Viroid Evolution and Viroid-Induced Pathogenesis Networks in Host Plants
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The Variability of Hop Latent Viroid As Induced Upon Heat Treatment
Virology 287, 349–358 (2001) doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1044, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector The Variability of Hop Latent Viroid as Induced upon Heat Treatment Jaroslav Matousˇek,* Josef Patzak,† Lidmila Orctova´,* Jo¨rg Schubert,‡ Luka´sˇ Vrba,* Gerhard Steger,§ and Detlev Riesner§,1 *Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisˇovska´31, 37005 Cˇ eske´Bude˘jovice, Czech Republic; †Department of Virology, Institute of Hop Research and Breeding, Kadanˇska´2525, 438 46 Zˇatec, Czech Republic; ‡Federal Centre for Breeding Research, Institute for Resistance Research and Pathogen Diagnostics, Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, 06449 Aschersleben, Germany; and §Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine Universita¨t Du¨sseldorf, Universita¨tsstraße 1, D-40225 Du¨sseldorf, Germany Received March 28, 2001; returned to author for revision March 30, 2001; accepted June 11, 2001; published online August 2, 2001 We have previously shown that heat treatment of hop plants infected by hop latent viroid (HLVd) reduces viroid levels. Here we investigate whether such heat treatment leads to the accumulation of sequence variability in HLVd. We observed a negligible level of mutated variants in HLVd under standard cultivation conditions. In contrast, the heat treatment of hop led to HLVd degradation and, simultaneously, to a significant increase in sequence variations, as judged from temperature gradient–gel electrophoresis analysis and cDNA library screening by DNA heteroduplex analysis. Thirty-one cDNA clones (9.8%) were identified as deviating forms. -
Virus, Viroids and Mycoplasma
By: Dr. Bibha Kumari Dept. of Zoology Magadh Mahila College, Patna Email: [email protected] Virus •The viruses are non-cellular organisms. • They, in fact, have an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell. • Once they infect a cell, they take over the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves, killing the host. •Pasteur. D.J. Ivanowsky (1892) gave the name virus. • It means venom or poisonous fluid. • According to his research, certain microbes caused the mosaic disease of tobacco. •These organisms were smaller than bacteria because they passed through bacteria-proof filters. • M.W. Beijerinek (1898) demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants. • He named the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid). •W.M. Stanley (1935) discovered that viruses could be crystallized. These virus crystals are composed largely of proteins. •They are inert outside their specific host cell. Viruses are nothing but obligate parasites. Genetic Material of Viruses: •In addition to proteins, viruses also contain genetic material, that could be either RNA or DNA. • No virus contains both RNA and DNA. A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious. •Speaking in strictly general terms, viruses infecting plants have single- stranded RNA. • On the other hand, viruses that infect animals have either single or double-stranded RNA or they might have double-stranded DNA •Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages usually have a double-stranded DNA structure. By bacteriophages, we mean viruses that infect the bacteria. • The protein coat, capsid made of small subunits (capsomeres) protects the nucleic acid. -
Hammerhead Ribozymes Against Virus and Viroid Rnas
Hammerhead Ribozymes Against Virus and Viroid RNAs Alberto Carbonell, Ricardo Flores, and Selma Gago Contents 1 A Historical Overview: Hammerhead Ribozymes in Their Natural Context ................................................................... 412 2 Manipulating Cis-Acting Hammerheads to Act in Trans ................................. 414 3 A Critical Issue: Colocalization of Ribozyme and Substrate . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 416 4 An Unanticipated Participant: Interactions Between Peripheral Loops of Natural Hammerheads Greatly Increase Their Self-Cleavage Activity ........................... 417 5 A New Generation of Trans-Acting Hammerheads Operating In Vitro and In Vivo at Physiological Concentrations of Magnesium . ...... 419 6 Trans-Cleavage In Vitro of Short RNA Substrates by Discontinuous and Extended Hammerheads ........................................... 420 7 Trans-Cleavage In Vitro of a Highly Structured RNA by Discontinuous and Extended Hammerheads ........................................... 421 8 Trans-Cleavage In Vivo of a Viroid RNA by an Extended PLMVd-Derived Hammerhead ........................................... 422 9 Concluding Remarks and Outlooks ........................................................ 424 References ....................................................................................... 425 Abstract The hammerhead ribozyme, a small catalytic motif that promotes self- cleavage of the RNAs in which it is found naturally embedded, can be manipulated to recognize and cleave specifically -
EPPO Reporting Service
ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION EPPO Reporting Service NO. 10 PARIS, 2020-10 General 2020/209 New additions to the EPPO A1 and A2 Lists 2020/210 New data on quarantine pests and pests of the EPPO Alert List 2020/211 New and revised dynamic EPPO datasheets are available in the EPPO Global Database 2020/212 Recommendations from Euphresco projects Pests 2020/213 First report of Spodoptera frugiperda in Jordan 2020/214 Trogoderma granarium does not occur in Spain 2020/215 First report of Scirtothrips dorsalis in Mexico 2020/216 First report of Scirtothrips dorsalis in Brazil 2020/217 Scirtothrips dorsalis occurs in Colombia 2020/218 Update on the situation of Megaplatypus mutatus in Italy 2020/219 Update on the situation of Anoplophora chinensis in Croatia 2020/220 Update on the situation of Anoplophora chinensis in Italy 2020/221 Update on the situation of Anoplophora glabripennis in Italy Diseases 2020/222 Eradication of thousand canker disease in disease in Toscana (Italy) 2020/223 First report of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in the Czech Republic 2020/224 Update on the situation of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Greece 2020/225 Update on the situation of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in the Netherlands 2020/226 New finding of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in Estonia 2020/227 Haplotypes and vectors of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in Scotland (United Kingdom) 2020/228 First report of wheat blast in Zambia and in -
Virus World As an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements
Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements Koonin, E. V., & Dolja, V. V. (2014). Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 78(2), 278-303. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00049-13 10.1128/MMBR.00049-13 American Society for Microbiology Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements Eugene V. Koonin,a Valerian V. Doljab National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USAa; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USAb Downloaded from SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................278 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................278 PREVALENCE OF REPLICATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS COMPARED TO CAPSID PROTEINS AMONG VIRUS HALLMARK GENES.......................279 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES BY REPLICATION-EXPRESSION STRATEGY: TYPICAL VIRUSES AND CAPSIDLESS FORMS ................................279 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VIRUSES AND CAPSIDLESS VIRUS-LIKE GENETIC ELEMENTS ..............................................280 Capsidless Derivatives of Positive-Strand RNA Viruses....................................................................................................280 -
Impact of Nucleic Acid Sequencing on Viroid Biology
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Impact of Nucleic Acid Sequencing on Viroid Biology Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama * and Jean-Pierre Perreault * RNA Group/Groupe ARN, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.R.A.-P.); [email protected] (J.-P.P.) Received: 5 July 2020; Accepted: 30 July 2020; Published: 1 August 2020 Abstract: The early 1970s marked two breakthroughs in the field of biology: (i) The development of nucleotide sequencing technology; and, (ii) the discovery of the viroids. The first DNA sequences were obtained by two-dimensional chromatography which was later replaced by sequencing using electrophoresis technique. The subsequent development of fluorescence-based sequencing method which made DNA sequencing not only easier, but many orders of magnitude faster. The knowledge of DNA sequences has become an indispensable tool for both basic and applied research. It has shed light biology of viroids, the highly structured, circular, single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that infect numerous economically important plants. Our understanding of viroid molecular biology and biochemistry has been intimately associated with the evolution of nucleic acid sequencing technologies. With the development of the next-generation sequence method, viroid research exponentially progressed, notably in the areas of the molecular mechanisms of viroids and viroid diseases, viroid pathogenesis, viroid quasi-species, viroid adaptability, and viroid–host interactions, to name a few examples. In this review, the progress in the understanding of viroid biology in conjunction with the improvements in nucleotide sequencing technology is summarized. -
Determination of the Dominant Variants of Hop Stunt Viroid in Two Different Cachexia Isolates from North and South of Iran
J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2016) Vol. 18: 1431-1440 Determination of the Dominant Variants of Hop Stunt Viroid in Two Different Cachexia Isolates from North and South of Iran S. N. Banihashemian 1, S. M. Bani Hashemian 2*, and S. M. Ashkan 1 ABSTRACT Citrus plants are hosts of several viroid species, among which, pathogenic variants of Hop Stunt Viroid (HSVd) induce citrus cachexia disease. Stunting, chlorosis, gumming of the bark, stem pitting and decline are symptoms of cachexia in mandarins and their hybrids as susceptible hosts. Based on the pathogenic properties on citrus, HSVd variants are divided in two distinct groups: those that are symptomless on sensitive citrus host species and those that induce cachexia disease. In this study, two cachexia isolates were selected and biological indexing was performed in a controlled temperature greenhouse (40ºC day and 28ºC night) using Etrog citron (Citrus medica ) grafted on Rough lemon ( C. jhambiri ), as a common indicator for citrus viroids. The plants were inoculated with the inocula from a severe symptomatic tree of a newly declining orchard of Jiroft, Kerman province and a mild symptomatic tree from Mazandaran province. Presence of HSVd was confirmed with sPAGE, Hybridization by DIG-labeled probes and RT-PCR using specific primers of HSVd . Primary and secondary structures of the isolates were studied. The consensus sequence of RT-PCR amplicons of the severe isolate (JX430796) presented 97% identity with the reference sequence of a IIb variant of HSVd (AF213501) and an Iranian isolate of the viroid (GQ923783) deposited in the gene bank. The mild isolate (JX430798) presented 100% homology with the HSVd-IIc variant previously reported from Iran (GQ923784). -
First Report of Hop Stunt Viroid Infecting Vitis Gigas, V. Flexuosa and Ampelopsis Heterophylla
Australasian Plant Disease Notes (2018) 13:3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-017-0287-9 First report of Hop stunt viroid infecting Vitis gigas, V. flexuosa and Ampelopsis heterophylla Thor Vinícius Martins Fajardo1 & Marcelo Eiras2 & Osmar Nickel1 Received: 10 November 2017 /Accepted: 27 December 2017 # Australasian Plant Pathology Society Inc. 2018 Abstract Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is one of the most common viroids that infect grapevine (Vitis spp.) worldwide. Sixteen sequences of the HSVd genome were obtained from infected grapevines in Brazil by next generation sequencing (NGS). Multiple alignments of the sequences showed nucleotide identities ranging from 94.6% to 100%. This is the first report of HSVd infecting two wild grape species and Ampelopsis heterophylla. These HSVd isolates along with others from V. vinifera and V. labrusca were phylogenetically analyzed. Keywords Next generation sequencing . HSVd . Incidence . Genetic variability . Vitis Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is a globally important fruit crop con- hosts including trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, with the sidering its socioeconomic importance and cultivated area. majority of isolates to date identified from citrus species, Among graft-transmissible grapevine pathogens, viruses and followed by grapevine and stone fruits (Prunus spp.). HSVd viroids can reduce plant vigor, yield, productivity and fruit causes disease symptoms, such as hop stunt, dappled fruits in quality. Losses are especially significant in mixed infections plum and peach trees, and citrus cachexia (Jo et al. 2017). The (Basso et al. 2017). Viroids are naked, non-protein-coding, viroid can be transmitted vegetatively, mechanically, or via small (246–401 nt) covalently closed, circular single- grape seeds (Wan Chow Wah and Symons 1999). -
Introduction to Viroids and Prions
Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College Introduction to Viroids and Prions Viroids – Viroids are plant pathogens made up of short, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules (usually around 246-375 bases in length) that are not surrounded by a protein coat. They have internal base-pairs that cause the formation of folded, three-dimensional, rod-like shapes. Viroids apparently do not code for any polypeptides (proteins), but do cause a variety of disease symptoms in plants. The mechanism for viroid replication is not thoroughly understood, but is apparently dependent on plant enzymes. Some evidence suggests they are related to introns, and that they may also infect animals. Disease processes may involve RNA-interference or activities similar to those involving mi-RNA. Prions – Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles, associated with a number of disease conditions such as Scrapie in sheep, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad Cow Disease in cattle, Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild ungulates such as muledeer and elk, and diseases in humans including Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Alpers syndrome (in infants), Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Kuru. These diseases are characterized by loss of motor control, dementia, paralysis, wasting and eventually death. Prions can be transmitted through ingestion, tissue transplantation, and through the use of comtaminated surgical instruments, but can also be transmitted from one generation to the next genetically. This is because prion proteins are encoded by genes normally existing within the brain cells of various animals. Disease is caused by the conversion of normal cell proteins (glycoproteins) into prion proteins. -
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid
This diagnostic protocol was adopted by the Standards Committee on behalf of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in January 2015. The annex is a prescriptive part of ISPM 27. ISPM 27 Annex 7 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES ISPM 27 DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS DP 7: Potato spindle tuber viroid (2015) Contents 1. Pest Information ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Taxonomic Information .................................................................................................................... 4 3. Detection ........................................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Sampling ........................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Biological detection .......................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Molecular detection ........................................................................................................... 7 3.3.1 Sample preparation ............................................................................................................ 7 3.3.2 Nucleic acid extraction ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3.3 Generic molecular methods for pospiviroid detection ..................................................... -
The Simple Emergence of Complex Molecular Function
The simple emergence of complex molecular function Susanna Manrubia Department of Systems Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CSIC). c/ Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain Interdisciplinary Group of Complex Systems (GISC), Madrid, Spain (Dated: May 26, 2021) At odds with a traditional view of molecular evolution that seeks a descent-with-modification relationship between functional sequences, new functions can emerge de novo with relative ease. At early times of molecular evolution, random polymers could have sufficed for the appearance of incipi- ent chemical activity, while the cellular environment harbors a myriad of proto-functional molecules. The emergence of function is facilitated by several mechanisms intrinsic to molecular organization, such as redundant mapping of sequences into structures, phenotypic plasticity, modularity, or co- operative associations between genomic sequences. It is the availability of niches in the molecular ecology that filters new potentially functional proposals. New phenotypes and subsequent levels of molecular complexity could be attained through combinatorial explorations of currently available molecular variants. Natural selection does the rest. I. INTRODUCTION ble genotypes coding for comparable phenotypes [20, 21]. Further, function is flexible, so phenotypes admit a range Half a century ago, the idea that gene specificity could of variation, and phenotypes are plastic, so their ex- rely on a unique protein sequence raised concerns regard- pression adapts to different environments [22, 23]. Be- ing the come into being of functional genes. Natural se- yond multiple inconsequential variations in genotypes, lection would be ineffective if the raw material on which also changes in molecular structure or composition might it had to act were random sequences, given that a myriad be irrelevant for the functionality of a phenotype. -
Autonomously Replicating RNA in Mitochondria of Maize Plants with S
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 83, pp. 5175-5179, July 1986 Genetics Autonomously replicating RNA in mitochondria of maize plants with S-type cytoplasm (cytoplasmnic male sterility/genetic RNA/RNA plasmids/double-stranded RNA/in organello RNA synthesis) PATRICK M. FINNEGAN AND GREGORY G. BROWN Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada H3A iB1 Communicated by Hewson Swift, March 17, 1986 ABSTRACT Mitochondria isolated from maize plants with in organello RNA synthesis system to search for differences S-type male-sterile cytoplasms are capable of synthesizing four in mitochondrial gene expression among the various maize species of RNA at concentrations of actinomycin D that cytoplasmic types. We have made the surprising discovery eliminate all DNA-directed RNA synthesis. No RNA synthesis that several R$As unique to the S cytoplasm are synthesized occurs under the same conditions with mitochondria from in a DNA-independent manner. Our observations indicate plants possessing normal (N) cytoplasm or with other that these RNAs represent an RNA-based genetic system subcellular fractions from plants with S cytoplasm. The that is endogenous to the mitochondnron. No other such actinomycin D-resistant RNA synthesis occurs within the system has been found in an organelle. Because these RNAs mitochondria since the labeling ofthese species is unaffected by replicate independently of cellular chromosomes, we have inclusion of RNase in the incubation medium and since they termed them RNA plasmids. become completely sensitive to RNase upon lysis of the mitochondria with low concentrations of Triton'X-100. Two of the actinomycin D-resistant products are double stranded.