ECCUMENT RESUME ED 049 506 CC 00E 319 rJ117LE Current Feseacch on Sleep and Dreams. INSTITUTION National Inst. ot Mental Health (PHEW) ,Bethesda, Md. PUN DATE b5 NO.E 134. AVAIIABIL FECtv. Superintendent ct Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. ($.t5 per copy) FURS EBICl EDFS Price MI-$0.6t hC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPIORS Behavior, Literature Reviews, Psychological Patterns, *Research, Research iiethcdolcgy, *Ecsearct Leviews (Publications), *Fesearch Tools, *Sleep IDEN71FIEFS *Dreams ARSIRACI This monograph summarizes an extensive body of sleep and dream research in order to indicate the mujor trends of work in this area. Alttough a mosaic of disciplines are represented, a spirit cf cooperation has made it possible to knit together data which might have remained unrelated. The research reported here provides knowledge about: (1) the nature of sleep; (2) the ccmplem interrelatedness ct the brain; (3) the explanation of sleep discraeis; (4) the chemistry of sleep; and (5) new instruments and techniques of analyzing data. The document suggests that one of the great contributions ct sleep research could he the enlargement of human capacities and the enrichment of human consciousness. In summary, the study ct sleep has extended its benefits into medicine, pharmacology, psychiatry, into the scheduling of work and rest, and into the education of the individual acguainting him with himself and the uses of hie remarkable train. (TI) fi Current Research on Sleep and Dreams II S DEPARTMENT 0:: HEALTH, fOuCATJON WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION TM,S DOCUMENT HAS BEEN ,E^RODUCED EXAC1LY AS .ECEIVID FROM THEPERSON OR ORGANiZATiON ORiGiNATANG ItPO,Ntb OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATEDDO NOT WES SARILY REPRESENT Of FiCiAl OFTKEOF IOU C4TION POSitiON OR POtrcv U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Bethesda, Md. 20014 CY" NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH rr' RESEARCH GRANTS BRANCH 0 1 8 Th's report and the prior individual reports on which it is largely based were written by Mrs. Gay Gaer Luce, who received the consulting aid of Dr. Dennis McGinty. The effort was coordinated by Dr. Julius Segal and his staff of the Program Analysis Section, Research Grants Branch, NIMH. The project was made possible by the generous and gracious collaboration of the scientists whose research is described here, and this invaluable. assistance is gratefully acknowledged by the Institute. Public Health Service Publicoi;on No, 1389 For sa/e by tie Superintended of floaimenlg, V.S. Government hinting Office Washington, D.C., 20477Fr!oe 63 cent, 2 Foreword This monograph was stimulated by the extraordinary growth now ap- parent in an area generally identified as sleep and dream research, for this recent concentration of scientific effort offers a singular example of the power that basic research can exert in penetrating the pro' ems of mental health and illness. In the past year alone, the National Institute of Mental Health supported over 60 projects related in whole or in part to studies of sleep and dreams, with awards totaling over $2 million. The work of many of these MMII investi- gators is included in this summary, which extends beyond the Institute's pro- gram insofar as necessary to indicate the major trends of work in the area. The report cannot, of course, encompass the classical studies already sum- marized in published literature, nor even provide a comprehensive survey of present-day sleep research, for although much of the scientific data on sleep have been generated during the last dozen years, significant referewes in this field now number in the many thousands. The mosaic of disciplines contributing to the study of sleep contains such diverse fields as psychiatry, and mathematics, psychology, and biochemistry, physiology, and anthropology. Nevertheless, ferment about the subject :natter and a spirit of cooperation across traditional disciplinary lines have made it possible to knit together data that might otherwise have lain unrelated in a variety of laboratories. During the past year, individual summaries of maly of the projects cited here were distributed to scientists working in the field of sleep and drums. Many of theecipients felt, that upto-date reports, especially in a field of such dynamic activity, represented a unique solution to the problem of scientific information exchange. Such communication, it was felt, provided a quick look at work in progress that might prevent duplication of effort and stimulr.to pertinent contacts among scientists, this aiding them in their work.It is hoped that this monograph will be a further part of that process. SAP1R, O1 ie /, Bertearch Grants' Branch, National Institute ofMenialHealth. 3 HI Table of Contents Page Foreword. jj Introduction_ Clocks Within the Body 3 Cycles and Illness 4 The Circadian Rhythm 4 Cycles and Medicine 6 Cycles and Work Schedules 6 A Night of Sleep 9 The Electroencephalograph 9 The Sleep Laboratory 10 "The Laboratory Effect" 10 Drowsiness 11 Stage 1_ Stage 2 11 Stage 3 11 Stage 4 11 Stage 1 REM 12 The Whole Night 13 Analysis of the EEG. 14 Summary_ 17 Sleep Deprivation 18 Temporary Psychosis 19 The Role of Ago 20 Ihysiologieal Changes 21 Energy Metabolism 22 Psychological Changes Steep Loss and Performance 24 Summary 27 Sleep Disorders 28 Insomnia 28 A Neural Pacemaker 29 Sleep Disorder and Mental Illness 30 Common Disorders 31 Somnambulism 32 Evoked Potentitds 33 Encephalitis 34 Narcolepsy 34 Epilepsy. 37 Single Brain Cell Studies 38 Summary 39 4 Page The Chemistry of Sleep 41 Alcohol 43 Dexedrine___ 43 Barbiturates 44 Antidepressants 45 LSD-25 45 A Possible Itypnotoxin 46 C VIM a-itydr oxybu ty rat e 47 Reserpine 4S Dopa _ 49 Serotonin_ 49 Hormones 50 Acetylcholine and Noradrenalin 52 Chemical Brain Mapping 53 "Motivation" and Sleep 55 Control Over Sleep and Other States of Consciousness 56 Control of the Alpha Rhylmi 57 Voluntary Control and Psychosomatic Medicine 59 Sleep Learning_ 59 Discriminations During Sleep 61 Performance During Sleep_ 02 Memory 62 Experiments in Discrimination 63 Sleep Learning in Hypnotic Subjects__ 64 Habituation 65 Conditioning Seep_ 66 Sleep Habits 66 The AM akening PfUL 2SS 64. Summary 68 The Dream State of REM 69 The REM Cycle 70 REM Deprivation 70 Personality and EEG Differences in Cats 73 Partial Dream Deprivation 74 Muscle Tone 74 Physiological Excitation 75 Cardiorespiratory Changes 75 Oxygen Consumption 76 Brain Temperature 77 Biochemical Changes 77 Erection Cycles 78 The Eye Movements 7S Similarities to the Waking Brain 80 A Difference From the Waking Brain 81 The Neuroanatomy of the REM State 82 Is the REM State Part of Sleep? 83 Animal Dreaming 85 A Limit to REM Compensation SO Experiments in the Biocheini:'ry of REM Sleep. 87 REM Deprivation Pim Brain Excitation 88 The Biological Purpose of the REM State 89 Summary 89 vl Page The Development of Infant Sleep_ 91 The Decline of REM Sleep with Age 91 Cortical Development in Kittens 93 Diagnostic Possibilities 94 The Meaning of Dreams 96 Influencing Dream Content 97 Dream Recall 98 Dream Intensity 99 Sti:nulation Before Sleep 99 Classifying Dreams 100 Speculations About the Neural Basis for Dreams 101 DriN e Mechanisms in REM 102 Good Sleep and Poor 104 EEG Differences 104 Physiological Differences 105 Psychological Differences 106 Sleep Quality and Constitution 106 Summary 108 References 112 6 vii Own e, Sleepe / 0 sleepe, the certaine knot of peace, The Baiting-place of wit, the balm of lace, The pore man's wealth, the prisoner's release ... Sir Philip Sidney Introduction During the last decade, the study of sleep has The exploration of sleep is very new in its cur- provided an aperture for the astronomers of the rent dimensions, yet it has already contributed mind. Scientists of many disciplines, using differ- toward the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ent instruments mid inspired by different interests, narcolcpsy, toward behavioral predictions in sev- have converged onto that nighttime universe only eral mental disorders, toward an understanding to discover that they were exploring related events, of the effect;; of drugs and more sensitive drug fundamental processes involved in mood, behav- therapy, and toward an understandir.g of infant ior, memory, and development, sanity and psy- development.Sleep disorders are characteristic chosis, health and illness. of many mental illnesses, and there are also many The study of sleep has become something of a illnesses that manifest symptoms frequently dur- scientific vogue, but unlike social fads, it is based ing sleepepilepsy, enuresis, asthma. The impli- upon sound scientific strategy,Sleep is a funda- cations of sleep research for general medicine can mental biological process whose mechanisms are be illustrated in a single example: coronary at- providing unforeseen insights into man's behavior. tacks, often fatal, tend to occur during the early The convergence of efforts by many researchers in morning hours when people aro most likely to be a variety of scientific enterprises has resulted in in a particular phase of sleep, attended by certain the rapid development of new techniques and prac- dist met physiological changes. tical khowledgeespecially with regard to the Tho control of sleep behavior could become an brain's activity, for the study of sleep is perhaps enormous asset in the modern world. In the next the most active single approach to the exploration decades people may learn how to indve and ter- of the brain itself; the alternation of sleeping and minate sleep at will, and establish more effective waking form the physiological background act is-- schedules of work and rest, perhaps even reduc- ity of the brain. ing the normal sleeping time.In our exploration Sleep is au interruption of waking conse,ousne.ss of the mechanisms governing sleep and the capac- and the exercise of intelligence..It may be one ities of the sleeping person, the door is opening of the most essential needs of higher mammals.