Os Estados Unidos Da América E O Acordo Nuclear Iraniano

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Os Estados Unidos Da América E O Acordo Nuclear Iraniano Os Estados Unidos da América e o Acordo Nuclear Iraniano Ana Catarina Pereira Fontes Couto Soares Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais Setembro, 2019 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais, realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Tiago Moreira de Sá I OS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA E O ACORDO NUCLEAR IRANIANO ANA CATARINA PEREIRA FONTES COUTO SOARES RESUMO PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acordo de Não-Proliferação Nuclear – Dissuasão Nuclear – Estados Unidos da América – JCPOA – Médio Oriente – Diplomacia – República Islâmica do Irão Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar o envolvimento dos EUA na conceção, negociação e apoio ao Plano de Ação Conjunta Global (JCPOA, na sigla inglesa), mais conhecido por Acordo Nuclear Iraniano, destacando os EUA das demais Partes Contratantes e propondo uma análise evolutiva que examina esse envolvimento até ao seu ponto culminante, com a decisão do Presidente Donald Trump de retirar os EUA do Acordo, em Maio de 2018. Desenvolvendo uma abordagem histórica, este trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa eminentemente qualitativa, complementada por pesquisa quantitativa (por exemplo, de cariz económico ou de defesa) e análise documental do texto do Plano de Ação Conjunta Global, de legislação, de relatórios e de discursos de decisores políticos das Administrações Obama e Trump. A análise crítica das fontes e da bibliografia aponta para uma evolução gradual da posição dos EUA na conceção, negociação e apoio ao Acordo Nuclear Iraniano, a qual sofre uma forte alteração com a eleição do Presidente Trump. II THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE IRANIAN NUCLEAR DEAL ANA CATARINA PEREIRA FONTES COUTO SOARES ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: Diplomacy – Islamic Republic of Iran Nuclear – JCPOA – Middle East – Nuclear Deterrence – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Agreement – United States of America This dissertation aims to analyse the United States’ involvement in the design, negotiation and support to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), better known as the Iranian Nuclear Deal, emphasizing the US from the other Contracting Parties and proposing an evolutionary analysis that examines this involvement until its culmination with President Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw the US from the agreement, in May 2018. By developing a historical approach, it is eminently based on qualitative research, complemented by quantitative research (for example, data concerning economy or defence) and documental analysis of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, legislation, reports and speeches of policy officials of Obama and Trump’s Administrations. The critical analysis of those sources and bibliography suggest that there is a gradual evolution of the design, negotiation and support to the Iranian Nuclear Deal, which suffers a major change with the election of President Trump. III ÍNDICE RESUMO ............................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... III LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ..............................................................................................VI INTRODUÇÃO....................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO I. Enquadramento Teórico.................................................................................... 7 1. Fundamentação Técnica ........................................................................................................ 7 2. A Dissuasão na Era Nuclear .................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Conceptualização ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2. A Teoria Clássica da Dissuasão ........................................................................................ 14 2.3. Críticas ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.4. Desenvolvimentos e Tendências de Investigação .............................................................. 25 2.4.1. A Teoria de Transição de Poder ..................................................................................... 25 2.4.2. A Teoria de Dissuasão Perfeita ...................................................................................... 26 2.5. Dissuasão e Diplomacia ................................................................................................... 27 3. Desarmamento e Controlo de Armamento ........................................................................... 29 3.1. O Regime de Não-Proliferação Nuclear ............................................................................ 31 3.2. Enquadramento Histórico do Processo de Controlo de Armamento Nuclear ...................... 36 CAPÍTULO II. O Plano de Ação Conjunta Global ................................................................. 45 1. As Relações Bilaterais entre os EUA e a República Islâmica do Irão ................................... 45 2. O Programa Nuclear Iraniano .............................................................................................. 50 2.1. A Evolução Histórica do Programa Nuclear Iraniano até à Entrada em Vigor do JCPOA .. 52 2.2. Descrição do Programa Nuclear Iraniano .......................................................................... 56 3. O Plano de Ação Conjunta Global: Bases e Fundamentos .................................................... 61 IV CAPÍTULO III. A Administração Obama e o Plano de Ação Conjunta Global ...................... 67 1. A Política Estratégica Nuclear da Administração Obama ..................................................... 67 1.1. A Política Estratégica Nuclear da Administração Obama Relativamente ao Irão ............... 69 2. O Processo Negocial do Plano de Ação Conjunta Global ..................................................... 75 3. A Controvérsia do Plano de Ação Conjunta Global nos EUA .............................................. 81 3.1. Os Apoiantes Norte-Americanos ...................................................................................... 81 3.2. Os Opositores Norte-Americanos ..................................................................................... 84 CAPÍTULO IV. A Administração Trump e o Plano de Ação Conjunta Global ....................... 87 1. As Eleições Presidenciais e a Campanha Eleitoral de Donald Trump ................................... 87 2. A Não-Certificação do Plano de Ação Conjunta Global ....................................................... 88 3. A Saída dos EUA do Plano de Ação Conjunta Global .......................................................... 93 4. O Futuro das Relações EUA-Irão ........................................................................................ 97 CONCLUSÃO ..................................................................................................................... 101 FONTES E BIBLIOGRAFIA ............................................................................................. 104 ANEXO 1 ............................................................................................................................ 117 ANEXO 2 ............................................................................................................................ 118 ANEXO 3 ............................................................................................................................ 119 ANEXO 4 ............................................................................................................................ 121 V LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ABM – Anti-Ballistic Missile ou Sistemas de Mísseis Antibalísticos ADM – Armas de Destruição Maciça AIEA – Agência Internacional de Energia Atómica AIPAC – American Israel Public Affairs Committee AP – Protocolo Adicional CIA – Central Intelligence Agency CSA – Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement CSNU - Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas CTBT – Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty ou Tratado de Proibição Total de Ensaios Nucleares FDD – Foundation for Defense of Democracies GTRI – Global Threat Reduction Initiative HEU – Highly Enriched Uranium ou Urânio Altamente Enriquecido JCPOA – Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action ou Plano de Ação Conjunta Global JPOA – Joint Plan of Action ou Plano de Ação Conjunta LEU – Low Enriched Uranium ou Urânio Fracamente Enriquecido MAD – Mutual Assured Destruction ou Doutrina de Destruição Mútua Assegurada MEK – Mujahedin-e Khalq MNA – Movimento dos Países Não-Alinhados MWe – Megawatts electric MWt – Megawatts termal NNWS – Non-Nuclear Weapon States NPR – Nuclear Posture Review NSG – Nuclear Suppliers Group ou Grupo de Fornecedores Nucleares VI NWS – Nuclear Weapon States ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas P5+1 – Grupo que contém os EUA, China, França, Grã-Bretanha, Rússia e Alemanha PMD – Possible Military Dimensions PSI – Proliferation Security Initiative SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ou Conferência para Limitação de Armas Estratégicas SEU – Slightly Enriched Uranium ou Urânio Levemente Enriquecido SORT – Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions ou Tratado de Moscovo START – Strategic Arms Reduction
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