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Reducing Spectator Violence in Zimbabwe's Premier Soccer

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Reducing Spectator Violence in Zimbabwe's Premier Soccer Reducing spectator violence in Zimbabwe’s Premier Soccer League Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration - Peace Studies Donwell Dube Professor Geoffrey Harris Supervisor______________________ Date__________________ Dr. Sylvia Kaye Co-Supervisor___________________ Date__________________ February 2020 i APPROVED FOR FINAL SUBMISSION Geoff Harris Comm., Dip Ed, MEc, PhD Supervisor........................................................... Date................................. Sylvia Kaye BS, MS, PhD Co-supervisor................................................... Date....................... ii DECLARATION I, Donwell Dube declare that; I. The research reported in this dissertation/thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research, II. This dissertation/thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university, III. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons, IV. This dissertation/thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced: b. where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks and referenced. V. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, with the source being detailed in the dissertation/thesis and in the References sections. Signature: iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Professor Geoff Harris who tirelessly worked with me throughout the whole process. Thank you to all the FC Platinum club officials for making the study a success. I also salute the men and women from the FC Platinum Supporters Club who worked with me from the beginning to the end. I also give thanks to my wife, Ivon and my children who gave me the inspiration to embark on this journey. To all my friends and colleagues who supported me, thank you very much. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to all the soccer supporters who seek to walk the path of nonviolence in the face of adversity. v ABSTRACT The Zimbabwean soccer scene has continued to be dogged by the problem of increasing spectator violence despite the calls and efforts of various stakeholders to reduce it. The efforts to deal with the problem have had little effect and this has affected the game negatively in many aspects. Through a participatory action research design the study sought to explore the nature, causes, and effects of the violence. The study also sought to establish how the spectators could be engaged in the efforts to reduce the violence. The study was informed by Galtung’s violence theory and Lederach’s conflict transformation theory. Through the participation of members a local soccer supporters’ club the study found that violence manifests in various forms in and that the causes of violence are many. Some of the causes of violence are psychological while some are systemic. The participants in the study were able to run a workshop on violence which was regarded as a necessary first step in the fight against spectator violence. Another important finding was that participatory action research can indeed be used effectively to address the issue of spectator violence. The study goes on to present recommendations based on the findings. One of the recommendations made is that an infrastructure for reducing spectator violence be established by the various stakeholders involved in soccer. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAF - Confederation of African Football CCTV - Closed Circuit Television FAT - Frustration Aggression Theory FAV - Fans Against Violence FC - Football Club FIFA - Federation Internationale de Football Association FGD - Focus Group Discussion GAP - Get Active Powassan ICSS - International Centre for Sport Security LPI - Life and Peace Institute MENA - Middle East and North Africa NGO - Non Governmental Organization PAR - Participatory Action Research PE - Participatory Evaluation PFAVA - Platinum Fans Against Violence Association PFCSA - Platinum FC Supporters Association PSL - Premier Soccer League PVO - Private Voluntary Organizations SFD - Sport for Development SLT - Social Learning Theory WHO - World Health Organization YVPC - Youth Violence Prevention Coalition ZIFA - Zimbabwe Football Association ZZF - Zamzam Foundation vii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Background to the study ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1The context of the study .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research question and objectives .......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Motivation for the research .................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Scope of the study and delimitations ..................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Research design ...................................................................................................................................... 7 1.8 Research methods .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.9 Research plan .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.10 Thesis Overview .................................................................................................................................... 9 1.11 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 13 RELEVANT PEACE THEORIES ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 The difference between conflict and violence ...................................................................................... 13 2.2.The nature of violence: a Galtungian perspective ................................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Direct violence ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Structural violence ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.3 Cultural Violence ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.3 Learning and unlearning violence ......................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Addressing violent conflict in sport ...................................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Conflict management ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.4.2 Conflict resolution .............................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.3 Conflict Transformation ..................................................................................................................... 21 viii 2.4.3Conflict Transformation Theory .......................................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Applying the framework .................................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 28 THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF SOCCER SPECTATOR VIOLENCE ...................................................... 28 3.0 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................
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