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Influence of Exogenous Phytase Level and Interaction with Supplmental University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2017 Influence of Exogenous Phytase Level and Interaction with Supplmental Xylanase on Live Performance and Phosphorus Retention of Broilers Peyton Gilbert University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, and the Poultry or Avian Science Commons Recommended Citation Gilbert, Peyton, "Influence of Exogenous Phytase Level and Interaction with Supplmental Xylanase on Live Performance and Phosphorus Retention of Broilers" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2004. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2004 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Influence of Exogenous Phytase Level and Interaction with Supplemental Xylanase on Live Performance and Phosphorus Retention of Broilers A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Poultry Science by Peyton Gilbert Auburn University Bachelor of Science in Poultry Science, 2015 May 2017 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Dr. Susan Watkins Thesis Director Dr. Sam Rochell Committee Member Dr. Sami Dridi Committee Member ABSTRACT Two 3-week experiments were conducted, each using 480 day-old male broilers placed randomly among 96 battery cages (5 per cage; 680cm2 per bird), to evaluate the influence of phytase supplementation, with or without supplemental xylanase, on bird performance. Individual body weights and cage feed weights were taken on days 0, 7, 14, and 21, and mean BW, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and FCR over each period calculated. Mortality was recorded daily and used to calculate livability and adjust FCR in both trials. In trial 2, excreta was collected by cage from 14 to 21 days for bone ash analysis and left tibias were collected from each bird on day 21 to calculate phosphorus retention. Phosphorus-deficient basal diets for trials 1 and 2 were formulated to contain 0.875% Ca each and 0.13 and 0.18% available phosphorus (AvP), respectively. Using SAS, a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement with two levels of supplemental xylanase (0 and 1,500 EPU/kg) and six supplemental phytase levels (0, 100, 175, 250, 1,000, and 1,500 FTU/kg) was applied to a GLM procedure as well as to linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomial contrasts to evaluate all parameters. Overall, phytase effects (P < 0.05; linear, quadratic, cubic) were observed for BW, BWG, FI, and FCR in both trials and livability in trial 1, as well as for tibia criteria and P retention in trial 2. Livability in trial 2 demonstrated only a cubic response (P = 0.0074) to phytase. Quadratic effects of phytase on ash weight were dependent on xylanase with enzyme interaction being significant (P = 0.0424). Xylanase as a main effect did not significantly impact (P > 0.05) performance in trial 1, nor growth, FI, livability, tibia criteria, or P retention in trial 2. Trial 2 FCR was significantly reduced (P = 0.0345) by xylanase inclusion. Body weight and gain, feed intake, tibia, and retention criteria were greatest and feed conversion lowest at 1,500 FTU/kg, regardless of trial. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people, each of whom played a vital role in getting me to this point in my education, career, and life: My parents, Tim and Micky Gilbert. Mom, for being my biggest champion and my best friend. Dad, for convincing me to major in poultry science. And both of you, for helping to provide everything needed to get me here, teaching me the value of hard work, and always telling me that I can do whatever I set my mind to. Dr. Wallace Berry, for captivating my interest in poultry science with your introduction course, indulging my interest in research early on, allowing me to work for you, and encouraging me to pursue graduate school. Sheila Gilbert and Don Hutton, for being a second set of parents and a shining example of what persistence and hard work can accomplish, and for your continued support in every way. My brother, Alex, and the rest of my family, for never ceasing to believe in me and for providing constant uplifting and encouragement. Brian Tait, for your constant support and encouragement through some of the toughest challenges I’ve faced so far. Christopher Eagleson, for your patience in answering my constant flow of questions, sharing with me your wealth of knowledge, and helping me navigate the murky waters of grad school. Dr. Susan Watkins, for providing me with the opportunity and privilege to study in this program. Dr. Mark Jackson and Huvepharma, for all of the time and effort put into formulating diets, coordinating this trial, and answering endless questions. Lastly, everyone on Dr. Watkins team, for all of your help and hard work during my time here. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 Phytate and Digestion ............................................................................................................3 Use of Exogenous Enzymes ...................................................................................................5 Phytase and Phosphoric Effects ............................................................................................7 Non-Phosphoric Effects of Phytase ..................................................................................... 12 Phosphorus Availability and Retention .............................................................................. 14 Quantitative Assays ........................................................................................................... 14 Retention in Balance ...................................................................................................... 15 Precaecal Digestibility .................................................................................................. 16 Comparative Whole-Body Analysis ................................................................................ 17 Qualitative Assays ............................................................................................................. 19 Blood Criteria ............................................................................................................... 20 Bone Criteria ................................................................................................................. 20 Performance Criteria .................................................................................................... 23 Combined Response Criteria ......................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2: INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS PHYTASE LEVEL AND INTERACTION WITH SUPPLEMENTAL XYLANASE ON LIVE PERFORMANCE AND PHOSPHORUS RETENTION OF BROILERS .................................................................................................. 25 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 25 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 27 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 28 Birds and Housing ............................................................................................................ 28 Exogenous Enzymes .......................................................................................................... 29 Diets and Treatments ........................................................................................................ 29 Response Variables ........................................................................................................... 30 Tibia Ash and Phosphorus Retention ................................................................................ 31 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................................ 31 Results and Discussion......................................................................................................... 32 Bird Performance .............................................................................................................. 32 Tibia Ash and Phosphorus Retention ................................................................................ 39 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 42 References ............................................................................................................................ 43 Appendix I. IACUC Letter of Approval ............................................................................. 71 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Ingredient inclusions and nutrient composition of basal diets ....................................... 50 Table 2. Dietary treatment enzyme additions ............................................................................. 52 Table 3. Mineral
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