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Problem of the Other in Jean Paul Sartre's Existential Phenomenology

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Problem of the Other in Jean Paul Sartre’s Existential Phenomenology A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted By Pallavi Sharma Roll No.: 09614102 Department of Humanities and Social Sciences INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GUWAHATI Guwahati- 781039, Assam (India) June, 2015 Dedicated to My Father Atul Chandra Sharma ii TH-1383_09614102 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Humanities & Social Sciences Guwahati - 781 039 (Assam), INDIA Declaration I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Problem of the Other in Jean Paul Sartre’s Existential Phenomenology” is a research work carried out by me in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, under the supervision of Prof. Archana Barua, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. No part of this thesis has been submitted to any University or Research Institute for the award of any degree or diploma. Pallavi Sharma Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati June, 2015 iii TH-1383_09614102 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Humanities & Social Sciences Guwahati - 781 039 (Assam), INDIA Dr. Archana Barua Phone: +91-361-2582552 Professor Fax: +91-361-269072 E-mail: [email protected] Certificate This is to certify that Pallavi Sharma has prepared the thesis entitled “Problem of the Other in Jean Paul Sartre’s Existential Phenomenology”, under my supervision for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The thesis is the result of her own investigations during the period she worked here as a research scholar in strict conformity with the rules laid down for the purpose. The present thesis or any part thereof has not been submitted to any other University or Research Institute for award of any degree or diploma. All assistance received by the researcher has been duly acknowledged. Prof. Archana Barua Supervisor iv TH-1383_09614102 Acknowledgement The Thesis is the outcome of five and a half year effort as a Research Scholar in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, during the period 2009-2015. This work embraces various invaluable advices and support which I would like to acknowledge here. I am extremely grateful to Prof. Archana Barua for accepting the responsibility of supervising my research work. I thank her for helping me tirelessly in every step of the work, from conceptualising until final submission of the thesis. She has always remained a comfort zone during the entire period with her inspiring words and understanding attitude. I am extremely indebted to her for her continuous support, inspiration and guidance throughout the study. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the Doctoral committee members Prof. Krishna Barua, Prof. Rohini Mokashi Punekar and Dr. V. Prabhu for their invaluable suggestions regarding every minute issue of the thesis. I sincerely express my indebtedness to them. Without their constant support and guidance, the work would not have seen its final stage. Dr. Saswati Choudhury, Associate Professor, OKD Institute of Social Change and Development has remained very supportive towards me all the time. I thank her for her encouragement and support in building up my confidence. It has been a great experience to be a part of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati as a whole. I am thankful to the Institute for extending academic and other institutional supports for the completion of the study during this five and half year period. I feel indebtedness to the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Guwahati for giving me the opportunity to conduct the study in a healthy atmosphere. I am thankful to the office staff of the department, Bandana Khataniar, Dipumoni Hazarika, Tilak Das and Durga Sarma, who have provided me with every possible help to materialise the study. The best part of this period was the friendship and co-operation of the fellow mates in the department. It provides immense opportunity to learn many things while sharing v TH-1383_09614102 ideas and concerns. The invaluable help of my friends can hardly be expressed in words. I would like to offer my special thanks to Minakshi, Sangita, Rosy, Violeena, Madhuri, Jitu and Rajashree for checking thoroughly some of my chapters at the final stage and helping me to correct some common mistakes in the final draft of the thesis. The suggestions of my senior friends Tejasha, Tanuja, Ashima, and Vanlaltanpuia have helped me in different ways in preparing the thesis. I thank them all for their support. Further, I acknowledge the support and cooperation of my friends Hemanta, Pankaj, Bharat, Rakesh and all other fellow mates in the lab. My husband Gopal has remained as my backbone during my study. His help in finding books and other sources for my consultation has been the most privileged support for me. I thank him for remaining as the strongest pillar behind my endeavour. My wonderful daughter Diya has remained the most charming part during my journey as a research scholar at IITG. Her lovely smile and understanding attitude has added extra energy in me to put more effort in the work. Further, I am thankful to my family members specially my elder sister, my brother-in- law, and sister-in-law for their constant support in every step during my research period. My father Atul Chandra Sharma was the greatest support behind all my academic endeavours till his last day of life. I remember him with heartfelt gratitude at this final stage of my research work and look for his blessing from his heavenly abode. Finally, I express my sincere thanks to my household assistant Shilpi for sharing my household duties to the best possible extent and giving me the opportunity to spend more time in my study. Without her assistance, it would not have been possible for me to manage many things. (Pallavi Sharma) vi TH-1383_09614102 Table of Contents Contents Page No. Dedication ii Declaration iii Certificate iv Acknowledgment v Contents vii Abstract x Chapter-I: Introduction 1-15 1.1. Background of the Problem 1 1.2. Issues of the Study Undertaken 6 1.3. Review of Literature 6 1.4. Statement of the Problem 11 1.5. Objectives of the Study 12 1.6. Methodology 12 1.7. Layout Of The Chapters 13 Chapter-II: Phenomenological Tradition and the Problem of the Other 16-47 2.1. Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980): An Introduction 16 2.2. The Phenomenological movement: Husserl, Heidegger and Levinas 19 2.2.1. Intentionality 21 2.2.2. Transcendental turn in Husserlian phenomenology 22 2.2.2.1. Critical inputs from Heidegger and others 23 2.2.2.2. Heidegger on intentionality: 24 2.2.2.3 Levinas on Intentionality 24 2.2.3. Jean Paul Sartre as a Phenomenologist 25 2.3. Phenomenological ontology of Being and Nothingness: Man, defined in a newer 30 way 2.3.1. “Being-in-itself” (en-soi) 32 2.3.2. “Being-for-itself” (pour-soi) 33 2.3.3. Consciousness as nothingness 34 2.3.4. Freedom 35 2.3.4.1. A Critical estimation of Freedom 38 vii TH-1383_09614102 Contents Page No. 2.4. Problem of the Other in the Phenomenological Tradition: Husserl and 42 Heidegger 2.4.1. J.P. Sartre’s stand against Husserl and Heidegger 46 Chapter-III: The Position of the Other in Sartre’s Phenomenological Ontology 48-80 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. The Inevitable Other 48 3.3. The Other Comprehended in Visibility (being “looked-at”) 51 3.4. Negative Intersubjectivity 55 3.4.1. Shame: the experience caused by the Other 59 3.4.1.1. Shame as a Triangular Experience 60 3.4.1.2. Shame and Alienation 61 3.4.1.3. Shame and Bodily Alienation 62 3.4.1.4. Critical Analysis of Shame 66 3.4.2. Recovered Sense of Freedom in Sartre’s Writings 70 3.4.3. Concrete Relation with Others: Conflicting Intersubjectivity 73 3.4.4. “We-Subject” and “Us-Object” 76 3.5. Conclusion 78 Chapter-IV: Otherness And Alienation in Sartre’s Later Writings: The Marxist 81-121 Phase 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Alienation: The Concept 82 4.2.1. The Legacy of the Concept: Hegel 83 4.2.2. Marx on Alienation 85 4.2.3. Overcoming Alienation 89 4.2.4. Existentialists’ view on Alienation 90 4.2.4.1. Sartre on Alienation: Two Interpretations and Difference from Marxism 92 4.2.4.1.1. Early View: Unrestricted Freedom and Conflicting Individuals 93 4.2.4.1.2. Later View: Conditioned Freedom, Reciprocal Relations, War 95 Experiences: The Marxist Phase 4.3. Marx’s Influence on Sartre: Phase Wise 98 4.3.1. Ontological Alienation: Sartre and Marx 102 4.3.2.. Ontological Alienation in the Form of Negative Mediation of Scarcity 105 4.3.2.1. Scarcity and Violence 107 viii TH-1383_09614102 Contents Page No. 4.3.2.2.. Scarcity and Group Formation 109 4.3.2.3.. Negligence of Scarcity in Marx 112 4.4. Relation between Sartre and Communism: Sartre as an Advocate of Freedom 114 and Negation 4.5. Difference between Sartre’s Existential Phenomenology and Marxism (Sartre’s 116 Criticism of Marxism) 4.6. Existential Marxism: Sartre’s New Orientation 119 4.7. Conclusion 120 Chapter-V: Humanism of the Other: Sartre and Levinas 122-144 5.1. Introduction 122 5.2. Three layer of Ethics in Sartre’s Philosophy 124 5.3. Sartre’s Ethics as a Whole 126 5.4. Violence and Fraternity Redefined 129 5.5. Ethical Humanism: Sartre and Levinas 134 5.5.1.
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