Kosovo Serbs, of culture and history national on emphasis strong the with themes, patriotic agenda its and Europe in Serb transformation great the of time the the in people for guide the be to set is Church Orthodox Serbian the that many by considered Muslims Bosnian with noted Montenegrins) and Serbs (including 74% Montenegro 84%, (Serbia Serbs be to claim that people of number the overlaps practically that religion and religion between connection The nationali Orthodoxy. Eastern the with ties strong having exception, no is Serbian and etc) Judaism, Orthodox by Israeli Catholicism, by Croatian and t religious particular by shaped were nationalism of and forms Particular social 2011:8). (Brubaker, of relationships modes political generating to languages vernacular of standardization and literacy gathered 2002:78). and their preserved Serbs customs(Pavlowitch, Austro and Ottoman of ages the during existed that institution Serbian only

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61). The most important function of a martyr is that the sacrifice of an individual for the an61). Thefora individual important theof functionmartyrsacrifice the most of isthat an Although that place is usually reserved for men, women’s agency is contesting th contesting is agency women’s men, for reserved usually is place that Although co a is martyrdom Plavsic Biljana of case the in that argueI Since

srpin f atro cn e recogni be can martyrdom of ascription

of the goal of the social or political group is personalized into ‘he/she did it for for it did ‘he/she into personalized is group political or social the of goal the of shahid , i.e. a martyr who dies who martyr a i.e. , shaheeda

A te ie ms o te ytnes n passers and bystanders the of most time, the “At rsa s well as Srpska ). Hasso noted the shift in media discourse on discourse media in shift the noted Hasso ). cont this this e - st immolation in Prague 1968 in protest against Soviet Soviet against protest in 1968 Prague in immolation

ing as one's last one's as to achieve victory or greater cau greater or victory achieve to in 16

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in Serbian nationalism. The concept is shared conceptshared in Serbian is nationalism. The . hich is higher than the quality the than higher is hich

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34). The braveness of these women these of braveness The 34).

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54). Plavsic, a wo a Plavsic, 54). hated by the world, just like Christ, throughout the history was was history the throughout Christ, like just world, the by hated esl and herself s hogot h region the throughout ls 17 man

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eb history. Serb Analysis of the discourse in these media from RS is supposed to show the pattern pattern the show to supposed is RS from media these in discourse the of Analysis

upon long time they were an opposition newspaper, supporting newspaper, opposition an were they time long

her release from prison fromreleaseher

was was

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salse a hr conviction her at established al

as it self in her autobiography. This pattern puts Plavsic in the in Plavsic puts pattern This autobiography. her in self ha . She was portrayed as a woman who sacrificed herselfsacrificedin who woman aportrayed wasas She . s n’t distanced distanced n’t 19 SNSD

itself

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CEU eTD Collection 22 writer,legislator. and diplomat Archbishop, its first Church, Orthodox ofSerbian founder the was history. He Serbian infigures keyoftheone and 21 20 su be not Iwould and tradepureof result a is it believe I personally Hague. in Tribunal the of legality nor justice with neither do to nothing has Plavsic Biljana of behavior “The Presiden Bosnian the of Member Serb time the at Sarovic, Mirko Srpska. Republika from reactions negative mostly and Sava exampleofSt. departedfrom leadership structures theas RS sherealizedthattheylate too are notonthe path non the against committed crimes the for repentance prison. of years 11 to sentenced was and 1992 during grounds religious and ethnic on Croats and Muslims Bosnian of persecution for guilty herself declared 2001, 10, 2000, April in ICTY the by indicted being After Hague?” the in up ending individuals some of significance the is what homes, their from expelled Serbswere 600,000 than moreand that Srpska Republikafor young died men 20,000 th more that consideration into take we if because indictments, secret Tribunal’s the of afraid not “I’m replied: she which to ICTY, the from accusations secret of fears possible and indict secret a about 2. 2.

Plavsic's admission of guilt in the ICTY (in Serbian) (inSerbian) the ICTY guilt in of admission Plavsic's SavaSt. (1174 September252009 641, Dani, 1. Confessionsof Traitora THE CONFESSION BILJANATRAITOR DISCOURSE: THE Becoming the first high official of Bosnian Serbs to admit war crimes, Plavsic faced faced Plavsic crimes, war admit to Serbs Bosnian of official high first the Becoming stories face to started Plavsic Biljana 1998, in mandate presidential her finishing After plea - 1236), born as Rastko Nemanjic, is one of the most celebrated saints most celebrated ofisthe one Nemanjic, born asRastko 1236), - bargained with the Tribunal and eventually on December 16, 2002, she she 2002, 16, December on eventually and Tribunal the with bargained ment. That year in Vienna she was asked by journalists about her feelings her about journalists by asked was she Vienna in year That ment. cy and a high official of SDS, stated his disillusion with Plavsic’s act: Plavsic’s with disillusion his stated SDS, of official high a and cy 21

, butthat the f

ruits of their labor are graves, laborruits oftheir are refugeesand isolation. 20 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gzqlkj1RWrc

Plavsic voluntarily surren voluntarily Plavsic - Serbs in Bosnia and regret that she she that regret and Bosnia in Serbs In her confession, she stated she confession, her In

among Orthodox Serbs Serbs Orthodox among

dered on January on dered

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an an 22 20

CEU eTD Collection 28 27 26 25 24 23 now are eternalacurse terribleand shame” immort things, other among for, strive politics who do cursing name:“People her are people and her her despise because mentors her nation, the of traitors the to happens what of example an is Plavsic Cavoski, to According she that, th on lives oftheir put who those any all of bodies do the “trampled not did she Since abolished. being rights constitutive their of afraid Carrington the from signature his withdrew the to up Alij how stood war, of start the have for reasons real the were should what stating by prosecutors she that and Krajisnik, and Mladic Karadzic, Milosevic, herself” dirtyrug and a made mud ofbetrayal personalityin the her Serbian threw nation: “[s]he in editorials his in Plavsic accused openly ICTY, pro university 2012 March in ICTY before argument closing his in repeat even would he claim a Hague, The in witness fake beloved most the and traitor greatest the is Plavsic that In RS. of of leader the boundariesSeselj, Vojislav Serbia, the beyond went it and stopped easily so be to not was confession entitiesare ornot institutions, countries trialsof individuals, comme such to responded quickly RS, of Minister Prime time the Ivanic, Mladen itself. RS of legitimacy the for damaging be can it claiming confession, her Milosevic” against witness a as Plavsic see to

Ibid. Ibid. Amra, Kebo, Cavoski, Kosta, Kosta, Cavoski, Kosta, Cavoski, Dzevad, Sabljakovic,

26 Cvsi lie ta b amtig h cie, lvi haiy implicated heavily Plavsic crimes, the admitting by that claimed Cavoski . Bosanske reakcije Bosanske fessor of law, a friend of the Karadzic family and an outspoken critic of the the of critic outspoken an and family Karadzic the of friend a law, of fessor Da li se izdaja isplati? li seizdaja Da povratka bez Put Seselj

, DW , , IWPR ,

, Glas Javnosti ,

, Glas Javnosti ,

the ultra the al fame. The only things that are left to Biljana Plavsic Plavsic Biljana to left are that things only The fame. al

28 - Cutileiro peace plan in 1992 and that Serbs were were Serbs that and 1992 in plan peace Cutileiro . 21

23 - nationalist Serbian Radical Party (SRS), stated (SRS), Party Radical Serbian nationalist

. Other RS officials were also disapproving of disapproving also were officials RS Other .

ls Javnosti Glas e grounds of Republika Srpska” Republika of grounds e 24 . Yet caused the stir by Plavsic’s nts that trials in The Hague The in trials that nts

f en a rio o the of traitor a being of 25 . Kosta Cavoski, a Cavoski, Kosta . a Izetbegovic a

out of of out 27 . CEU eTD Collection 29 and her between conflict previous the Karadzic’s SDS. mind in having connotations, political had her 2002. Plavsic was since Serbia and RS both in media the in and RS in authorities political the among anti an see, can we As ever”. and forever be name her and she may be “Who’s accusations: power. h because Serbs, and Indians the of population and size territory in decrease the comparing and everything sell to prepared being Cloud” Red chief as just voluntarily “ And Hague. The in themselves kill to love Serbs ‘ Bull “Sitting Americans: Native with Serbs and leader, war American Native legendary the Cloud, Red with Plavsic journalist Betrayal”, Cloud’s “Red editorial the In crimes. the e's also trying a classic move of equating the Serbs with unambiguous victims of a stronger stronger a of victims unambiguous with Serbs the equating of move classic a trying also e's

Jovanovic, Dragan, Dragan, Jovanovic,

Other printed media, such as such media, printed Other n o te e snecs bu Pasc hwvr s ey uh ie Cavoski’s like much very is however Plavsic, about sentences key the of One

depicted as a traitor of Serb national interests and most of the accusations towards accusations towards ofthe most and national Serb interests traitoras of a depicted

Izdaja Crvenog Oblaka Crvenog Izdaja ing called a sister by Carla Del Ponte and Madeleine Albright, poor poor Albright, Madeleine and Ponte Del Carla by sister a called ing

ild himself killed

that is how it happens when leaders surrender. Obviously, Obviously, surrender. leaders when happens it how is that 29 NIN , NIN , . Jovanovic continues by accusing the Serb “ Serb the accusing by continues Jovanovic . , were also quite judgmental of her decision to admit to decision her of judgmental quite also were , ’ in an American prison in 1890. In the same way way same the In 1890. in prison American an in ’

22

Witn sig Biljana essing rgn oaoi compared Jovanovic Dragan - Plavsic climate ruled ruled climate Plavsic ” surrendered herself herself surrendered ” chiefs ” of ” CEU eTD Collection of Minister the Mandic, Momcilo them: calls she as levers” “executive their were them below at together Krajisnik and Karadzic placed she where Bosnia, people introubledand times inthe end sacrificed even own her freedom that. because of who woman a as herself represented Plavsic charges. some of release and prison in years less i.e. cause, own her for but RS the for cared never that traitor a being but sacrificing, of sense the volun to me obliged that And people. Serb own, of its commitment huge representing the over took that being human a as but Presidency the of member th put she how emphasizing book, the throughout manner similar a in continues She 2006:20). (Plavsic, first” mission a such to dedication others of interests the with it tone to try to and Presidency the in interests its and people my represent to that, as such commitment the And understanding. my in emphasized much Iwould if work type of usual most the forresponsible was I sacrifice. great my was it obligations, towards attitude my and myself knowing also, but me, for honor an was “It people: her to gave she sacrifice a as it described Plavšić BiH, t to appointment her about talking When leadership. poor and businesses war the Krajišnik, Momčilo and Karadžić accused She people. her help to everything did who but happening were that things of informed not was who RS the of official high a as herself positioned she book this Svedočim 2 .2 . PLAVSIC’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY AS A AS PLAVSIC’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY RESPONSE tarily” (Ibid, 28). In this way, she completely reversed the official narrative of herself of narrative official the reversed completely she way, this In 28). (Ibid, tarily” She describes the real hierarchy within the RS authorities from the start of the war in in war the of start the from authorities RS the within hierarchy real the describes She book, autobiographical an of form the in came that of all to response Plavšić’s

(“ I Witness I e people before her: “I was never thinking about myself, Biljana Plavšić, as a a as Plavšić, Biljana myself, about thinking never was “I her: before people e ”) that was written in prison and published in 2005 in Banja Luka. In Luka. Banja in 2005 in published and prison in written was that ”)

must be enormous and such an obligation must always come come always must obligation an such and enormous be must - ie rsdn o te ainl seby f S o illegal of RS, of Assembly National the of president time 23

take it as obligatory. Itobligatory. very alwaysaswas it take

the top of the pyramid, while while pyramid, the of top the

atd o ep her help to wanted he Presidency of of Presidency he

many many –

my CEU eTD Collection camps. in ofeachthose werekilled BosnianMuslims) hundred several prosecution, Accordingthe ICTY to 1992. late and middle Armyduring “responsibi 30 and “authority” “power”, words used often she see, can we As criminal. and amoral as ignored then and position high a into put was she way the characterizing her, is, that me, municipality believethat cannot Istill this, write I whentoday, Even happened. actually happened, have not should that things certain that writing newspapers end the before maybe later, non against crimes war other and cleansing ethnic the about knew time the at representatives Serb Bosnian other the much how of aware not was she that claims she Also, for ask would I legality, towards turned be would engagement My others. by committed crimes the about talk not would I case that in but people, bythe done not was it because them, abandon not would I mypeople, with be still kn I If same. the doing are ours when others of crimes the about write and talk to amoral “It’s her: from hidden was that information the had had she if differently behaved have would she that claiming by continues She 96). (Ibid, 1992” in camps those Omarska and Keraterm what know even not did who I, […] indictment. the in written is what is That know. not did and position vice two officially were there while a around, not is he when giving him substitute to Krajisnik to mandate of Karadzic accuses she Furthermore; 105). (Ibid, them” to strange was feeling n had therefore and elected this to legitimacy giving were we way certain a in and election democratic a in elected were us Vice the and she hand, other the On Affairs. Internal of Minister the Stanisic, Mico and Justice,

Omarska, Keraterm and Trnopolje were the notorious concentration camps in Bosnia held by the Bosnian Serb Serb by Bosnian the held Bosnia in camps wereconcentration notorious the Trnopolje and Keraterm Omarska, - - authority presid president Nikola Koljevic are descr are Koljevic Nikola president

ents (Plavsic and Koljevic): “I am accused of what I should know according to my my to according know should I what of accused am “I Koljevic): and (Plavsic ents hiding the truth from me” (Ibid, 69). She proceeds by asking why no one informed informed one no why byaskingproceeds (Ibid,She me”69). from hidingtruth the , though [we were] were] [we though ,

o feeling of of feeling o

of the war, but afterwards too, people were talking and and talking were people too, afterwards but war, the of powerless 30

meant until 1994, am 1994, until meant responsi ibed as surplus in the sharing of power: “The two of of two “The power: of sharing the in surplus as ibed responsibility .

24 Power

bility

, for replacement of people” (Ibid, 109). (Ibid, people” of replacement for , a i hns f hs wo ee not were who those of hands in was

o wa te dd ad nwy that anyway and did, they what for responsible authorities ew the truth, I would I truth, the ew

s of inmates (mostly ofinmates (mostly s for the existenc the for - Serbs: “Much Serbs:

were lying to to lying were lity”, lity”, e of e CEU eTD Collection 1990s. inthe of the SDS leaders 31 the of because me proclaimed Serbs some also but Hague, the in Tribunal the her book. b enough soon politician a and woman a as people Serb Bosnian the service to 70). Her (Ibid, so” allow me todo possibilities much as war asmy theendtill of t few a resigning to close was she although And her. unlike everything, about “informed” were who those are others Those her. to according others, of hands the in was which “influence”, A 18). (Ibid, myvote, not could I since but citizen, ordinary an than more know did I Assembly, National the of session every negoti the in involved not was I that is essence The fact. a it’s but believe, to hard it’s Maybe had. citizen ordinary the than bigger “Myway: that in thingsout find to want not abou did she than more knew driver personal her even sometimes Buha Krajisnik, for known were not events of developments were who those for reserved however was Hope […] to. rushing was it that catastrophe the from BiH save and happen would miracle some that hope some still maybe was “There knowledge: her of much without created was Karadzic strong orbutwith Krajisnik, responsibility sense and population. of its RS for the to comparison in authority real no with official, powerless practically as herself depicting imes, she still decided to stay, because she swore in 1992 that she would, “serve the people people the “serve would, she that 1992 in swore she because stay, to decided still she imes,

Aleksa Buha (1939), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Republika Srpska (1992 Srpska Republika Affairsof Minister ofForeign (1939), AleksaBuha Finally, she responded directly to the comments describing her as a traitor: “Not only “Not traitor: a as her describing comments the to directly responded she Finally, of politics the that emphasizes she book the in places many In

se aoe se otne wt epaiig od sc a “oe” and “power” as such words emphasizing with continues she above, seen s truth 31

power n Mlsvc (bd 4) O te te hn, lvi cam that claims Plavsic hand, other the On 43). (Ibid, Milosevic” and

and readiness to readiness and

of deciding was smaller than that which any MP had in their hands” hands” their in had any whichMP that than smaller deciding ofwas

ations in and out of the country. […] As I was at almost at was I As […] country. the of out and in ations s acrifice myself acrifice the influence

25 informed

informed

was smaller than what one MP had and had MP one what than smaller was for the for . And those were definitely Karadzic, Karadzic, definitely were those And . peopl

a traitor a enough - 1998), one of the most prominent most prominent oftheone 1998), t the situation, but she did did she but situation, the t ecomes the central part of of part central the ecomes e. They do so in order to order in so do They e.

the RS during the war the during RS the . Apparently, further further Apparently, .

for the same reasons, same the for

CEU eTD Collection u the official to Bosnia. According Brod, Bosanski near in theSijekovac, village the border crossed illegaly 33 32 the feeling love. betweenchild, and a i.e.unconditional her mother goes She people. that of traitor as her on discourse the oppose to order in RS the of name the in sacrifice her of importance the increase to was book the with aim her that implies It etc. people, the to truth the telling sacrif she obvious: than a way same mother the mistake, no was “There Bosnia: in Serbs for dangers the about thinking she claims She 94). (Ibid, point” the before myself about think would I myself of ashamed be would I troubles. my with share to prepared was “[I] etc: children, parentless wounded, homeless, conflict. as such atrocities, various and soldiers tired and starving refugees, desperate facing and wartime of experiences her Th destinies. people’s to emotions and thoughts her all directed who someone people, the for on” cry to shoulder “a was who someone as herself describes She (Ibid,107). w that the my “Did years: for with working was she only politicians the in disappointment regime, the defending never was I […] people the telling was “[I] way: best the in RS promote to possible everything did she how that to adds Plavsic 105). (Ibid, heroes” as cowards and thieves despicable proclaim nderstanding in RS, it is one of the events that triggered the start of the Bosnian war. the ofstart Bosnian the triggered that ofthe events it isone RS, in nderstanding

The Sijekovac massacre refers to the March 1992 killings of 47 Serb civillians by the Croatian Army that Croatian civillians the by Serb killings47 of 1992 the March massacreto refers Sijekovac The me,byin t werewordsemphasized The orking with such persons is the biggest the is persons such with orking

and cuttin and feels when her her when feels 33

codn t hr rtns se ee wan never she writings, her to According g down the layers of lies and prejudices that fell on Serbs during the war. war. the during Serbs on fell that prejudices and lies of layers the down g child iced herself for the people, she defended only the people, she was was she people, the only defended she people, the for herself iced

the killings of Serb civilians in civilians Serb of killings the

is in danger” (Ibid, 47). The emphasis on the “people” is more more is “people” the on emphasis The 47). (Ibid, danger” in is

so far as far he original text there wasemphasis. no there text heoriginal

a nt uig u srig e pol ad eln and feeling and people her serving but ruling not was to compar 26 sacrifice sacrifice

e

her relation her people e ayhn fr esl bt o the for but herself for anything ted that I had to endure because of it?” of because endure to had I that Sijekovac ” (Ibid, 138). She states her her states She 138). (Ibid, ” ship

with the Bosnian Serbs Bosnian the with

in the early days of the the of days early the in

people e book is full of of full is book e truth people people people

ever know know ever

about my about

at any at all its its all to to 32 a

CEU eTD Collection 34 the out points She woman. a as but politician, a 48). as only not stance a takes (Ibid,finally here Plavsic disrespect” and dishonesty of full was it idea; simple this beyond went it case politi in engagementwomen’s understandingof traditional the accept maybe can Icloser tothem.belonged Many ofthem tothe borderline between and countryside town.[…] is that bus men’s negotiations, Talks, woman. a for place no is there especially, war the during and understanding their to “According beliefs: patriarchal standard the unconditionalas loveand suchthey national embody tradition. the conditions the in ethnicity and of femininitynarrative both of essence the through defined is but choice self Plavsic’s medieval throughrevolutions times, andworld all theway wars tothe present: tra

Referring to Radovan Karadzic, Momcilo Krajisnik and their co their and Krajisnik Momcilo Karadzic, Radovan Referringto ditions and establishing a continuity of the history of Serb suffering and sacrifice from from sacrifice and suffering Serb of history the of continuity a establishing and ditions kls bat,mtvto, hyaealtee Bt hyaealls infcn. Bey significant. less all are they But there. all are they motivation, beauty, skills, military Bravery, place. special a has femininity myth, that In future. the for present, andepic unacknowledged and betrayed self and love with but guns, with fight not do they because guns with depicted are them of self and love boundless the lie them - What is also interesting also is What people, their of as well as own, their of beauty spiritual with sacrifice, different linking bridge a of function in be to discourse such finds Zarkov Dubravka h uitrutd otniy f ht itr i rifre b lnug, where language, by reinforced is history that of continuity uninterrupted The iness, and as closer people are to the rural understandings of life, such beliefs are beliefs such life, of understandings rural the to are people closer as and iness, lyric poetry narrates one long myth, as the myth of the past and the myth of the the of myth the and past the of myth the as myth, long one narrates poetry lyric the tragic Serb tragic the -

eito flos ht rdtoa pten wee atro i nt political a not is martyrdom where pattern, traditional that follows depiction supposed to be to supposed

history. Self history.

alien for women (war, politics and nationalism) and politics (war, women for alien is her positioning herself as a woman in politics opposing the the opposing politics in woman a as herself positioning her is

(2007: -

sacrifice of the Serb maiden soldiers. […] So few So […] soldiers. maiden Serb the of sacrifice - 210 sacrifice and devotion are in such cases situated by by situated cases such in are devotion and sacrifice - 211) 27

.

- workers.

34 , in the time before the war the before time the in ,

but defined by defined but cs, but in thisin but cs, dominant ond ond

CEU eTD Collection Her alleged inher visible autobiographythanher powerlessness inthat she obtained way were less “clean”. stay would people her so nationalisti way inflammatory such in herself sacrifice and guilt admit woma 199 the of beginning the in for voted people that and for strived she politics the not was it insists firmly she yet forces, Serb Bosnian by committed crimes the hides nor justifies neither She being. human a and woman Se the among etc. traditions, Byzantine backwardness, elected femininityo and ethnicity higher through moral this defining situation, current the and tradition this between bond a as Plavsic poses and history throughout people Serb the of suffering continuous of narrative the reinforces It nation. the book, the accordingto is, devotion Her hours. darkest their in Serbs Bosnian helped and listened served, but decide, relation her hiding the to compared is people the with not relationship whose woman a as finishes she yet belonging, politician, a as begins She admission. her on Srpska Republika a created Plavsic thi in herself of image certain 2009. in prison from release her followed that discourse media the for entailed ofhi the reproduction role politicalher that implies understandingsuch with dissatisfaction Her 1999:55). (Peterson, groups differenceand ‘foundational’binaryofand reproducingsex dominance masculine the of terms in nationalism Serbian of gendering n ’s h opss l te cuain fo te oiin f legitimate a of position the from accusations the all opposes She book autobiographical her from excerpts These

official between a mother and her child. She places herself as someone who did not rule and rule not did who someone as herself places She child. her and mother a between

iiiiy n oiia cnlcs se is e aec mc mr t te eiin to decision the to more much agency her ties she conflicts, political in visibility

( powerful a beyond c speeches at the start of her political career and the high position high the and career political her of start the at speeches c s book, in an attempt to oppose the then official discourse in the the in discourse official then the oppose to attempt an in book, s erarchical whichrendersinvisible. differences women

“western” question, embodying the tradition of martyrdom martyrdom of tradition the embodying question, s Atog Pasc a an was Plavsic Although 0s. om f eiiay n h fc o acstos of accusations of face the in legitimacy of form 28

“ h n the rder (Zarkov, of 2007:211). love Svedočim trlzto o dmnto between domination of aturalization rbs),

u as fo te oiin f a of position the from also but

xml o te nrae of increase the of example formed a strong background strong a formed democratically in the name ofname the in

patriotic ”

CEU eTD Collection following chapter. release, her after RS the in discourse media the in elements new on co irresponsible claims, she decision l a in herself puts Plavsic people. troubled her for responsibility of feeling and position - making position in the RS leadership but a higher moral one in comparison to her, as as her, to comparison in one moral higher a but leadership RS the in position making

- workers from the war period. Such an image soon enough took enough soon image an Such period. war the from workers 29

as we will see in the the in see will we as ower ower CEU eTD Collection as wasaddressed Plavsic texts, theanalyzed throughout Inthis titleand (predsjednica). 35 Swedish Bilt, Carl from also but before”), happened have should this and news good (“it’s ju faces the finally and one from no accused one, came no harmed (“she reactions Kuzmanovic Rajko RS, Similar of President person”. free a become soon will Plavsic Biljana that “She p her Dodik: served Milorad example, for are, people Such rightful”. as release the understands rightly intentions good with being human “every that states it Plavsic”, “Biljana title simple legal Swedish deserve and rightful as of institutions decision the describing were information important very this followed President” back, “Welcome title: the in message front a had release, her of acknowledgment after wherebrought toBelgrade, relatives live. her her Dodik S positions. to government came officialhimself from and media from RS, from coming question, a without were, latter The positive. highly to negative highly from varied which Yugoslavia, impri during conduct good her of because prison Hinseberg the from Plavsic releasedauthorities Swedish the 2009, October in yearslater, Three 2006. February in again once Minister Prime the became Dodik, i structures political ruling of change afterthe THE ANALYSIS 3.1. PLAVSIC'SOF DISCOURSE RELEASE 3.

It is important to note that word word that note isimportant to It stice, i.e. her freedom”) and the President of the National Assembly of RS, Igor Radojicic Radojicic Igor RS, of Assembly National the of President the and freedom”) her i.e. stice, WelcomeBack, President The popular media in RS were ecstatic about her return from prison. from return herwere ecstaticaboutRS in mediapopular The shifted dramatically media Serb Bosnian the in Plavsic Biljana of representation The unishment and is free according to all laws, earthly and divine ones. I’m happy happy I’m ones. divine and earthly laws, all to according free is and unishment okom rad arot n n fiil e o te S oenet and government RS the of jet official an in airport Arlanda tockholm sonment. This caused various reactions in the region of former former of region the in reactions various caused This sonment.

president

d. So, in the editorial of editorial the in So, d.

in Serbian can have a masculine (predsjednik) an masculine(predsjednik) a incan have Serbian

n RS; that is, after her former associate, Milorad associate,Milorad former afterher is, that RS; n 30

35

( Dobro dosla, Predsjednice dosla, Dobro ae ih lvi’ iae n te clear the and image Plavsic’s with page GS

on 22 on nd

October 2009, with the with 2009, October predsjednica Glas SrpskeGlas d a feminine form femininea d ). The texts that texts The ). .

( GS ), ), CEU eTD Collection 36 very saint’s day. this on rewarded been has she now and saint female the of path the followed cross), her up took (i.e. punishment her served and guilt admitted Plavsic surprise. no is therefore 34). 8, (Mark Me." follow and cross, his up take and himself, deny him let Me, after come to wants "Whoever words: Lord's the Catholicism. Roman in Mary Virgin the of cult the to compared be probably can It embroiderers). and weavers spinners, (especially women of patron the as considered is she tradition Serbian in Th Church. Orthodox Eastern widely a (Petka), Parascheva St. of Day the on released be of authors article how interesting is It there. stop don’t however the to surrendering by herself sacrificed she humanity, save to Romans the to surrendering by himself sacrificed he While sacrifice. hisand Jesus with compared is Plavsic examples; these in evident quite is discourse Christian again “born is she now and dignity” with cross She her years”.“carried eight past during Golgotha “through went she that for and misdeed” single a order didn’t she although war, past the of happenings tragic the for responsibility of share her hi up head her with and bravely who statesman moral highly “a is She discourse. ask her afterthat” any ( question s her for paid and atoned that being human a prison, leavesthe she moment the being human free a is “Plavsic that claimed BiH, of Court Constitutional accomplished”( be to is “justice stated: who Bosnia in Representative High former a and diplomat

http://www.spc.rs/sr/sveta_petka This is followed by powerful and even poetic adjectives related to Plavsic in the in Plavsic to related adjectives poetic even and powerful by followed is This

The legend says that when Parascheva was 10 years old, she heard in a church church a in heard she old, years 10 was Parascheva when that says legend The GS

1 Spebr 2009:2 September 15 ,

e cult of Parascheva is spread through the Balkan Peninsula and and Peninsula Balkan the through spread is Parascheva of cult e

GS , 27October 2009:3). 36

The reference to her in relation to Plavsic’s releas Plavsic’s to relation in her to reference The

CY o ae e pol. hita references Christian people. her save to ICTY 31

- ) Ksa Smc te rm Jde f the of Judge Prime the Simic, Krstan 3).

ins, and no one has any right to right any has one no and ins, ( ” - honored female saint of the the of saint female honored GS GS,

noted that Plavsic would Plavsic that noted

5 etme 2009:4). September 15

justice and it has it and justice gh admitted gh GS e

CEU eTD Collection occupation the Ottoman under Balkans 37 only Serbian forbut people the everyone: n did Plavsic however, Filipovic, to According 2009:4). September (15 truth” the for oneself sacrificing worthwhile is it end, the in that, showed “[S]he chivalry: and highest GS Biljanagets Plavsic Parascheva. compared withSt. t Christ Jesus of entry triumphal the the to Uprising Serbian killed Second the who or dragon, George St. to compared were hajduks as So, calendar. Orthodox Eastern asp Gender exception. an not is Parascheva St. of day the on release Plavsic’s and nationalism, and history Serbian in importance big have days saint’s see, can we As 1815. (Cveti) Sunday the against Uprising Serbian First star Empire Ottoman the 1804, In rule. Turkish against actions their start hajduks insurgent the when day the as known is (Djurdjevdan) the at (even Milosevic 1989 in Slobodan field of Gazimestan speech anthological the to I War World started that 1914 in Ferdinand Franz Archduke of assassination the from events, historical important numerous source a and Serbs ethnic to importance special of day a considered is Vidovdan 1389. in Kosovo of Battle legendary the and (Vidovdan) Day St.Vitus with starting days, saint’s certain to related been have dates important many

Hajduk is a term most commonly referring to ro to referring most commonly termis a Hajduk understand it, because they are blinded and poisoned with hate that feeds their their feeds that hate with poisoned and blinded are they because it, understand not they can that is thing The derogatorynames. most the her give who those for [E]ven . So, Miroslav Filipovic in his editorial “Biljana Plavsic” claims that Plavsic defended the defended Plavsic that claims Plavsic” “Biljana editorial his in Filipovic Miroslav So, . ect is here also evident, as Plavsic was released on the day of a female saint, rare in the the in rare saint, female a of day the on released was Plavsic as evident, also here is ect

The celebration of Plavsic’s sacrifice reached the greatest heights in the editorials of editorials the in heights greatest the reached sacrifice Plavsic’s of celebration The S in that analysis of stage this at mentioning worth is It moral values moral ted on St. Tryphon Day (Trivundan), while the Second started on Palm Palm on started Second the while (Trivundan), Day Tryphon St. on ted –

justice and truth, and that she endured the years in prison with dignity with prison in years the endured she that and truth, and justice

his arrest in 2001 happened on this day). St. George Day Day George St. day). this on happened 2001 in arrest his manticized hero figures of outlaws or freedom fighters in fighters the freedom or outlaws figures hero of manticized

32

of patriotism as it continued to be a date for date a be to continued it as patriotism of

erbian history and nationalism and history erbian 37

would gather every year to year every gather would ot sacrifice herself herself sacrifice ot o Jerusalem, o CEU eTD Collection biolog risks “ struggles liberation leader. war nation, the history. orde in virtues knightly gets she other, the onParascheva, but St. comparedto is she side, one from therefore mixed: is martyrdomher of aspect gender The men. for reserved role heroic standardized the disrupts woman a as Plavsic v something but patriotic something only not is nation the for battle “the Colovic, to According figure. female a on wars, Yugoslav the during it noted Colovic as obv masculinity to attached usually virtues two chivalry, and bravery to also but Jesus, of that to martyrdom her relates and background Christian on relies which ( country” non and hate pathological the above high herself raised “[S]he sentence: following the in seen also be can comparison This region. the and Plavsic’s mass, enraged unders not is the Filipovic, to according sacrifice, and soldiers Roman the by understood not was martyrdom Christ’s As 23:34). (Luke, do” they what not know they for them, forgive “Father words: come see, can one as Christ, Jesus to comparison The to be in a supportive and nurturing relation to men even when they have taken the most most the taken have they when even men to relation nurturing and supportive a in be to Onlywisest can (Ibid.). doit thebravest andthe everything. for everyone of blame and herself for responsibility the took who Plavsic, spirit. destructive ious is the application of the traditional portrayal of a martyr related only to masculinity, masculinity, to only related martyr a of portrayal traditional the of application the is ious ”

ical reproducers, yet they can be treated differently in different nationalisms, based on based nationalisms, different in differently treated be can they yet reproducers, ical 18:0. utmr ad eiiu nrs sal cntut oe a primarily as women construct usually norms religious and Customary (1989:10). This is expected as Plavsic is a woman a is Plavsic as expected is This

GS , 15 September 15 ,

varies, but generally they are seen by the hegemonic patriarchal structures structures patriarchal hegemonic the by seen are they generally but varies, […] They just cannot realize the essence of sacrifice of Biljana Biljana of sacrifice of essence the realize cannot just They […]

codn t Atis n Yuval and Anthias to According

2009:4). This editorial gives one way of praising Biljana Plavsic Biljana praising of way one gives editorial This 2009:4). r to be equal with all the heroic men from Serbian Serbian from men heroic the all with equal be to r 33 tood and properly valued by everyone in Bosnia Bosnia in everyone by properlyvalued and tood performing

- tolerance that are ruining this unfortunate unfortunate this ruining are that tolerance

u aan epcal t hs famous his to especially again, up s

- a “male” role: politician, leader of leader politician, role: “male” a ai, oe’ rl i national in role women’s Davis,

(Nagel, 1998:245). What is What 1998:245). (Nagel, ery masculine”(2002:48). masculine”(2002:48). ery CEU eTD Collection sh martyr, a on Although agency. more female much Plavsic’s is emphasis the editorial this in Yet, (Ibid.). people” their for martyrs the all God’s by observed been have you that sign a is “it unavoidable: refere Christian The well. as people her of soul the but soul her only ( hell” of ( martyr” “female a as her addresses Zugic (Ibid.). Plavsic” Biljana called is justice of feeling pronoun formal person l personal a of style the in written is editorial whole The 2009:4). October (28 less nevertheless poetic maybe but religious, sacrifice; her admiring of way different bit a invites Zugic Nedeljko release, only representingPlavsicinthe media way after therelease. of editorial notthe Filipovic’s was the prison. release from afterher current time the 1990sto Serbi in agent an is who woman a of example an is Plavsic Biljana victims. and symbols as only not and nationalism in visible something’ to ‘up or dangerous as seen to order in women movements and culture discourse, women that agrees Nagel although Nagel Joane nationalism. jus rule, the proves to that exception the as this relation describes in women of constructions traditional with faced not is she woman, a although and man a not is she role, male usually a in Although editorial. t in virtues addressed of combination the on draws position political high her that see we example Plavsic’s From potentialities. and capacities their of presumptions m učenica In another another In žrtvenica istorije pakla istorije žrtvenica ), “the altar of all our flaws” ( flaws” our all of altar “the ), GS help te, hr Zgc s drsig lvi href bt ih h second the with but herself, Plavsic addressing is Zugic where etter,

dtra, A Let “A editorial, Vi

rla ainls str nationalist lead or . He welcomes her to “a better life” and states how “the people’s people’s “the how states and life” better “a to her welcomes He . an nationalism from the time of her political engagement in engagement political her of time the from nationalism an ) and “empress” ( “empress” and ) , she claims that women can exploit patriarchal views of of views patriarchal exploit can women that claims she , sal ivle on involve usually ” žrtvenik svih nasih mana nasih svih žrtvenik ter to Biljana”, published on the day of Plavsic’s Plavsic’s of day the on published Biljana”, to ter

(1998:253). Women are therefore more and more more and more therefore are Women (1998:253). 34 uggles, because uggles,

e is also an empress, the true leader of her her of leader true the empress, an also is e carica t as Margaret Thatcher did. However, However, did. Thatcher Margaret as t ). According to him, she saved not saved she him, to According ).

symbolic a

“ women are less likely to be be to likely less are women ), “the victim of the history history the of victim “the ), - seeing eye, as well as all all as well as eye, seeing nce, however, was again again was however, nce, he above mentioned above he level

n nationalist in CEU eTD Collection attacks. enemy illness and hunger, from casualties Serbian withdisastrouos markedwas Albania across retreat The 1918. in Serbia liberated eventually inAlbania 191 across retreated officials, 38 that promoted national pluralityofand thebrotherhood unity: under slogans ca martyrdom Serbian of continuation the situation, Therefore, conditions. political incumbent and periods the historical different with bridge a linked like connecting always was (1389) Kosovo of Battle the of myth glo achievesufferingthe to for and up make to level popular the at and level official the at both enough, horrible not were ones real the as inflated in Albania inflatingdead camp: theextermination inthe“Thefigureswere numbersJasenovac quickly of across retreat military Serbian the glorifying as such history, as anessencefemininity, of continuously ethnicity and history. tragic Serb self and devotion love, of attributes the through nation the “embodying calls Zarkov what is here see can we what Nevertheless, role. male traditionally a performing though woman, a as it deserve would she and I, Petar King to Dušan Czar from leaders, historical great the alongside place a her give can That choice. her in tenacity and decisiveness her all, above but, connotation religious the just not h puts what case, this In deed. glorious her of because meekness and admiration of sense a gives way formal a in her addressing Plus, nation. entire the of instead blame the take to decided who people, tormented

Instead of surrendering to Austro to ofsurrendering Instead mythology. Like the contemporaries of the batt the of contemporaries the Like mythology. anti successful seven Germans’ The them. accompanied that heroism the on dwelling by recognition myth The Communists had been good at enlisting in the service of their cause all the the all cause their of service the in enlisting at good been had Communists The myth of examples other found Pavlowitch K. Stevan - making propensities of Serbian his Serbian of propensities making - nugn die wr tre it te ee ofnie o partisan of offensives seven the into turned were drives insurgent er in “the Pantheon of the Serb national heroes” (Čolović, 2002:59) is 2002:59) (Čolović, heroes” national Serb the of Pantheon “the in er

-

Hungarian forces, Serbian military along with king Petar I and other political political other and I kingwithPetar military along Serbian forces, Hungarian

5 to reach Greece where they recuperated , returned to the warthe to and returned , whererecuperated they Greece reach to 5 - sacrifice” (2007:211). Plavsic’s mar Plavsic’s (2007:211). sacrifice” n, interestingly, also be seen in the Socialist Yugoslavia Socialist the in seen be also interestingly, n, tory. They had transformed defeats beyond all beyond defeats transformed had They tory. 35

le of Kosovo in 1389, those who had to to had who those 1389, in Kosovo of le ry in greater martyrdom” (2002:154). The(2002:154). martyrdom” greater ryin - making of martyrdom in Serbian in martyrdom of making tyrdom is represented is tyrdom

h WWI the 38

or

CEU eTD Collection for research, further especially and ofpolitics sport. inthe fields topic interesting an be would forms gender of use discourse mainstream the in shifts the on vi masculine traditionally getsvarious woman, a Plavsic, characteristics. interestingofanexchange witness we and shape female given also therefore are roles male Her woman. a as heroes Serbian of has, She heroes. national on discourse traditional the in Plavsic draws titles these Feminizing unintentionally. used not definitely forms: masculine used commonly the of instead etc. form: female had her to given title Every noticed. is shift fo masculine only uses often language Serbian of discourse mainstream The analysis. this in significant the to tied therefore is release her religious ho of importance The war. the during as wall every on posters on or everyday news on not is Plavsic peace, of period a is it Since release. Plavsic’s si of increase the of explanation another us gives it mythology, national the in days saints’ various of importance mentioned events historical of anniversaries and peacetime these in frequent, more and intensive more gets this period the war in in While heroes. of space popularization and time of kinds two of speaks Colovic time. war or peace during whether constant a is heroes national of popularization the see, can we As moralea and brave155). face the turn (Ibid, future towards restore to order in defeats their embellish to how knew 1940s earlythe in under knuckle When referring to Plavsic, the grammatical gender that is used could be very very be could used is that gender grammatical the Plavsic, to referring When lidays and to the higher moralthePantheonlidays andheroes. i.e. of to national order, rtues, and traditionally male roles get female traits. The influence of such events events such of influence The traits. female get roles male traditionally and rtues, rms for professional titles even when women are concerned and in this case a case this in and concerned are women when even titles professional for rms “ moments of public evocations are a ofpublic moments gnificance of the St. Parasheva’s Day as the day of Biljana of day the as Day Parasheva’s St. the of gnificance

even linguistically, being accepted in the high society high the in accepted being linguistically, even ”

20:1. f e ae no osdrto already consideration into take we If (2002:61). 36

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I is It . , CEU eTD Collection to was ICTY the of aim official the reason, same the For etc.). Ireland, Northern Rwanda, Yugoslavia, in (conflicts one closer a to or Spain) France, UK, e.g. colonialism, of history the of cases grou national within and between both divided group another harmed that actions immoral for responsible is them of one that accept they when a as guilt collective defined Doosje and Branscombe guilt. individual and collective of notion the and ICTY the towards relation the evoking the is generals,virtuesaccording ofpoliticians and toP masculine expected than results better achieves nationalism, of structures the of hegemony ther are editorial, Zugic’s masculinity.Femalein patriarchal although suppressed agency, violent womanhood instead of in defined as skills, leadership True true, be actions. own their to for responsibility taking of not capable not were they proved as Plavsic, to according men military with associated virtues The the enough. masculine took be woman, a as Plavsic, pro crimes war of example: accused also were who men this while blame, the and responsibility in clear quite is reference gender The herself people: of and her because of because night, one even for that do to able be not would she that and long so for hiding was Mladic how about talked She war. the during misdeeds the for responsibility take to him war Serb Bosnian of arrest the upon 2011, in state: the guilty one is me, only me and no o no and me only me, is one guilty the state: That ”

Another important aspect of this interview, and of the entire discourse for that matter, that for discourse entire the of and interview, this of aspect important Another I h Plavsic

(2004:3). Opinions concerning the value of the feeling of collective guilt is highly highly is guilt collective of feeling the of value the concerning Opinions (2004:3). is what

was expecting from from expecting was try I erself made a gendered statement in an interview for for interview an in statement gendered a made erself

expected of only i only ndividuals in order to avoid the issues of collective guilt among the among guilt collective of issues the avoid to order in ndividuals them these men, heroes men, these

( NN , 29 Jun 2011). , 29Jun 37 - time general Ratko Mladic, where she invited invited she where Mladic, Ratko general time ps as it can refer to a more distant past (in the (in past distant more a to refer can it as ps , to say ‘Let’s go there, to the Hague, and and Hague, the to there, go ‘Let’s say to ,

lavsic. ne else, especially not the Serb people.’ Serb the not especially else, ne “ distress

that group members experience members group that Nezavisne novine Nezavisne fr ascae with associated efore ved not to not ved

( NN )

CEU eTD Collection (pg background historical and theon political 39 of page front The Belgrade. in back her welcomed who people and Plavsic by displayed yetin Sarajevo),one for ofthem guilt acceptedthewarcrimes. neither Oric Naser Muslim Bosnian or Belgrade in Radic and Sljivancanin generals Serbian of cases indictees released the of welcoming certainperiod. a for led and represented she people the for sacrifice her offigure,because heroic a as release after home back welcomed was and crimes war for guilt admitted that leader most political only the probably is Plavsic Biljana since analysis my for important also is finding this Nevertheless, people for ask would however, ICTY, the towards relation in changes The BiH). and Croatia Serbia, in depicted (often prosecution the and accused the trials, ICTY aimportant thisresearch findingwhich change could of show guilt collective and representatives people’s between relation the of understanding gu admitted she people; authors such as Selimovic Bosnia in people the with relationship constructive Serbs. were ICTY the of indictees the of majority the since Serbs, of case the in noted especially was That groups. ethnic entire the to trials the as compatriots numerous their by understood were Oric Naser or Gotovina Ante opposite completely cases most in was countries these ofpublic the in sentences and trials of interpretation the However, countries. formerYugoslav

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(2010:52).

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. 4 of ICTY as heroic figures is quite common (as in the the in (as common quite is figures heroic as ICTY of This )

reflects the failure of th of failure the reflects 38

ed her release were showing great emotion emotion great showing were release her ed , which was already claimed by some some by claimed already was which , 39 . The trials to Slobodan Milosevic, Milosevic, Slobodan to trials The . ely for former Yugoslav countries) Yugoslav former for ely as in standardized on discourse in highly negative by the media media the by negative highly e ICTY in establishing a a establishing in ICTY e

Y n Bosnian and TY This different This

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CEU eTD Collection (1998 Herzegovina and ofBosnia Presidency memberof the Serb 41 (2001 RepublikaSrpska of Minister formerPrime 40 Radisic Zivko Ivanic Mladen Dr SDS. the in those than Serbs better us round have we that areconvinced “We BiH: generalin elections 1996 the beforeand the of end the after just i.e. 1996, from statement his mind in having hero, national a as Imagecove 1:The andquite small fragile comparison. in seems that ladyold frail a of caretaker a as appears He belongs. she where people, her to back savior Plavsic’s as almost here shown is who Dodik PM of role the is aspect imp Another well. as RS of people the by but elites, political or Plavsic by felt only not is that release her after relief and joy is images these of message general The city. the of s Plavsic of image an greeting articlehad the Luka, Banja to andvisit her of day the On welcomeher. to there was who everyone journalists by surrounded 2), (image family her with hugs strong in Plavsic P with hands holding Plavsic smiling a ( FREE” is Plavsic “Biljana entitled 2009 October 27 on

Živko Radišić (1937) is a retired Bosnian Serb politician, former leader ofthe Socialist leader former politician, BosnianSerb retired is a (1937) ŽivkoRadišić a and (PDP) Progress Democratic ofthe Partyof leader the politician, BosnianSerb is a Ivanić (1958) Mladen It is, however, quite interesting to note that Dodik welcomes and greetsBiljana welcomesand Plavsic Dodik that interestingIt however,tonote quite is, 41

is a better Serb than Biljana Plavsic” (Colovic, 2002:19 (Colovic, Plavsic” Biljana than Serb better a is r of Glas Srpske, inGS,28.10.2009 28.10.2009Image2:From Glas thearticle r of ending kisses and visiting the Church of Christ the Savior in the centre the in Savior the Christ of Church the visiting and kisses ending

M Dodik (image 1). The pictures in the article show show article the in pictures The 1). (image Dodik M - 2003). 39

40

is a better Serb than Momcilo Krajisnik… Momcilo than Serb better a is - 2002) Biljana Plavsic SLOBODNA Plavsic Biljana

8). Although she and she Although 8).

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’s The special bond between Plavsic and Bosnian Serbs, depicted by Plavsic herself Plavsic by depicted Serbs, Bosnian and Plavsic between bond special The survey among the citizens of RS about her release. The title of this section in GS is GS in section this of title The release. her about RS of citizens the among survey

(b release. They consider her not to be guilty in the first place, but brave enough to to enough brave but place, first the in guilty be to not her consider They release. ravery). The discourse of her worki her of discourse The ravery).

“rsa pas) wih hud ie s n da ht th that idea an us give should which Speaks”), (“Srpska

the GS dignity of herdignity people of , 28 October, 28 2009:2).

(in the masculine form: form: masculine the (in

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ng with the people and for the people is also also is people the for and people the with ng

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and religious devotion aving the prison, such as taking a walk or going to church. All of this is is this of All church. to going or walk a taking as such prison, the aving ’s article it is also mentioned how she would be able to perform her favorite her perform to able be would she how mentioned also is it article ’s hing isthatshefeelsgood ( hat Plavsic is a much better cook than she is: “I will not torment her torment not will “I is: she than cook better much a is Plavsic hat oin pa a iprat oe n eot o Pascs release. Plavsic’s of reports in role important an play motions Nezavisne novine Nezavisne certain c certain

and evoking emotions. big ities 41

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CEU eTD Collection 42 and autobiography her after people, her with connection strong her on emphasis another was This years:relieffree after that person sheisa seven there. back came R the Luka,to Banjato come to was turn the supporters, that tomention not sexual, sheisolder, past females. ofproperly theage sexualized male a without living now woman divorced a As discourses. nation the and relatives family, her by loved woman, true the as consider they what genitalia female involving terms inappropriate other some with wolf “the her called war the after and during Sarajevo, from writer a Vesovic, Marko disorder. Plavsi hormonal that a of 1993 evidence was in mongering stated Milosevic, Slobodan of wife the Markovic, Mirjana opponents. political her by femininity her on attacks many to response a also is This politics. traditiona woman a person, woman

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’ war c’s eedom eedom f RS RS f - CEU eTD Collection president). form female a predsjednica in her called interviewer The 1992. in Srpska Republika of proclamation side, somethingbeen thathas by negated her before. opponents with is accordance grave mother’s in the to therefore visit her are and Orthodoxy; acts whose woman, religious very a as represented is here:Plavsic obvious quite is nationalism genderand religion, of triangle grave.The mother’s (I candles” the lit and prayed she “where Luka, Banja in Savior the Christ of Cathedral the to she visit Plavsic’s of where readership the return informs article same and The belongs. prison the of out come torment, her in persist to strength her gave Image the RTRS,12 Plavsic’s 3:Snapshotinterview ofBiljana for Biljana Plavsic gave an interview to interview an gave Plavsic Biljana The interview was hold in her apartment in Belgrade and Belgrade in apartment her in hold was interview The

n te rte tte a rfrig o e as her to referring was title written the and RTRS 43

in January 2010, on the ann the on 2010, January in supposed to show her human and family and human her show to supposed

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January 2010 iversary of the the of iversary

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CEU eTD Collection 44 very and religious. nation Serbian about patriotic very iswho someone to refers 43 Januarycontinued The 2010).about in shefeeling She Hague the time andguilt: spent the of k she if that as herself considered she although nationality, before people of level moral appreciate always would she claimed She people. the he to happen could what about thinking biology). of professor (university accomplishments professional and religiousness her of reminding the with warm and friendly peace. inner her of impression the give gaze and postures her as saints, Christian with compared icons religious and books were background the

Referring to the Referringto withconfused be to Not would never of it( people let tormented suffer because my per religious a As do. we like just God, is there in Someone mosque? the down burn someone can How faith. our on back their turned God, abandoned us of some now, And chivalrous. wen We tradition. their of part not is that something do would Serbs why understand not could I hard. was It Plavsic: youInterviewer:great believer, Being a how face did acknowledgments? these Plavsic: Yes. Interviewer: You thatt realized Serbstruth. Thewere truthwas alsocrimes. that doing party the by lead all was It … signatures many saw documents, firs t that I was not responsible for war crimes. Later, however, I read many papers and and papers many read I however, Later, crimes. war for responsible not was I that t The tone of the interviewer was notably calm. T calm. notably was interviewer the of tone The We didn’t pass the moral exam during the war. I was telling the truth when I said at at Isaid when truth the telling wasI war. the during exam moral the pass didn’t We e wa SS edrhp a dig se ol nvr ond them joined never would she doing, was leadership SDS what new SDS.

Velika Srbija Velika

(Greater Serbia); Serbia); (Greater herethat we issomethingbe should ashamedof? uigteitriw lvi lie ta h a never was she that claimed Plavsic interview, the During t through so many wars and remained honorable and and honorable remained and wars many so through t velika Srpkinja velika r, but only about “the things that matter”, referring to to referring matter”, that things “the about only but r, son, my obligation was to tell the truth. And I And truth. the tell to was obligation my son, 44 velikaSrpkinja

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CEU eTD Collection distinguishesand affirmativetransformative action: self Plavsic’s w see to important it find I Ireland, history president former ofthe for Republika the Srpska. understandings produced patriarchal traditional and gender her of intersection The Although continu of notion the gives This earlier. years two started that pattern same the continuing president), in n she said she Serbia” Greater “some create to not and survive to 1992 in people Serb Bosnian of desire the about e.g. autobiography, pr culturebeingin Serbianreclaimingexample forreligiousas national and anSerbs; herself the lossofreligious Serbs, inthatway in demonstrating tradition Orthodoxy theimportance of diffe is tradition whose people the for sacrifice her of story the reviving was Plavsic interview, the of part this in seen As epared higherfor tosacrificecause. the In remedies aimed at correcting inequitable outcomes precisely by restructuring the the restructuring by underlyi precisely outcomes inequitable mean correcting I at contrast, aimed in remedies remedies, transformative underlying By the them. generates disturbing that without framework arrangements social of outcomes inequitable GS s articles, ’s the y fimtv rmde fr nutc I en eeis ie a c at aimed remedies mean I injustice for remedies affirmative By decision on article Mulholland’s Marie on Based ity

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ee lo eern t Pasc as Plavsic to referring also were NN e n ijn Pasc n h mda rm h Rpbia Srpska. Republika the from media the in Plavsic Biljana on se

in 2011, Plavsic repeated many things she claimed in her her in claimed she things many repeated Plavsic 2011, in rent from what happened during the war. She understands it as as it understands She war. the during happened what from rent Mulholland a kn o cneune te icus o Biljana on discourse the consequences of kind hat

ever heard of ( of heard ever 45

, 2001:176).

NN - aig n gne i Northern in gender and making predsjednica

, 29 December 2011). Just like Just 2011). December 29 , GS a , the discourse is discourse the , special place in Serbian in place special

fmnn fr of form (feminine of nationalists nationalists of orrecting

similar. similar. CEU eTD Collection there the changes ispoliticalneed for discourse. inthemainstream as long as nationalism within possible is femininity of construction different the that proves s less far was discourse the and saint; female aParasheva, St. of day the to related was release her changed; was forms masculine of seem. may they small how mind never nationalism, Serb in constructions female the in changes some bring not did Plavsic on discourse the that said be cannot it Yet male. predominantly Serbia the of figures heroic of patterns usual the in fits she discourse, configuration. usual the disturb to not way a as roles ‘male’ these into placed troubled nati politician a place e she discourse the since high side, other the on is, role Plavsic’s of importance The nationalism. Serbian of framework underlying the disturb not does study case this aspects, new certain bringing Though discourse. media the in gender,standardizedand of religion relations characteristics of the The cooking). (family, nationalism in role female the of reinforcing silent the and Plavsic to virtues masculine usually giving by followed is this However, role. masculine traditionally a in woman a of acceptance the and gender grammatical of use the this in in change the analysis: noticed been have framework this in changes Certain mainstream. nationalist the Pla and event this on discourse media the that say to hard is It nationalism? and gender between relation the in action transformative have BiljanaPlavsic on discourse the can question: the to bringsus This her femininity and ethnicity was emphasized in order to make links with the tradition; tradition; the with links make to order in emphasized was ethnicity and femininity her She has been treated differently in respect to her f her to respect in differently treated been has She A particular female form of martyrdom was not supposed to be created as Plavsic was Plavsic as created be to supposed not was martyrdom of form female particular A different idea of female role female of idea different who on. takes the traditional male role and sacrifices herself for the greater cause of her of cause greater the for herself sacrifices and role male traditional the takes

vsic’s self vsic’s - portrayal can lead to lead can portrayal exualized than the ones used before by her opponents. her by before used ones the than exualized s

in the intersection of nationalism and religion: a woman woman a religion: and nationalism of intersection the in cuae wt te uoigahcl ok set book autobiographical the with ncouraged 46

a restructuring of the hierarchical norms in norms hierarchical the of restructuring emininity: the mainstream discourse discourse mainstream the emininity:

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This This in in CEU eTD Collection in herself created she image the with accordance in was release her upon discourse media The criminal. war and politician woman, a Plavsic, Biljana of image new give to used been woman whosacrificed love for suffering herselfofboundless inthe her people. name publishing an autobiographic period following the of President the by hero national a as welcomed was she Sweden, media supporting and in Croats and to m of (1992 entity,I where theRepublika Srpska, am comingfrom. its and Herzegovina, and Bosnia country, the of situation political Srpska. Republika Novine Nezavisne Srpska, Republika the in dailies important most two the of editions in interviews short two and articles nine of analysis the of consisted work My nationalism. w the from and interviews and reports media of analysis discourse critical the from derived claim can politics 4. a Conclusion pro y thesis y - orks of various mentioned authors related to the topics of gender, religion and and religion gender, of topics the to related authors mentioned various of orks 1995) The res The Plavšić, Biljana I - m tei, I thesis, my n Western stance during her presidency, adm presidency, her during stance Western

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ICTY, and ICTY, (NN)

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other war other I consider this study to be contributi be to study this consider I gend The Therefore, Plavsic, as a woman who stood up against Karadzic in 1997 and and 1997 in Karadzic against up stood who woman a as Plavsic, Therefore, Svedo - er perspective of this analysis this of perspective er time heroes, such as Ratko Mladic, are compromised with war crimes they crimes war with compromised are Mladic, Ratko as such heroes, time - conditions set by patriarchal structures of nationalism and acquires space to space acquires and nationalism of structures patriarchal by set conditions

n ht a se ie te eiiay o h cmrmsd war compromised the to legitimacy the gives she way that In č im , and continued in the interviews she gave in the following two years. two following the gavein she interviews the in continued and , l and political struggles. Being someone that embodies the nation, the embodies that someone Being struggles. political and l

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CEU eTD Collection University 2002. Press, Vjekoslav, Perica, Pavlowitch, Stevan K., Ethnic andRacial Studies 21(2), Nations, of Making the in Sexuality and Gender Nationalism: and Masculinity Joane, Nagel, 2002. Violence Political and (edsConflict Armed Gender, Actors? or Perpetrators Clark C. Fiona and Moser O.N. Caroline In Ireland. Northern Decision in making and Discrimination Women, Inequality: to Challenge The Marie, Mulholland, Journal Statebuilding ofIntervention and do Reconciliation Hayden, Gotto M.,What’s Robert suicide bombers/martyrs, women Palestinian 2002 the by/of deployments political and Discursive S., Frances Hasso, Self Theolog Psychology, The Martyrdom: Owens, Coilin and M. Rona Fields, Pragmatics 9 N Fairclough, Ivan, Čolović, 2001. Approaches, Four Nationalism: and Religion Rogers, Brubaker, Collective Guilt Doosje Bertjan and R. Nyla Branscombe, Anthias, FloyaYuvalNira and ImaginedBenedict,London:Anderson, Verso, Communities. 1983. 5. Bibliography - Sacrifice. Publishing Group, Greenwood 2004

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s, - , , CEU eTD Collection Filipovi Do archive.com/[email protected]/msg10517.html Kosta, Čavoški, jav Kosta, Čavoški, Plavšić Biljana uposjeti Luci Banjoj PlavšićBiljana SLOBODNA PlavšićBiljana danasnaslobodi MATERIAL: Yugoslavia Ž Ruth, Wodak, Palgrave 1999. Macmillan, Justin, Watson, 2008) Tomo, Vuksic, 1 &Ch. 6,2000. Snyder the 57 Anthropology Historical to responses Local Yugoslavia, victims: former the for Tribunal Criminal International and Perpetrators Mannergren, Johanna Selimovic, Feminist Politics Journalof 1(1) Heterosexism as Nationalism Identities: Political Sexing Spike, V. Peterson, arkov, Dubravka, Dubravka, arkov, bro došla, Predsjednicebro došla, nosti.rs/arhiva/2002/12/23/srpski/T02122203.shtml , http://tripalo.hr/knjige/hrvati_u_bih/vuksic.pdf , ć Jack, Jack, , Miroslav . Durham, Duke2007. NC: University Press, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict Nationalist and Democratization Violence: to Voting From

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- up of of up onal - - - , CEU eTD Collection Sveta Petka =158&lang=rsyu http://www.predsjednikrs.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110&Itemid Stanovni http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=329572 Stefanović,Lj., Nenad 15 Sabljakovi assessed on25May 2012. Plavsic Biljana krivice: Priznanje bezPriznanje 1993:36 Nebojša, Popov, Plavšićeva život neće upolitički Plavšić:preuzme Mladić treba dakrivicu N Nekad bilo Nekad bilo biljane 2005, April 30 IWPR, Plavsic, Biljane izjavu na reakcije Bosanske regiona: iz Izvjestaj Amra, Kebo, http://www.nin.co.rs/2002 Dragan, Jovanović, Srpske” saporodicom“Glas Plavšić ikada nisamč th

March - plavsic - š 37 tvo ć, , RTRS, 19 , RTRS, January 2010, 12 , RTRS, January 2010,

2012, , Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva, 26October, Srpska 2008, Pravoslavna Zain itre peetcj Pesenk Rpbie Srpske, Republike Predsjednika prezentacija internet Zvanicna , D odgovornosti

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