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Etude Des Interactions Entre L'entomofaune Et Un Cadavre

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Etude Des Interactions Entre L'entomofaune Et Un Cadavre COMMUNAUTE FRANCAISE DE BELGIQUE ACADEMIE UNIVERSITAIRE WALLONIE-EUROPE UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE – GEMBLOUX AGRO-BIO TECH Etude des interactions entre l’entomofaune et un cadavre: approches biologique, comportementale et chémo-écologique du coléoptère nécrophage, Thanatophilus sinuatus Fabricius (Col., Silphidae) Jessica DEKEIRSSCHIETER Essai présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique Promoteurs: Prof. Eric Haubruge Prof. Georges Lognay 2012 -2- -3- Copyright. Aux termes de la loi belge du 30 juin 1994, sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins, seul l'auteur a le droit de reproduire partiellement ou complètement cet ouvrage de quelque façon et forme que ce soit ou d'en autoriser la reproduction partielle ou complète de quelque manière et sous quelque forme que ce soit. Toute photocopie ou reproduction sous autre forme est donc faite en violation de la dite loi et de des modifications ultérieures -4- Dekeirsschieter Jessica (2012). Etude des interactions entre l’entomofaune et un cadavre: approches biologique, comportementale et chémo-écologique du coléoptère nécrophage, Thanatophilus sinuatus Fabricius (Col., Silphidae) (thèse de doctorat). Gembloux, Belgique, Université de Liege, Gembloux Agro- Bio Tech, 277 p., 28 tabl., 47 fig. Résumé – La décomposition d’un corps entraîne des changements physiques et biochimiques importants, le cadavre va émettre des odeurs attractives pour certaines espèces et d’autres moins attractives. Au sein des écosystèmes terrestres tempérés, les insectes sont généralement les principaux organismes qui colonisent un corps selon une séquence plus ou moins prédictive. Ces insectes nécrophages et/ou nécrophiles, principalement des Diptères et des Coléoptères, utilisent le micro- habitat créé par le cadavre comme un substrat nourricier, un site de reproduction, un refuge ou encore comme un territoire de chasse. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de mieux connaitre l’écosystème cadavre et plus précisément les interactions cadavre-entomofaune sous l’angle novateur de l’écologie chimique. Cette approche pluridisciplinaire combine des études biologiques, électrophysiologiques (EAG), comportementales (olfactométrie) ainsi que des analyses de composés volatils par diverses méthodes analytiques ((TDS)-GC-MS, GCxGC-TOF-MS). Le cochon domestique, substitut couramment utilisé pour modéliser la décomposition humaine, a servi de modèle animal pour les études faunistiques de suivis postmortem et les études visant à caractériser la signature olfactive d’un cadavre au cours du processus de décomposition. L’«odeur de la mort» est constituée par un mélange de centaines de composés organiques volatils cadavériques (COVs) dont le profil qualitatif et quantitatif évoluent au cours du processus de décomposition. Les Coléoptères, acteurs importants de l’écosystème-cadavre, étaient jusqu’à présent délaissés par les entomologistes forensiques au profit des Diptères. Ce travail de recherche s’est intéressé à deux familles de Staphylinoidea: les Staphylinidae et les Silphidae. 62 espèces de Staphylinidae ont été recensées au sein de l’écosystème-cadavre. Une espèce de staphylin ressort nettement de ces études in situ: Creophilus maxillosus. Concernant les Silphidae, 9 espèces de Nicrophorinae et de Silphinae ont été recensées sur les carcasses de porc avec une nette prépondérance des Silphinae. Néanmoins, seul le taxon des Silphinae semble avoir un intérêt potentiel en entomologie forensique et plus particulièrement les Thanatophilus spp. et Necrodes littoralis. T. sinuatus a été choisi comme insecte modèle, son cycle de développement ainsi que celui de N. littoralis ont été étudiés en conditions contrôlées à deux températures constantes. Une approche chémo-écologique, combinant des études EAG et olfactométriques, a été réalisée sur T. sinuatus avec une sélection de molécules cadavériques. Ces essais ont mis en avant le rôle attractif du diméthyldisulfure (DMDS) sur T. sinuatus. Ce composé semble être un marqueur clé dans les processus de décomposition animale. Le p-crésol était quant à lui uniquement attractif pour les mâles de T. sinuatus. Ces découvertes améliorent notre compréhension de l’écosystème cadavre et plus particulièrement la communication chimique entre une espèce de Silphinae et un corps en décomposition. Cette recherche a également permis de mieux connaitre les populations de staphylins et de silphes que l’on retrouve au sein de l’écosystème cadavre. Dekeirsschieter Jessica (2012). Study of the interactions between the entomofauna and a decaying corpse: biological, behavioral and chemo-ecological approaches of the necrophagous Coleoptera, Thanatophilus sinuatus (Col., Silphidae) (PhD thesis). Gembloux, Belgium, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 277 p., 28 tabl., 47 fig. Abstract – The decay process of vertebrate mammals conducts to physical and biochemical changes. The corpse releases attractive odors for some species and other less attractive. In temperate terrestrial ecosystems, insects are the most specialized organisms in terms of exploitation of a “cadaver-ecosystems”. Carrion insects, comprising many Dipterans and Coleopterans, are attracted to the cadaver in a relative predictable sequence. These necrophagous and/ or necrophilous insects use the cadaver as a food source, a reproduction site, a refuge or a hunting site. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate the relationships that may exist between a decaying corpse and insects, using chemical ecology. This multidisciplinary approach was used which mixed biological, electrophysiological (EAG), behavioral (olfactometry) studies and chemical analyses with different analytical methods ((TDS)-GC-MS, GCxGC-TOF-MS). Domestic pig was used as animal model to conduct faunistic studies on pig carcasses and cadaveric volatile samples during the decay process. The “smell of death” is constituted by a blend of several hundred volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which change over time. Until now, Coleoptera were neglected by forensic entomologists. Indeed, many published reports are focused on Diptera pattern colonization and very few looked at beetle succession. This research work was focused on a part of the superfamily of Staphylinoidea: Staphylinidae and Silphidae. 62 species of Staphylinidae were identified in cadaver ecosystem. Creophilus maxillosus was the most abundant staphylinid species. Concerning Silphidae, 9 species of Nicrophorinae and Silphinae were identified on decaying pig carcasses. Silphinae specimens were more abundant than Nicrophorus spp. All carrion beetles do not have the same forensic interest; species of Silphinae seem to have a more important value as forensic bioindicators and more exactly Thanatophilus spp. and Necrodes littoralis. T. sinuatus was chosen as insect model; its life cycle and the developmental cycle of N. littoralis were studied under laboratory conditions at two constant temperatures. A chemo-ecological approach, combining EAG and behavioral studies, was used on T. sinuatus with selected cadaveric compounds. These bioassays highlighted the attractive role of dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) on T. sinuatus. DMDS seems to be a key component in vertebrate decaying process. P-cresol was only attractive for males of T. sinuatus. These findings enhance our understanding of the cadaver ecosystem and chemical communication between silphine toward a decaying corpse. It also improves our knowledge of the forensic community of rove beetles and carrion beetles. -5- -6- Remerciements Cette thèse de doctorat n’aurait jamais pu aboutir sans l’aide de nombreuses personnes du domaine scientifique et non scientifique. Toutes les personnes qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à ce travail sont chaleureusement remerciées mais, je tiens à remercier tout spécialement les personnes citées ci-après. Le professeur Eric Haubruge, promoteur de cette thèse, pour m’avoir offert l’opportunité de travailler sur un sujet qui me passionne au sein de son unité d’entomologie ainsi que pour sa confiance, ses avis et nombreux conseils sur la conduite de mes recherches au cours de cette thèse ainsi que l’opportunité de découvrir des pays magiques grâce aux congrès répartis aux quatre coins du globe. Le professeur Georges Lognay, co-promoteur de ce travail de recherche, pour son écoute, son suivi attentif et ses encouragements tout au long de cette thèse. Je remercie également toutes les personnes de son unité de chimie analytique et plus particulièrement le Dr Christelle Marlet. L’équipe du DVI de la Police Fédérale belge est vivement remerciée pour leur ouverture d’esprit, leur sympathie et leur envie continuelle de lancer de nouvelles disciplines en sciences forensiques. Je tiens à remercier plus particulièrement l’ex-commandant du DVI, le commissaire Joan De Winne ainsi que son successeur à la tête du DVI, la commissaire Tatiana Ivaneanu. Je remercie également les inspecteurs Ronny Olemans et Birgit Van DenHouwe. Bedankt! J’ai également rencontré Eline Schotsmans grâce au site de recherches du DVI, je tiens à la remercier pour sa gentillesse et le vif intérêt manifesté envers mes recherches. Hartelijk dank! Le professeur Jean-François Focant et son équipe «forensic», Catherine Brasseur et Pierre- Hugues Stefanuto pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité d’entre-apercevoir les nombreuses possibilités futures qu’offre la chromatographie bidimensionnelle dans le domaine des sciences forensiques. Merci pour cette collaboration riche et dynamique! Le Docteur Yves Brostaux pour son aide et ses
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