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A Historic Overview of Oriental Solmisation Systems Followed by an Inquiry Into the Current Use of Solmisation in Aural Training at South African Universities

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A Historic Overview of Oriental Solmisation Systems Followed by an Inquiry Into the Current Use of Solmisation in Aural Training at South African Universities A historic overview of oriental solmisation systems followed by an inquiry into the current use of solmisation in aural training at South African universities by Theunis Gabriël Louw (Student number: 13428330) Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Musicae at Stellenbosch University Department of Music Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Supervisor: Mr Theo Herbst Co-supervisor: Prof. Hans Roosenschoon Date: December 2010 DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: 1 November 2010 Copyright © 2010 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i ABSTRACT Title: A historic overview of oriental solmisation systems followed by an inquiry into the current use of solmisation in aural training at South African universities Description: The purpose of the present study is twofold: I. In the first instance, it is aimed at promoting a better acquaintance with and a deeper understanding of the generally less well-known solmisation systems that have emerged within the oriental music sphere. In this regard a general definition of solmisation is provided, followed by a historic overview of indigenous solmisation systems that have been developed in China, Korea, Japan, India, Indonesia and the Arab world, thereby also confirming the status of solmisation as a truly global phenomenon. II. The second objective of the study was to investigate the current use of solmisation, and the Tonic Sol-fa system in particular, in aural training at South African universities. In order to achieve this, an inquiry was conducted by means of a survey which consisted of (a) a survey questionnaire that was sent to designers/instructors/coordinators of aural training modules at relevant South African universities and (b) additional correspondence that was subsequently undertaken with some of these respondents. This was done with the aim of obtaining information regarding the following: (1) the extent to which solmisation is still being employed in this context; (2) which solmisation systems or alternative approaches to solmisation are being used; (3) what the respondents’ personal motivations are for employing or not employing solmisation; (4) what instruction material is being utilised in either regard; and (5) what the respondents’ personal views are regarding the use of solmisation in aural training. ii The outcome of the survey confirmed that solmisation, and the Tonic Sol-fa system in particular, is still actively being used in aural training at South African universities, while at the same time providing some insight into the general application thereof in this context. On the whole, the survey also affirmed the continued relevance of solmisation, and the Tonic Sol-fa system in particular, both in the broader South African context and specifically within the context of aural training at South African universities, showing that solmisation continues to be regarded as a valuable aid in the instruction of aural training by the majority of the designers/instructors/coordinators of aural training modules that participated in the survey. Keywords: solmisation, solmization; sight-singing; oriental solmisation systems – China, Korea, Japan, India, Indonesia, the Arab world; aural training, ear training; solmisation in aural training at South African universities; sight-singing in aural training at South African universities; Tonic Sol-fa, New Curwen Method iii OORSIG Titel: ’n Historiese oorsig oor oosterse solmisasiestelsels gevolg deur ’n ondersoek na die huidige gebruik van solmisasie in gehooropleiding aan Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite Beskrywing: Die doel van die onderhawige studie is tweeledig van aard: I. In die eerste plek is dit gemik op die bevordering van beter vertroudheid met en ’n grondiger begrip van die oor die algemeen minder bekende solmisasiestelsels wat binne die konteks van oosterse musiek na vore getree het. In hierdie verband word daar ’n algemene omskrywing van solmisasie voorsien, gevolg deur ’n historiese oorsig oor inheemse solmisasiestelsels wat ontwikkel is in China, Korea, Japan, Indië, Indonesië en die Arabiese wêreld, en word die status van solmisasie as ’n wesenlik wêreldwye verskynsel dan ook daardeur bevestig. II. Die tweede doelwit van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die huidige gebruik van solmisasie, en die Tonic Sol-fa stelsel in besonder, in gehooropleiding aan Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite. Om dit te bewerkstellig, is ’n ondersoek uitgevoer deur middel van ’n opname wat bestaan het uit (a) ’n opnamevraelys wat gestuur is aan opstellers/dosente/koördineerders van gehoorlopleidingsmodules aan relevante Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite en (b) bykomende korrespondensie wat daaropvolgend onderneem is met van hierdie respondente. Dit is gedoen met die doel om inligting te bekom rakende die volgende: (1) die mate waarin solmisasie nog binne hierdie konteks gebruik word; (2) watter solmisasiestelsels of alternatiewe benaderings vir solmisasie gebruik word; (3) wat die respondente se persoonlike motiverings is vir die gebruik van solmisasie al dan nie; (4) watter onderrigmateriaal daar in beide gevalle gebruik word; en (5) wat die respondente se persoonlike sieninge is ten opsigte van die gebruik van solmisasie in gehooropleiding. iv Die uitslag van die opname het bevestig dat solmisasie, en die Tonic Sol-fa stelsel in besonder, steeds aktief gebruik word in gehooropleiding aan Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite, en het terselfdertyd insig gebied in die algemene aanwending daarvan binne hierdie konteks. In sy geheel het die uitslag van die opname dan ook die voortgesette relevansie van solmisasie, en die Tonic Sol-fa stelsel in besonder, in die breër Suid-Afrikaanse konteks sowel as spesifiek binne die konteks van gehooropleiding aan Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite bevestig, en het dit aangetoon dat solmisasie steeds as ’n waardevolle hulpmiddel in die onderrig van gehooropleiding beskou word deur die meeste van die opstellers/dosente/koördineerders van gehoorlopleidingsmodules wat aan die opname deelgeneem het. Trefwoorde: solmisasie; bladsang; oosterse solmisasiestelsels – China, Korea, Japan, Indië, Indonesië, die Arabiese wêreld; gehooropleiding; solmisasie in gehooropleiding aan Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite; bladsang in gehooropleiding aan Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite; Tonic Sol-fa, New Curwen Method v RÉSUMÉ Titre: Une vue d’ensemble historique de la solmisation asiatique et orientale suivie d’une enquête sur l’usage actuel de la solmisation dans la formation auditive dans les universités sud-africaines Description: Le but de la présente étude est double: I. En premier lieu, elle tente de promouvoir une meilleure connaissance et une compréhension plus profonde des systèmes de solmisation généralement moins connus qui se sont développés dans la sphère de la musique asiatique et orientale. À cet égard on fournit une définition générale de la solmisation, suivi d’une vue d’ensemble historique des systèmes de solmisation indigènes qu’on a développés en Chine, en Corée, au Japon, en Inde, en Indonésie et dans le monde arabe, confirmant ainsi la position de la solmisation en tant que phénomène vraiment mondial. II. Le deuxième objectif de l’étude est d’étudier l’usage actuel de la solmisation, et du système Tonic Sol-fa en particulier, dans la formation auditive dans les universités sud-africaines. À cette fin, nous avons mené une enquête au moyen d’un sondage, qui se composait (a) d’un questionnaire que nous avons envoyé aux concepteurs, enseignants et coordinateurs de modules de formation auditive dans les universités sud-africaines pertinentes et (b) d’une correspondance supplémentaire avec quelques-unes des personnes interrogées. Cette correspondance visait à obtenir des renseignements sur les points suivants: (1) la mesure dans laquelle on emploie toujours la solmisation dans ce contexte; (2) quels systèmes de solmisation ou quelles méthodes autres que la solmisation on emploie; (3) quelles sont les motivations personnelles des personnes interrogées d’employer ou de ne pas employer la solmisation; (4) quel matériel pédagogique on emploie dans les deux cas; et (5) quels sont les avis personnels des personnes interrogées sur l’usage de la solmisation dans la formation auditive. vi Les résultats du sondage ont confirmé qu’on utilise toujours activement la solmisation, et le système Tonic Sol-fa en particulier, dans la formation auditive dans les universités sud-africaines. Les résultats nous permettent en même temps d’avoir une meilleure compréhension de l’application générale de la solmisation dans ce contexte. Dans l’ensemble les résultats ont également confirmé la pertinence continue de la solmisation, et du système Tonic Sol-fa en particulier, dans le contexte de l’Afrique du Sud en général et surtout dans le contexte de la formation auditive dans les universités sud-africaines. Il s’avère que la solmisation est encore considéré comme une aide de valeur dans la formation auditive par la majorité des concepteurs, des enseignants et des coordinateurs de modules de formation auditive qui ont participé au sondage. Mots clés: solmisation; déchiffrage chanté; systèmes de solmisation asiatiques et orientaux – la Chine, la Corée, le Japon, l’Inde, l’Indonésie, le monde arabe; formation auditive; la
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