Sustainable Use of Phosphorus
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Biogeochemistry of Mediterranean Wetlands: a Review About the Effects of Water-Level Fluctuations on Phosphorus Cycling and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
water Review Biogeochemistry of Mediterranean Wetlands: A Review about the Effects of Water-Level Fluctuations on Phosphorus Cycling and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inmaculada de Vicente 1,2 1 Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected]; Tel.: +34-95-824-9768 2 Instituto del Agua, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain Abstract: Although Mediterranean wetlands are characterized by extreme natural water level fluctu- ations in response to irregular precipitation patterns, global climate change is expected to amplify this pattern by shortening precipitation seasons and increasing the incidence of summer droughts in this area. As a consequence, a part of the lake sediment will be exposed to air-drying in dry years when the water table becomes low. This periodic sediment exposure to dry/wet cycles will likely affect biogeochemical processes. Unexpectedly, to date, few studies are focused on assessing the effects of water level fluctuations on the biogeochemistry of these ecosystems. In this review, we investigate the potential impacts of water level fluctuations on phosphorus dynamics and on greenhouse gases emissions in Mediterranean wetlands. Major drivers of global change, and specially water level fluctuations, will lead to the degradation of water quality in Mediterranean wetlands by increasing the availability of phosphorus concentration in the water column upon rewetting of dry sediment. CO2 fluxes are likely to be enhanced during desiccation, while inundation is likely to decrease cumulative CO emissions, as well as N O emissions, although increasing CH emissions. Citation: de Vicente, I. 2 2 4 Biogeochemistry of Mediterranean However, there exists a complete gap of knowledge about the net effect of water level fluctuations Wetlands: A Review about the Effects induced by global change on greenhouse gases emission. -
PHOSBRITE® 156 Page: 1 / 8
SAFETY DATA SHEET PHOSBRITE® 156 Page: 1 / 8 Date: 24/08/2004 Version: 1 Cancels and replaces version: 1 Product and company identification. PRODUCT NAME : PHOSBRITE® 156 Use : Treating the surfaces of metals. (For further information, refer to the product technical data sheet). SUPPLIER : Manufacturer : Name : Thermphos International B.V. Address : Haven 9890 4389 PD Vlissingen P.O.Box 406 4380 AK Vlissingen The Netherlands Telephone number : ++31(0)113 689 500 Telefax number : ++31(0)113 689 501. 2 Composition / information on ingredients >> PREPARATION Components contributing to the : Phosphoric acid (CAS : 7664-38-2) : 50 - 90% - EC Classification hazard : C - R34 Sulphuric acid (CAS : 7664-93-9) : 10 - 50 %. - EC Classification : C - R 35 3 Hazards identification MOST IMPORTANT HAZARDS Adverse human health effects : Corrosive. Causes severe burns. Severely irritating to respiratory system and eyes. Risk of serious damage to eyes. Extremely irritating to the digestive tract. Risk of burns. Environmental effects : If the product is not neutralised, it may have harmful effects on the aquatic environment. Physical and chemical hazards - Fire or explosion : Certain reactions may cause a fire or an explosion. SAFETY DATA SHEET PHOSBRITE® 156 Page: 2/8 Date: 24/08/2004 Version: 1 Cancels and replaces version: - Further hazards : Violent reactions may occur on contact with certain chemicals. (Refer to the list of incompatible materials section 10: "Stability-Reactivity"). Very corrosive to metals. Releases hydrogen which forms explosive mixtures in air. On heating : corrosive vapours are released. Specific hazards : According to EC criteria, this product is classified as : - CORROSIVE. 4 First-aid measures Inhalation : Move the affected person away from the contaminated area and into the fresh air. -
Phosphate Recycling in the Phosphorus Industry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wageningen University & Research Publications Phosphorus Research Bulletin Vol. 15 (2004) p. 47-51 Phosphate Recycling in the Phosphorus Industry W.J. SCHIPPER*1, A. KLAPWIJK2, B. POTJER3, W.H. RULKENS2, B.G. TEMMINK2, F.D.G. KIESTRA4 and A.C.M. LIJMBACH1 *corresponding author 1 Thermphos International B.V., PO Box 406, 4380 AK Vlissingen, The Netherlands; [email protected] 2 Wageningen University, Subdepartment Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands 3 CE (solutions for environment, economy and technology), Oude Delft 180, 2611 HH Delft, The Netherlands 4 Haskoning Consultants, Barbarossastraat 35, Postbus 151, NL 6500 AD Nijmegen, The Netherlands INTRODUCTION Interest in phosphate recycling is increasing in the industrialized world. There are large amounts of phosphate available in waste streams from e.g. agriculture, sewage treatment and from industrial side streams which pose an increasing problem. To avoid wasting these in e.g. landfills, and to counteract the depletion of natural phosphate sources, routes for re-use are explored. One possibility is to replace phosphate rock by recycled materials in the production of white phosphorus. Worldwide, P production is limited to China, Kazakhstan, the USA and The Netherlands. The -1 latter producer, Thermphos International, has decided to replace 40 kt a of their P2O5 intake (17.5 kt P) by recovered materials. LIMITATIONS FOR PHOSPHATE RECYCLING IN THE PHOSPHORUS PROCESS The phosphorus process The phosphorus process consists of two parts. The first part is a wet granulation and sintering of phosphate rock, producing hard pellets of 1-2 cm. -
Global Availability of Phosphorus and Its Implications for Global Food Supply: an Economic Overview by Markus Heckenmüller, Daiju Narita, Gernot Klepper
Global Availability of Phosphorus and Its Implications for Global Food Supply: An Economic Overview by Markus Heckenmüller, Daiju Narita, Gernot Klepper No. 1897 | January 2014 Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Hindenburgufer 66, 24105 Kiel, Germany Kiel Working Paper No. 1897 | January 2014 Global Availability of Phosphorus and Its Implications for Global Food Supply: An Economic Overview Markus Heckenmüller, Daiju Narita, Gernot Klepper Abstract: Being of crucial importance for agricultural production and also having experienced significant price volatility, phosphate and its future availability have drawn growing attention from both academics and the public over the last years. This paper overviews the recent literature and data on the availability of phosphorus and discusses the economic aspects of phosphate scarcity by describing major price determinants of the global phosphate market. We show that past price fluctuations of phosphate rock and phosphate fertilizers are not a reflection of physical phosphate rock depletion but rather attributable to numerous other demand- and supply-side factors. Given the current reserve estimates for phosphate rock, neither an exhaustion of global reserves nor a peak event is likely to occur within this century. However, these estimates are subject to a significant degree of uncertainty. Moreover, the global distribution of phosphate production and reserves is highly skewed and has the potential to pose a threat to food security in developing countries through factors such as the volatility -
The Global Marine Phosphorus Cycle: Sensitivity to Oceanic Circulation
Biogeosciences, 4, 155–171, 2007 www.biogeosciences.net/4/155/2007/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The global marine phosphorus cycle: sensitivity to oceanic circulation C. P. Slomp and P. Van Cappellen Department of Earth Sciences – Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands Received: 4 September 2006 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 5 October 2006 Revised: 8 January 2007 – Accepted: 20 February 2007 – Published: 22 February 2007 Abstract. A new mass balance model for the coupled ma- stand long-term variations in marine biological activity, at- rine cycles of phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) is used to ex- mospheric composition and climate (Holland, 1984; Van amine the relationships between oceanic circulation, primary Cappellen and Ingall, 1996; Petsch and Berner, 1998; Bjer- productivity, and sedimentary burial of reactive P and partic- rum and Canfield, 2002). Important forcings include the sup- ulate organic C (POC), on geological time scales. The model ply of reactive P from the continents, oceanic circulation and explicitly represents the exchanges of water and particulate sea level fluctuations (Follmi,¨ 1996; Compton et al., 2000; matter between the continental shelves and the open ocean, Handoh and Lenton, 2003; Wallmann, 2003; Bjerrum et al., and it accounts for the redox-dependent burial of POC and 2006). the various forms of reactive P (iron(III)-bound P, particu- Upward transport of nutrient-rich water sustains biologi- late organic P (POP), authigenic calcium phosphate, and fish cal activity in marine surface waters. Vertical mixing, how- debris). Steady state and transient simulations indicate that ever, also controls the ventilation of the deeper ocean waters, a slowing down of global ocean circulation decreases pri- which in turn has a major effect on the sedimentary burial mary production in the open ocean, but increases that in the of phosphorus. -
Peak Phosphorus – the Next Inconvenient Truth
Peak Phosphorus – The Next Inconvenient Truth Arno Rosemarin Stockholm Environment Institute Phosphorus Seminar Gamla Stan May 19, 2010 The linear path of phosphorus in modern times (Princeton Univ.) Vaccari, 2009 countries as well, mainly in the north; so th the north; so well, mainly in countries as Sulfuric acid which is usedin 90% of the Phosphorus Reserves are in 90% ofthePhosphorus 5 Countries extracting the phosphorus is extracting ere are several geopolitical us challenges ahead of ere are several found in a limited number of a found in Caldwell, SEI, based on USGS, 2009 Phosphate Rock Economic Reserves, 1997-2009 (from USGS summaries) 20 000 000 18 000 000 16 000 000 China k 14 000 000 12 000 000 China Moroc c o & W. Sahara osphate roc South Africa hh 10 000 000 United States Morocco/West Sahara Jordan 8 000 000 Other countries 00 tonnes p 00 1 6 000 000 4 000 000 2 000 000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 The definition of economic rock reserves is not standardised. China has changed the definition twice after joining the WTO in 2003. In 2009 they downgraded their economic reserve by 30%. There is a need for a world standard and global governance – still non-existent. Depletion of Global Economic Phosphorus Reserves 16000000 14000000 12000000 10000000 years from 2008 tons cc reserve (2% scenario) 8000000 2% annual increase in extraction reserve (1% scenario) 00 metri 00 1% annual increase in extraction 1 6000000 4000000 010 22 2000000 rin, SEI n USGS data aa oo 0 Rosem Based 1 4 7 10131619222528313437404346495255586164 -
Earth Systems and Interactions
The Earth System Earth Systems and Interactions Key Concepts • How do Earth systems What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide interact in the carbon whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column cycle? if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you’ve read • How do Earth systems this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. interact in the phosphorus Before Statement After cycle? 1. The amount of water on Earth remains constant over time. 2. Hydrogen makes up the hydrosphere. 3. Most carbon on Earth is in the atmosphere. 3TUDY#OACH Earth Systems Make a Table Contrast the carbon cycle and the Your body contains many systems. These systems work phosphorus cycle in a two- together and make one big system—your body. Earth is a column table. Label one system, too. Like you, Earth has smaller systems that work column Carbon Cycle and together, or interact, and make the larger Earth system. Four the other column Phosphorus of these smaller systems are the atmosphere, the Cycle. Complete the table hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere. as you read this lesson. The Atmosphere Reading Check The outermost Earth system is a mixture of gases and 1. Identify What systems particles of matter called the atmosphere. It forms a layer make up the larger Earth around the other Earth systems. The atmosphere is mainly system? nitrogen and oxygen. Gases in the atmosphere move freely, helping transport matter and energy among Earth systems. -
Effects of Fertilisation on Phosphorus Pools in the Volcanic Soil of a Managed Tropical Forest
Forest Ecology and Management 258 (2009) 2199–2206 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Effects of fertilisation on phosphorus pools in the volcanic soil of a managed tropical forest Dean F. Meason a,*, Travis W. Idol a, J.B. Friday a, Paul G. Scowcroft b a Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Sherman Laboratory, University of Hawaii, 1910 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA b Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 60 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Acacia koa forests benefit from phosphorus fertilisation, but it is unknown if fertilisation is a short or long Received 31 July 2008 term effect on P availability. Past research suggests that P cycling in soils with high P sorption capacity, Received in revised form 30 March 2009 such as Andisols, was through organic pathways. We studied leaf P and soil P fractions in a tropical forest Accepted 2 April 2009 Andisol for 3 years after fertilisation with triple super phosphate. Leaf P concentration and labile P remained high after fertilisation. Fertilisation had increased all the inorganic P fractions over the length Keywords: of the study, while organic P fractions had not. The results suggested that the organic P fractions had a Hedley fractionation reduced role as a source of labile P after fertilisation. The size and dynamics of the sodium hydroxide- and Phosphorus fertilization hydrochloric acid-extractable P pools would suggest that either pool could be major sources of labile P. -
Phosphate Rocks!
Essay By: Jacob Kollen Phosphate Rocks! INTRODUCTION On approximately two thirds of the world’s arable land, phosphorus is a plant growth limiting nutrient (Lambers et al., 2013). Agriculture utilizes roughly 80% of the mined phosphate rock as fertilizer, with the remaining 20% being utilized in products such animal feed supplements, food preservatives, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, water treatments, cosmetics, and metallurgy (Sattari, 2012). Currently we derive approximately 63% of our phosphorus fertilizer from phosphate rock, with the remainder being derived from animal manure, sewage sludge, and guano (Rittman, 2011). Phosphate rock reserves are finite, which leads to a predicament: we will run out of phosphate rock eventually. The concept, stressed by peak resource theory, is that once global reserves are depleted by half, economic factors will drive resource prices high and unattainable by many (Cordell and White, 2013). Phosphorus does not have a substitute in biomass production. Unlike energy resources, we cannot look to other resources to mitigate our dependency upon phosphate rock (Gilbert, 2009). Phosphorus has potential to be recycled (Rittman, 2011). On a large scale, if agriculture gears itself to derive phosphorus fertilizer from recycled phosphorus we can avoid phosphorus resource scarcity. BACKGROUND Low levels of phosphorus in soils results in phosphorus deficiencies in crops which will grow poorly and can be diagnosed by observing leaves turning a blue-green color. Farmers apply phosphorus fertilizers to agricultural soils to mitigate crop growth limitation by phosphorus. Known global phosphate rock reserves are concentrated in just a handful of countries. Phosphate rock reserves that contain at least 8.5 x 1013 tons of phosphate rock are located in Morocco, China, Algeria, Syria, Jordan, South Africa, the United States and Russia (Jasinski, 2013). -
Capturing the Lost Phosphorus
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Civil, Construction, and Environmental Research and Publications Engineering, Department of 8-2011 Capturing the Lost Phosphorus Bruce E. Rittmann Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus Brooke Mayer Marquette University, [email protected] Paul Westerhoff Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus Mark Edwards Arizona State University at the Polytechnic Campus Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/civengin_fac Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Rittmann, Bruce E.; Mayer, Brooke; Westerhoff, Paul; and Edwards, Mark, "Capturing the Lost Phosphorus" (2011). Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications. 34. https://epublications.marquette.edu/civengin_fac/34 Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications/College of Engineering This paper is NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; but the author’s final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation below. Chemosphere, Vol. 84, No. 6 (August 2011): 846-853. DOI. This article is © Elsevier and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. Elsevier does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Elsevier. Capturing the Lost Phosphorus Bruce E. Rittmann -
Peak Phosphorus
Peak Phosphorus A Potential Food Security Crisis TARIEL MÓRRÍGAN Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy Global & International Studies University of California Social Sciences & Media Studies Building, Room 2006 Santa Barbara, CA 93106-7065 [email protected] ~ February 21, 2010 Peak Phosphorus “There are no substitutes for phosphorus in agriculture.” ~ United States Geological Survey, 2009 Summary • Phosphorus is an element necessary for all life . Phosphorus is one of the three major nutrients required for plant growth: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). • Global phosphorus production most likely peaked in 1989 . If global phosphorus production has not yet peaked, it will likely do so by 2033. • The quality of remaining phosphate rock is decreasing and the production costs are increasing. • Global reserves will start to run out within 50–100 years . • Once phosphorus supplies are exhausted, phosphorus will need to be recovered and reused in order to avoid a massive global food security crisis . There are no substitutes for phosphorus in agriculture . • In 2007–2008, the price of phosphate rock increased dramatically worldwide due to increased agricultural demand and limited supplies of phosphate rock. The average U.S. price in 2008 was more than double that of 2007, and was four-times greater than that of 2004. Average spot prices from North Africa and other exporting regions increased more than five-times the average price in 2007. • Most of the world's farms do not have or do not receive adequate amounts of phosphorus . Feeding the world's increasing population will accelerate the rate of depletion of phosphate reserves. -
Food Phosphates ?
Contents What are food phosphates ? . 2 Why do our bodies need phosphates ? . 4 Which foods contain phosphates ? . 6 Why does the food industry need phosphates ? . 8 How much food phosphate is used and where ? . 10 Where do food phosphates come from ? . 11 Do we get enough phosphate in our diets ? . 12 How do our bodies control phosphate levels ? . 13 Are high levels of phosphates in food dangerous ? . 14 Are levels of phosphates in modern diets bad for the health ? . 16 How do increased diet phosphate levels affect osteoporosis ? . 17 Do phosphates cause hyperactivity ? . 18 Further information: . 19 Footnotes . 20 Food phosphates: questions and answers 2 > 3 Introduction: What are food phosphates? Phosphates are inorganic compounds, based on the element phosphorus (P), combined with oxygen to form phosphates (PO4), the form in which phosphorus is present in nature. Phosphorus is found widely in nature, in rocks, soil, and water, and in all living organisms, mostly in the form of phosphates. Phosphates are essential for plant growth, crops, and human health. However, phosphates are generally Modern diets usually contain large- present in nature at low levels, ly adequate levels of phosphate for because the only primary source is human health, so food phosphates the slow erosion of rocks. are not generally used as a dietary Phosphorus is often thus “ limit- additive. They are used for a range ing ” for plant growth. For this rea- of purposes including maintaining son, human civilisations in the past natural colours and flavours, acidity had to make considerable efforts to buffering, leavening, stabilisation ensure that phosphate supply to of texture, shelf-life quality, and as agriculture was maintained, by col- a support for calcium, magnesium lecting and returning animal and and iron mineral enrichments.