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"Enthusiastic Jew and Lover of Humanity": August Bondi and the Roots of Transnational Freedom During the Long Nineteenth Century

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Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses May 2021 "Enthusiastic Jew and Lover of Humanity": August Bondi and the Roots of Transnational Freedom during the Long Nineteenth Century Matthew Christopher Long Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Long, Matthew Christopher, ""Enthusiastic Jew and Lover of Humanity": August Bondi and the Roots of Transnational Freedom during the Long Nineteenth Century" (2021). All Theses. 3559. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3559 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "ENTHUSIASTIC JEW AND LOVER OF HUMANITY": AUGUST BONDI AND THE ROOTS OF TRANSNATIONAL FREEDOM DURING THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History by Matthew Christopher Long May 2021 Accepted by: Michael Meng, PhD, Committee Chair Stephanie Barczewski, PhD Steven Marks, PhD i ABSTRACT Migration is a decidedly human condition that has influenced the development of all nations. Yet the cultural and demographic impacts upon the United States during the long nineteenth century brought about by the mass movements of peoples from Africa, Europe, and beyond were especially pronounced. Immigrants to North America brought with them more than linguistic and cultural artifacts, however; propelled by intellectual currents in their countries of origin, they often carried with them a sensibility of revolution, radical republican politics, and a moral suasion that they employed as they navigated the political and social realities in their new countries. Many immigrants would come to view America and the New World generally through a prism of their own making, and thus see opportunity to dismantle and remake the world – economically, socially, culturally, and politically – when conditions at home had failed them. Two fundamental events shaped this trans-Atlantic consciousness situated toward revolution during the nineteenth century: the European Revolutions of 1848-51, and an increasingly radical anti-slavery and abolitionist movement in the United States during the lead- up to sectional conflict and the Civil War. Both events sought to upend the established order through political, social, and cultural revolution, and both came to reinforce one another intellectually and strategically. Both revolutions sought to attack the existing systems – monarchy, capital, and the legal institutions that upheld slavery – and replace them, in the spirit of revolutions prior, with more egalitarian and liberal structures. Immigrants were often the main vehicles of this transnational cooperation. When it became clear to freedom fighters on both sides of the Atlantic that moral and political gradualism toward parliamentary, democratic ii systems of governance, or toward anti-slavery and abolitionist movements, were to be ineffective, they would turn to markedly more radical approaches, and sometimes to violence to enact the changes they sought. This paper investigates these broad trends through the individuals who personally lived them. One such figure, August (Anshl) Mendel Bondi, was a German-speaking, Hungarian Jew who participated in the revolutionary events in Vienna. Upon the restoration of the Hapsburg Monarchy, Bondi would be forced to flee with his family to the United States. Forging a new life in his new home, he would variously spend time in Louisiana and Texas, and work as a waterman on the Mississippi River. Eventually he would settle in Kansas Territory, where he became radicalized and joined Free Soilers in their fight against pro-slavery forces and Missouri border ruffians. Riding with John Brown during the Bleeding Kansas episode would inspire Bondi to a lifetime of freedom fighting; he and his eventual wife, Henrietta Einstein, another German- speaking immigrant from Bavaria, would be pivotal in establishing stops along the Underground Railroad. iii DEDICATION In dedication to Erica and Sabine, the loves of my life iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A project of this kind is community effort. I wish to foremost thank my advisor, Professor Michael Meng, and the rest of my committee, Professors Stephanie Barczewski and Steven Marks, for their tireless support. This thesis would not be what it is without their help. Many others at Clemson University have been inspirational to me and my work, and I am indebted to more than a few professors in the History, Philosophy, and Languages Departments. Among them: Professors Orville Vernon Burton, Pamela Mack, Rebecca Stoil, Michael Silvestri, Rod Andrew, Jr., Abel Bartley, Joshua Catalano, Alan Grubb, James Jeffries, Kathryn Langenfeld, Todd May, Johannes Schmidt, Gabriela Stoicea, and Harris King. My tenure in the program lasted for two chairs of the History Department, and I am incredibly indebted to both Professors Amit Bein and James Burns for their good advice and financial and moral support. A very special thanks goes to Professor Paul Anderson, now Clemson University’s historian, whose interest in me and my work as I matriculated into the graduate program were invaluable. Many other professors have been helpful along the way; please know how much your interest and advice has meant to me. My colleagues and friends in the MA program were among the best I could have asked for, and I am thankful for the great seminar discussions we had together. Meanwhile, the wonderful librarians in Cooper have been absolutely foundational for my research. Please, if you have not already today, thank your librarian. They are the glue that binds the university together. Beyond Clemson, many other academics and researchers were equally inspirational to my work. Thank you to Jozefien de Bock, Ferdinand de Göhde, Adam Mendelsohn, Mark v Baumann, Shari Rabin, Josh Parshall, Bryan Stone, Paul Finkelman, Don Doyle, Caitlin Fitz, Volker Berghahn, Cindy Browne, Cecelia Nadal, and Sydney Norton. I owe you all a great deal of thanks for your time and interest. To my family, I offer the most profound gratitude. My mother and father, Janet and Paul Long, have been incredibly supportive of me, and they continue to offer their feedback on my work. Their encouragement was a large reason why I followed my passion into the field of history. Thank you to my sister for being the best sibling I could ever ask for. I am equally indebted to my parents-in-law for their unyielding support. Thank you, De and Bruce and Evilsizor, for all your incredible help. You made it easy to join the Evilsizor clan. Finally, to my wife and daughter, Erica and Sabine: for you I am the most grateful of all. This adventure of graduate school has encroached mightily on our time together, and I am forever indebted for everything you have done to help me along the way. You truly are the most amazing people I could ever hope to spend my life with. I feel truly blessed to have you both. Thank you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE......................................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 2 The Transnational Currents of Revolution ......................................................... 2 Literature Review, Historiography, and Definitions ......................................... 12 Thesis Framework and Outline......................................................................... 19 CHAPTER ONE: 1848 IN A WIDER CONSCIOUSNESS .................................................................. 21 De Tocqueville’s Volcano: Europe at the Precipice .......................................... 21 To American Shores: European Migration in the Nineteenth Century ............ 31 “America’s Freedom-Loving People”: German-Speaking Immigrants in the United States .................................................................. 39 American Progress, American Freedom: A New Adam .................................... 43 An Impending Sectional Crisis and a Move to Radical Abolitionism ................ 45 CHAPTER TWO: AUGUST BONDI AND THE TRANSNATIONAL CURRENTS OF REVOLUTION ........................................................................................................... 50 August Bondi and the Legacy of 1848.............................................................. 50 August Bondi in the Literature ......................................................................... 55 “From smallest acorns / Largest oaks do grow”: Bondi and Revolution in Vienna .................................................................................... 61 “Thence to the United States, where others had preceded them” .................. 66 August Bondi’s Legacy ....................................................................................
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