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Evalua on of the Apparent Phosphorus Diges Bility Coefficients of Inorganic 33 Evaluaon of the apparent phosphorus digesbility coefficients of inorganic feed phosphates for Tilapia (Oreochromis nilocus) By Caroline Biard, Product Manager, PHOSPHEA Phosphorus (P) is an essenal mineral in lapia (Oreochromis nilocus) is the were isonitrogenous and isolipidic. Ca:P fish feed as it is a component of hard most distributed and commercially was fixed at 0.92 (Table 1). The control ssues (bone, exoskeleton, scales, and cultured species globally (El‐Sayed, diet (CTRL) contained no IFP. The first teeth) and also DNA and phospholipids. It 2006). Several studies on P requirement test diet (DCP18) contained 1.8% of DCP18 is mainly supplied by feeding, since as have been reported. Yao et al. (2014) and the second test diet (MCP22.7) opposed to calcium (Ca), P content in observed opmal performances for Nile contained 1.35% of MCP22.7. Chromic natural water is low. Dietary deficiency of lapia with 8.6 g avP/kg DM. oxide was used as a market to determine P impairs metabolism resulng in Nevertheless only a few studies reported P digesbility. reduced growth and feed conversion. digesbility of IFP. Hua and Bureau Added IFP have been characterized in Various skeletal malformaons (2010) developed a P digesbility model table 2. They were finely ground just associated with reduced mineralizaon for Tilapia in which apparent digesbility before mixing with the other ingredients. of hard ssues also occur at subopmal P coefficient (ADC) of P was 93% for Ca Feed was pelleted (2‐3 mm), steamed intake (NRC, 2011). Fishmeal was a good mono basic/Na/K phosphate and 62% for and dried. P source but its paral replacement ‐ due Ca dibasic phosphate. The aim of our to the reducon of this natural resource ‐ study was to evaluate ADC of P from two by plant‐source ingredients, leads to IFP, monocalcium phosphate (MCP ‐ Animals and experimental design decreased availability of P (avP) in the 22.7% P) and dicalcium phosphate (DCP ‐ 135 fish (body weight 51.6 ± 1.7g) were diet. Indeed, most fish species are not 18% P) for Tilapia (Oreochromis randomly allocated in 9 faecal collecon able to digest phytate‐P (P form from nilocus). units of 150L (fiberglass tank), with 15 plant source). Inorganic feed phosphates individual fish per tank. Fish were fed (IFP) are also a common source of P in twice a day to saaon at 3‐5% of body fish feed. P digesbility can vary Materials and Methods weight with the 3 experimental diets in depending on IFP source and digesve Diets triplicates. Aer 7 days of acclimaon, system of the fish. If it is too low, P feces were collected twice a day, for 4 accumulates in the environment and may Three diets were formulated, based on weeks, uneaten feed was previously causes eutrophicaon problems. Tilapia soybean meal (46%) and cassava meal removed from the system. is widely cultured in many tropical and (22.95%), to meet all nutrients subtropical regions of the world and Nile requirements of lapia juveniles. They AQUAFEED::ADVANCES IN PROCESSING & FORMULATION from Aquafeed.com Vol 8 Issue 4 34 Table 1: Composion of the diets Cr2O3diet Pfeces Diets ADCPdiet (%) = 100 X (1 ‐ X ) Cr2O3feces Pdiet Composion CTRL DCP18 MCP22.7 ADC of P from IFP (ADCPIFP), based on the ADCP of the CTRL and test diets was Moisture (%) 8.28 8.24 8.67 calculated as follow (Forster, 1999; Growth Energy (kcal/g) 399.13 396.7 394.98 Bureau and Hua, 2006): Crude Protein (%) 31.37 31.89 31.63 ADCPIFP (%) = Crude Lipid (%) 4.61 4.23 4.64 (ADCPtest diet x Ptestdiet ) ‐ (α x Pctrl x ADCPctrl ) Ash (%) 7.57 8.87 8.44 β x PIFP Crude Fiber (%) 4.70 3.73 4.59 Calcium (%) 0.73 1.01 0.97 Where, Ptest diet is the % P in the test diet; Total P (%) 0.80 1.07 1.05 PIFP is the % P in the IFP; PCTRL is % P in the Chromic oxide (%) 0.97 0.98 0.98 CTRL; α is proporon of the CTRL diet in the test diet; β is proporon of the IFP in Table 2: Inorganic feed phosphate source characterizaon the test diet. Ingredients DCP MCP Stascal Analysis P (%) 18 22.7 Data were studied by analysis of variance Ca (%) 27 15 followed by Duncan’s mulple range P 2% citric acid solubility (%) > 95 > 95 tests using SPSS version 18. Differences P water solubility (%) < 10 > 85 were considered significant at p < 0.05. Parcle size Powder Micro‐granule Results and discussion The fecal samples were stored in the Determinaon of ADC of P from IFP Fish performance freezer at ‐30°C unl ready for Water quality parameters (Table 3) were P content in the diet and feces has been lyophilizaon in order to evaluate ADC of in a suitable range for health and growth determined according to ISO 6491:1998 P. At the end of the experiment fish were of fish. There was a high SR in the 3 and P from DCP and MCP was followed weighted to evaluate their weight gain treatments without significant difference by AOAC 965.17. (WG). During the trial water parameters (Table 4). Final body weight (FBW) was significantly higher for fish fed DCP or (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, NH3‐ ADC of P in experimental diets (ADCPdiet) 18 MCP than CTRL diet (p<0.05). WG N and NO2‐N), survival and feed intake were calculated according to the formula 22.7 have been recorded in order to evaluate from Maynard & Loosli (1969): seems to be higher for fish fed with rearing condion, and survival rate (SR). added IFP. What’s in a name? Last September TIMAB Phosphates changed its name to Phosphea to consolidate its posion as feed phosphates specialist, and to support its development strategy, and get beer visibility. The name, combined with a signature, a logo and a communicaon territory, portrays the teams’ experse, know‐how and proximity to customers. European leader and 2nd worldwide player, Phosphea, a subsidiary of Groupe Roullier, has produced and sold feed phosphates for the animal nutrion industry for 40 years. Phosphea operates in over 100 countries worldwide, has a workforce of 280 employees, and generates a turnover of around €300 million. From raw material sourcing to the delivery of finished products, Phosphea’s teams strive for perfecon: diversificaon of supplies, controlled industrial processes, physico‐chemical and nutrional characterizaon of products, high quality standards, food safety, in‐depth knowledge of the markets and appropriate logiscs. According to Olivier Poli, General Manager, “The new corporate brand remains in line with its personality: conquering, invenve, strong, passionate and definitely humane." AQUAFEED::ADVANCES IN PROCESSING & FORMULATION from Aquafeed.com Vol 8 Issue 4 35 Table 3: Water quality parameters. Apparent digesbility coefficients of Parameters phosphorus Mean SD Water temperature (°C) 28.3 ± 0.77 ADCs of test diets and IFP are presented in Table 5. pH 7.44 ± 0.27 Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 6.24 ± 0.18 ADCPdiet are significantly different among treatments (p<0.05). The highest ADCs of NH3‐N (mg/l) 0.05 ± 0.05 P was provided by the diet containing NO2‐N (mg/l) 0.20 ± 0.25 MCP22.7 (49.99%) and followed by DCP18 (45.00%) and reference diet (38.30). The Table 4: Survival rate (SR), inial body weight (IBW), Weight Gain (WG), and Feed Conversion fish fed the reference diet without Rao (FCR) of Tilapia fed test diets (Mean ± SD). supplemented IFP presented significantly lower ADCs of P than those fed with CTRL DCP18 MCP22.7 SR (%) a a a supplemented IFP. In terms of ADCPIFP, 95.57 ± 7.68 97.77 ± 3.87 100.00 ± 0.00 the data indicated that P digesbility IBW (g) 50.50a ± 1.87 52.60a ± 1.05 51.80a ± 2.15 values were significantly higher for FBW (g) 101.94a ± 0.10 107.70b ± 1.57 105.82b ± 1.13 MCP22.7 (79.88 %) than for DCP18 a a 54.03a ± 3.21 (60.22%). WG (g) 51.40 ± 1.80 55.10 ± 2.48 a, b: values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05). Conclusion Table 5: Apparent digesbility coefficient of phosphorus in the diet and test ingredient (Mean ±SD). Among calcium phosphates, water Parameters CTRL DCP18 MCP22.7 soluble P sources as MCP22.7 provide a a b c highly digesble P for Tilapia which Diet 38.30 ± 1.90 45.00 ± 0.28 49.99 ± 0.20 b allows to improve P ulizaon and Ingredient 60.22a ± 1.00 79.88 ± 0.74 decrease its release in the environment. a, b: values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05). Moreover MCP22.7 is a more concentrated source of P which allows to save space Hua, K. and D.P. Bureau. 2010. Quanficaon Yao Y.F., Jiang M., Wen H., Wu F., Liu W., Tian and opmize feed formulaon. Finally, it of differences in digesbility of phosphorus J. and Yang C.G. 2014. Dietary phosphorus brings less calcium than DCP18 which is among cyprinids, cichlids, and salmonids requirement of GIFT strain of Nile lapia already covered by ions absorpon through a mathemacal modelling approach. Oreochromis nilocus reared in freshwater through the gills. This is an important fact Aquaculture, 308: 152‐158. Aquaculture Nutrion Volume 20, Issue 3, pages 273–280. especially as P absorpon also depends Maynard L.A., Loosli J.K., 1969. Animal on Ca:P rao. Nutrion. 6th Edion, McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY, pp. 613 Acknowledgment Naonal Research Council (NRC), (2011). References We would like to thank Nguyen Van Nguyen, Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp.
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