Official Organ of ZANU PF

Official Organ of ZANU PF oDepartment of Informaton and Pub cit, 14 Austin Road 70c sales tax) Volume 25, No. 1 1994, Registered at the G.P.O as a Newspaper ______* Profiles of ZANU PF provincial chairmen 0 No glory in heavy-,ight boxing

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Editorial: Letters: National News: Regional News: International News: Obituary: Sport: Contents ...... ,...... 2 Vice-President Nkomo and the location of a dam ...... 3 Civil Service rationalisation to continue ...... 4 Emerald mining still closed shop ...... 11 Affordable creches for poor families ...... 12 Around the country with ZIS ...... 14 Profile of ZANU PF provincial chairmen ...... 15 ZANU PF provincial election results ...... 19 On the eve of a non-racial South ...... 22 The history of the Pan-African Movement ...... 23 Implications of population growth in Southern Africa ...... 27 Africa wishes for prosperous 1994 ...... 28 Korean socialism entering new era ...... 29 Russia's thorny road to capitalism ...... 31 Report recommends changes toi British criminal justice system . 32 Romanians pay tribute to Ceausescu ...... 35 Collapse of superpower rivalry raised old conflicts ...... 36 A farewell to yet another hero ...... 38 Chinyati is laid to rest ...... 43 More money, little glory in heavyweight boxing ...... 46 Zimbabwe News is the official Organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union [ZANU PFJ and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, ,longwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road, Workington, . World Copyright, Central Committee IZANU PFJ. Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende Cde. C. Ndhlovu Cde. S. Kachingwe Cde. A. Sikhosana Cde. M. Munyati. Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF I 0AHOW

Action must speak louder than words THE current debate on the non-availability of credit to the indigenous business sector and the government's thrust to indigenise the economy signals the beginning of an earnest economic drive to give indigenous people economic power. The existing imbalance in credit facilities which has paralysed small and medium scale enterprises is a carry over from a long-term colonial strategy of denying blacks control of the economy. For too long, a myth has been perpetuated by racist propagandists that African enterprises in all sectors of the economy are inherently unproductive and unsound. However, small scale commercial farmers have disproved this line of thinking by producing more than half of the country's grain. They have also acquitted themselves very well in cotton, tobacco and sunflower production. But despite this, selective lending programmes which are in favour of white entrepreneurs still persist. These programmes, together with some restrictive laws adopted at independence are hindering government's efforts to promote the growth of small and medium scale enterprises and the indigenisation of the economy. This continued discrimination against indigenous businesses has culminated in the current struggle for black economic empowerment which is being spearheaded by the Indigenous Business Development Centre (IBDC). A war has been raging between commercial banks and the IBDC over the banks' lending policies. The IBDC has called on the government to take affirmative action to redress the imbalance. To show its commitment, government has made available a Z$400 million loan facility for small and medium scale enterprises. This presents a good response by government. The ball is now in the court of the indigenous business community and they must prove that they are capable of delivering the goods. Measures should also be taken to ensure fair and speedy disbursement of the funds. This is a big challenge to the indigenous business community - Now go ahead and prove it. It is also important to note that government's recent identification of 28 laws stifling the formation and growth of small businesses in the country is a step in the right direction which should be applauded. A deregulation team set up last year has already isolated 13 of these laws which are to be reviewed urgently. The laws include the Urban Councils Act, the Rural District Act, the Regional, Town and Country Planning Act, Shop Licences Act, Liquor Act, Public Health Act, Food and Food Standards Act, Traditional Beer Act, Customs and Excise Act and the Second-hand Goods Act. However, identification of the laws alone is not enough. The government is therefore called upon to move as quickly as possible in effecting amendments. The struggle continues! [] ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Vice-President Nkomo and the location of a dam Dear Editor The Vice-President, Dr. Joshua M. Nkomo recently addressed a meeting at Beit Bridge attended by local political leadirs, councillors and civil servants. At that meeting, the Vice-President bitterly questioned the serviceability and rationality of constructing the Shopi dam in a commercial farming area instead of locating it in dry communal lands. Dr. Nkomo asked- "What benefit will this dam be to the people of this dry district?" He went further to pose the question: "Did the planners consider the uestion of how many people will har est from this dam?" The Vice-President revealed that the communal farmers of Beit Bridge had earlier asked for the construction of a dam on the Mtetengwe River to enable local peasants to engage in irrigation schemes. Development Commercial farmers have the privilege of obtaining loans from the Agricultural Finance Company (AFC) and commercial banks for the construction of dams on their farms while communal peasants do not have this privilege. The commercial farming sector is highly de- V veloped in Zimbabwe. The development of the communal sector takes first priority in the allocation of funds by Government. When Government priorities are turned upside down, people have the right to know the reasons. Dr. Nkomo, together with Vice-President , ranks second in the Government hierarchy. It is therefore surprising to hear him say: "I will seek explanation from Cabinet as to how this dam came first when every person in Government knows the drought position in this district." If "every person in Government knows the drought position in this district" who then authorised the construction of the Shopi Dam in the commercial farming sector? Consultants Sources close to the department of Water Affairs have disdosed that the location of Shopi Dam was decided by consultants seconded to the department. Assuming that the source was correct in attributing the location of the Dam to the wisdom of foreign "consultants", a Without water, life becomes a nightmare lot of questions immediately come to economic and political conditions in mind. Why should there be the need for Zimbabwe? foreign consultants 1 3 years after in- The Zimbabwe News is on record as dependence? Are foreign consultants having fearlessly questioned the wisdom best informed about the socio-economic of the Government in employing people situation in Zimbabwe? Are they familiar who do not understand or sympathise with Government policies and priorities? with ZANU PF's policies and Are our own highly qualified university programmes. It is common sense to prograduates who man our ministries so ill- tect one's interests by working with only informed about their own country that those who are politically aligned with, they have to rely on foreign consultants or are sympathetictgoGovernment POP-1 all the time? Is it financially viable for cies and priorities. Therefore I urge the the Government to continue to pay high government to utilise our graduates for salaries in foreign currency to foreign such jobs. consultants who have repeatedly shown B.M. their ignorance about the socio- Harare ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Civil service rationalisatic to continue - Presiden In reducing the size of army, we must not render ourselves powerless and impotent the rationalisation of the civil service is a necessity and will continue to take place, the President, Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe said in his New Year message at State House in Harare on December 31, 1993. He pointed out that the government looked at how it can reduce the size of the army "without rendering ourselves powerless and impotent. So in the event of any occurence requiring us to defend our country we would not be found wanting." The following is the full text of his address: Vice President and Mai Muzenda, Senior Ministers and other Ministers present, Governors and Resident Ministers, Members of Parliament, Government Officials present here, 4iembers of the Diplomatic Corps, Your Worship, the Mayor of Harare and Other Mayors who happen to be here, Representatives of the Economic and Industrial Sectors present here, Secretary to the Cabinet and Heads of Ministries, Vice Chancellors of our Universities here present, Representatives of Religious denominations who are here, Chiefs of Security Forces or their representatives, Invited guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Comrades and Friends. As usual, at the end of the year and on the eve of the New Year, we assemble here at the invitation of the President and the reason is for us to celebrate the end of the year and look forward, with joy and hope, to the coming year. May I, on behalf of Government on behalf of the people of Zimbabwe and on my own behalf welcome you to this end of 1993 reception. As I said, Ladies and Gentlemen, Comrades and Friends, we are here to celebrate the end of the year and I am sure that in our celebrating the end of the year and looking forward to the new year, we examine also the fortunes and perhaps, misfortunes, that have come our way and they come our way perhaps as we look at ourselves as a nation. In some cases, as we look at ourselves as community, as we look at our selves as families as well as individuals. Well, you will agree that they brought us good fortunes and pera the greatest of all fortunes wast which was yielded in agriculture wh we had record yields of maize, toba - despite the auction prices, where we went up again in our production of soya beans, cotton and even wheat. I have been told a while ago tha perhaps, hopefully, shall yield ab 300 000 tonnes of wheat or just b that, and that our maize is likely q in the region of 2.5 or 2.6 million t But not all of that is coming to the Marketing Board. Perhaps 1.3 mi the input or savings in the Grain keting Board. But of course, there other crops as well. We look at th ger plantations, sugar, I happend have visited the main plantation country and it has recovered rem bly although it will be some time the actual production will be yielded this will be possibly mid next year (1 994).It is very green at the plantation. The coffee and tea plantations have also recovered and we hope that recovery continues. Good production I am sure you will also agree that in that sector, the greatest joy came in the way of the communal farmer who made a real contribution by way of maize, cotton and other products being received by our parastatal bodies. Only this week, we witnessed some of the millions of dollars which were paid to rural or communal farmers in areas where production was high. But this is the brighter side of our year. Good agriculture, joy on the part of the farmers, translating itself to some in some respect that joy also shared by the manufacturers who depend on agriculture had failed. But how they have been propped up - the textile industry is up and with it the clothing industry. But that is the manufacturing sector and perhaps there are posts of happiness there but I read feelings also of despondency. That is despite the recovery from the drought, there have been quite a spate of handicaps in the manufacturing sector and there are lot to do with the lack of financial liquidity in the sysContinued on page 6 IMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

I Wer no her jus fo th er We, at Natbrew, are proud to have been brewing the finest clear beers for more than 80 years. For most people that is our most notable achievement. But, what goes relatively unnoticed is our commitment to sport in Zimbabwe. As a responsible corporate citizen we take our role in society very seriously. This is manifest in many ways, not the least of which is the setting aside of substantial funds to sponsor major soccer, rugby, and horseracing events. Like these little fellows in the picture, there are hundreds of thousands of people in the country who experience the positive personal benefits of sport. That is why sport deserves hundreds of thousands of dollars from Natbrew. At Natbrew, our corporate philosophy is simple. We will continue to invest heavily in our community. Because we are not only committed to providing a better beer for our community, but also a better community for our beer. Next time you pour one of your favourite beers, please remember that we, at Natbrew, are pouring tremendous sums of money into furthering sport in your country. National Breweries The cheer that goes beyond the beer. BARKER, MCORMAC NBG 697 IBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 5

Civil service rationalisation Continued from page 4 tem. As a result, many a business was liquidated or somehow just wound up for lack of finance, lack of money. And as I Went around the country, I received many, many complaints, especially from the emerging businessmen - the IBDC business person. But there are also an outcry on the part of well-established industrialists. The cry was money, no money and where money was available to some extent it was too costly. So there was that financial predicament which confronted our business people and many really closed down their enterprises. And we found ourselves helpless as government because there just were no funds. And we looked at measures, some medium-term, short-term and others perhaps long-term. Some had to do with the rationalisation process, our government could make money more readily available by itself not borrowing from the same financial sake that would help push entrepreneurs. And of course, this is the one reason government decided on looking at its expenditure and trying to reduce and do this in a variety of ways. We looked at how we could ourselves bring about the rationalisation of our own operations in the public sector. How we could reduce the public service and infact steps have been taken regarding that and quite a lot of retrenchments have already taken place and some are due to take place. We looked also at how we can reduce the size of the army without rendering ourselves powerless and important. So in the event of any occurrence requiring us to defend our country, we would not be found wanting. But rationalisation accross the board of our public sector is a necessity as this is taking place and will continue to take place. But we have listened to complaints from industrialists, some of whom say, well, true, reduce the size of the public service, but look at your parastatal system and look at parastatals that require to be subsidized and instead of subsidizing them, why not allow them to fall into the hands of the private sector? We have employed a group of experts from Ireland to look into the parastatals, one by one, and they have made quite a Success in agriculture depends on good rains and markets with good prices detailed and comprehensive report to us. We are studying that report. Waiver of Irish recommendations Perhaps, by and large, we will go by what they have recommended, but there are areas where perhaps we will waiver. As I mentioned the day before yesterday when I was interviewed by ZBC, which they recommend must continue to be subsidized - the Grain Marketing Board - because they have little real flexibility. But we would want to see it also do business and not just continue to be a servicing institution, to service the farmers and service the miller. To service farmers on the one hand by buying from them and do service to the millers by selling grain to them so that they can make profit when the Grain Marketing Board does not make that profit. So we will look at how we can make it commercial to some extent. But perhaps we will continue to subsidise it because we will expect it to be the country's granery and the country's granery must store grain and therefore, as I said earlier on, have money trapped up in the system because we would want to cater for that which will occur in the future when once again we will be faced by a drought or if not a drought - a hardship situation of dire need when we will need to provide food to the nation. But the Grain Marketing Board is not the only parastatal which is in the habit of being subsidised. There are others as well - the Railways have been subsidised to some extent, the airways subsidised, but of course the most problematic parastatal is ZISCO, ZISCO, ZISCO, ZISCO - iron and steel, ZISCO is made of iron as you know but iron rusts. The oxidation has taken effect. It needs to be boosted. But we cannot allow it to die, you will agree. Just imagine us without iron in the country. What construction will take place? Import iron from and other countries? What happens to those countries of our region which have tended to depend on us? So something must be done. I am glad that investigation has been done into as to what we could possibly do to resurrect it and I hope that the process will succeed. There are two blast furnaces that are in trouble - 3 and 4 - and the greater of these is four but perhaps as the outgoing Secretary, Cde. Nziramasanga, was advising me sometime ago, that if we started with blast furnace number 3 and because its cheaper to start with that one than to start with four and keep it going on the strength of it, we could then go ahead with blast furnace number 4. Problems in manufacturing Well, the manufacturing sector has really experienced most problems. From the drought year to the good agricultural year just ending, and although there has been some recovery, that recovery has not been sufficient enough to enable us to retain people in employment. And over and above that, to get people who had been retrenched back into employment. The manufacturing sector is a really problematic sector. In agriculture, I suppose, you can proceed with some Continued on page 7 IMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 I -Naio-na~e-w

Civil service rationalisation to continue Continued from page 6 degree of certainity that if you plant crops and the rains come, you will have a good year. But even there, the issue of markets is uncertain and the prices on the markets continue to fluctuate. But the manufacturing sector depends on other sectors - inputs from other sectors and if both fail then trouble enters the manufacturing section. Again, if markets fail, we have lots of trouble. If sources of supply are uncertain, or the inputs we get from those sources are too expensive, once again, we are in trouble. ESAP has also brought its own problems. We have said that these problems are initial, we are midway in ESAP and perhaps some people do not listen to us anymore when we say that these are initial problems, they tend to think now that they are permanent problems. But I would like to believe that we have now gone over the hump and that 1994 will certainly yield a better environment and better prospects for all of us, after perhaps, minimal growth rate of 2 per cent has been achieved, to look forward to a greater pace in our growth and development. But let our agriculture continue to achieve so it can continue to prop the manufacturing sector. But we do hope that the measures that have been taken, some of them have been taken today, that there will really be now a phase during which we will see real investment coming into the country and boosting given to the economy in general. But we are yet to do quite a lot - not just to attract investment, but to ensure that investment goes into correct places and areas that will create employment most of the investment should come from ourselves - from the domestic sector - and the domestic sector as we envisage when we plan, in the economic reform programme, was to play a major role in investment. But again we have an inbuilt system of contradiction. Perhaps the reality, not just our economics, but economics everywhere. You start an economic reform programme and suddenly you realise that because of a number of reasons, the prices continue to go up. But you have to cope with the high rate of inflation, to prevent it from galloping. You would want to see investment as much as possible taking place, more money being available, but you have surprise inflation as well. And in order for you to succeed, you reckon that it would be better for now to apply mechanisms, which although they have the effect of doing havoc to liquidity, will reduce inflation and you are contradicting yourself. But the is nothing you can do and that is precisely what we did. Interest rates But now the situation, we hope, is much better, the high interest rates that were in operation have started coming down. The industrialists are saying, no they have not come down enough, money is still too expensive, but that's the reality of the situation. Money will continue to be expensive and even if the interest ESAP problems are not permanent ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 rates come down to 20 per cent, money will still be expensive. 20 per cent is quite a high rate although by our standards that would be regarded as a better situation than that which prevailed over last year. Well, let's look forward to a better situation. To more money being available and to more imports of capital necessities that will go into our own production system rather than imports of consumer goods, that these will boost our own exports in turn and enable us to earn more foreign currency. I look with greater hope at the mining sector than I do perhaps at the problematic manufacturing sector. There we have a greater thrust now than there was perhaps about two years ago, greater interest in demonstrating across the board of all minerals. We know of course that minerals have not been doing that well on the international market for various reasons. Gold has started picking up, it wasn't doing that well for quite a long time and the price was, according to producers of gold, at $310-350 and they said that perhaps they could regulate it at $385 or around $380 an ounce and I think that is more pleasing than the price that we obtained about six months ago.. Copper hasn't been doing that well either but we are not as great a producer of copper as and Zaire. Tin, we are a small producer but there is a real problem confronting Kamativi and we do hope that we can see them through. Nickel, well, not that bad but has been on the areas of platinum, diamonds and gold that we seem to lay our hopes and there is real attraction to the country of investors, mining companies in the field of platinum. We are glad also that our prospecting for gold is showing effort, diamond is showing some success and we look forward to several mining companies coming into the country to mine diamonds. I am glad to say that there are prospects of our indigenous groups or persons going into large-scale mining. There is more gold, of course, than has been discovered and one hopes that mining in respect of these people, will start soon. Joint ventures Let's hope that those who come as investors, whether they come into the mining sectors or into the manufacturing sector or into any other sector, that they do come to become partners with Continued on page 9

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Civil service rationalisation Continued from page 7 The totality of our endeavours must be encapsulated in our national policies us and being partners with us is not just being in a position to pay company tax at the end of the day, but be prepared to incorporate into the company, partners who are indigenous and we would want to see every investing company going hand-in- hand with a group of indigenous persons in the country. So that aspect must be watched very carefully. We toured countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, China and saw where economic reform programmes have succeeded, but I can assure you that in a country like Malaysia, they have gone about it in a deliberately discriminating way. They are not ashamed to say they discriminate in favour of indigenous persons in order to correct the imbalances of the past. But we are shy about it, I'm not shy but my people are shy. We want our African people who were left behind, when various companies got established, in the past, because of history, where just whites, not just whites in terms of white settlers here, but whites even in terms of their foreign control and we have a situation where a large amount of past investment has been in the hands of foreigners and non-blacks. To ask them to incorporate blacks as partners appears to them as a kind of racialism being practised in reverse by us. But we are saying no, this is in order for us to correct the imbalances, the disparity that history has created. We want to see a non-racial society. Things cannot continue as they are. We really have to do something. But of course, if individuals are not able to call nonracialism to work, we, will have to compel them to espouse non-racialism, espouse the principles of partnership. That is national reconciliation at best. I have talked about the public sector. The public sector, ladies and gentlemen, comrades and friends, is a vast area. It encompasses, not just the system of government and those that make it go, including not just public servants or civil servants, but the Army, the Police force, CIO, but includes also institutions like Parliament and the Judiciary, you will agree with me that our Parliament has had a good year. 1993 has been an eventful year for them, passed lots of legislation and they have therefore done a good bit of work for the country just as they have done before and I would want to express my gratitude to all performers - those in agriculture, those in the manufacturing sector, those in mining - on the contribution they have made over the years. I hope they continue to do their best in order to cause our economy to grow. I want to thank members of Parliament who are here and those who are not here on their contributions over the year. But I must express to them that we still have a year to go and greater gratitude will be expressed at the end of next year when their term of office automatically comes to an end. Some people wanted to cause their term of office to come to an end soon so that we can have an election. Smali parties, they want elections; they want to try themselves. I suppose they want elections for no reason other than that one that they want you to go. But the people have given you a five-year period and we must respect the wishes of the people. So in my view, you should remain for five years and it will be five years. I don't want us really to get into the tradition that is elsewhere. Where because the going is good you call elections. But the Constitution says that there shall be elections, every five years and unless there is something very drastic, very wrong in the system of governContinued on page 10 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Civil service rationalisation Continued from page 9 ment, surely we should not just rush people into an election which is undeserved and the people will say, "do we deserve this?" We will have our elections at the right time in 1995. And the Forum and others must prepare for 1995, they are not ready just now. So we are giving them more time, more rope to let them get ready. MPs' salaries Well, I have spoken about Parliament and I hear Mr. Speaker say, "Mr. President, you haven't referred to MPs as the underdogs of the country, people who are receiving peanuts when others are being well-salaried. They are in a management position, Mr. President, they perform the sovereign duty of making Law and yet they get salaries that are three times, if four times, lower than those received by an ordinary sales person working for a firm." My reply, Mr. Speaker is, I have heard your calls and the Ministry of Finance has heard your calls, the Senior Minister of Finance has presented to me certain proposals and we have concurred and agreed and I hope the announcement which is going to be made within a day or two will please many at heart. Oneness I want to end up by thanking all of you for having come; thanking all our people for the role they played over the years. The unity they displayed, the oneness, whether faced with hardships or in situations of joy and happiness which they have shown. It has been a difficult year, difficult for our entreprenuers, difficult for the worker, difficult for the consumers. These three comprise the disparity of our society. We are these three, entreprenuers, workers consumers. Difficult times make these people hardened people. They provide experiences to people; they make them seek for new ways whereby they can overcome their difficulties and problems. Indeed, you cannot have a solution without a problem. After all, solutions are about problems. Solutions are answers to problems and let us live up to the expectations of our people, we who are in leadership. Let us be seen to be providing solutions. If we have said to the people that in order for you to be agriculturally viable, the solution is land, lets provide that land and not dilly daily about it. If we have said over and above land the solution is means of production, those items or resources will apply in order to produce, let us be seen to be providing those resources. If we have said that in order for us to expand our economy, to bring about economic reform, there is need for investment and need for resources that can be used in the investment process, let's ensure the resources are available and not negate the availability of resources. In short, if we have said we will act, let us act and not continue to make promises because promises must be fulfilled, fulfilment is the key to development, fulfilment means have resources applying the resources so the answer is yielded. I want to thank you and thank you most heartily for the role that you played. I thank you on behalf of the people you represent, I thank you equally for what they have done in every walk of life they have operated. Well done ZBC Finally, I want to thank ZBC for the wonderful work they did over Christmas in portraying Christmas as Christmas. For one they were able to organise partici- 1-N-lational News Efficiency is one of the prerequisites to success in business ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 pation by as many groups of people as possible in rendering Christmas songs, carols, Christmas music, diversity of programmes. And it was not just rendered without a plan, a system. You showed all communities participating, You saw all races participating in programmes and the variety of churches also participating in the programmes. I want to say congratulations to you on that excellent piece of work. For once we were proud that we have a nonracial family. But I want also to congratulate the participants, whether these were churches or school children or ordinary people, ordinary groups singing carols. I want to say well done. May they continue to work together in that same spirit that avoids groupism, racialism and tribalism. We are a one Zimbabwe nation, one clan but diversity of tribe, diversity of races, but one destiny. We must march together where ever we were born in Zimbabwe, whatever culture has brought us up, whatever colour of our skin, whatever our own individual ideas, individual plans, the totality of our endeavours must be ecapsulated in our national policies, the national direction so all of us are catered for in the same way. So all of us can find a place in Zimbabwe and not just a place, a home, but a meaningful home, a home with means. That is the destiny. Let us endeavour all the time to sing one song, a Zimbabwean song, a national anthem of oneness. One Zimbabwe, One nation. I want to thank you for having come. Tomorrow, that is only 3 hours to go, I think, start a new year. May that year bring greater happiness and prosperity to you and may it bring greater happiness and prosperity to all of us and Zimbabwe. Happy New Year. I thank you. L

Emerald mining still closed shop By Millie Phiri H arare - Demand for precious stones has always been high worldwide and although Zimbabwe has relatively large deposits of emeralds, very little is known about the exploitation of the precious mineral. Apparently, because of the high risks involved which tend to deter prospective miners and financiers, the emerald industry in Zimbabwe has remained tiny with only one major company and a litany of small ventures involved in the extraction of the mineral. Many of the small ventures are one-man companies which specialise in extracting or buying the mineral and selling it on the black market. This has resulted in there being little information on the extraction and sale of the precious stone discovered in Zimbabwe around 1955. Both the Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe (MMCZ) and Ministry of Mines have not responded to requests sent to them to give more information on the state of the emerald industry. Marketing of the mineral is the sole responsibility of the MMCZ and the parastatal is the one that determines prices of most minerals. The Central Statistical Office (CSO) classifies data on precious stones as confidential and only passes it to the public after consolidating it with information from similar organisations. There have to be four companies or more. A CSO spokesman said they had information from less than four companies dealing in emeralds in the country and therefore could not provide any information concerning the mineral without prejudicing the interests of the companies. The operators' list provided by the Chamber of Mines, however, showed as many as 29 operators throughout the country. The Small Scale Miners Association estimates the number operators at 400. The lack of essential information on the mineral is prohibitive to small miners who want to venture into mining emeralds but find they cannot plan the ventures because of the scarcity of information. Cde. Edson Zvobgo - Minister of Mines The biggest operations at present are at Sandawana Mines in Mberengwa, once owned by Rio Tinto until recently when it was sold to Sandawana Mines (Pvt.) Ltd. Mining giants Rio Tinto gave up extraction of the Mineral because it proved to be a complex venture that did not fit well with other mining operations within the company, a spokesman for the company said. Figures compiled by the Chamber of Mines show that emerald production in general is on the decline. In 1988, says the Chamber of Mines, 3 683 carats of the emeralds cut was produced at a value of Z$1.4 million compared to only 1 640 carats at a value of about Z$1,2 million in 1991. The highest production was in 1989 when 6 542 carats were produced at a value of Z$1,6 million. There were no figures available for 1992. The same trend is reflected in the production of rough emeralds which has been going down but with the value going up. In 1988, 562 887 grammes were produced with a total value of about Z$2,6 million and this is compared to only 45 755 grammes produced in 1992 with a value of about Z$1 1 million. In 1990, about 822 060 grammes were produced with a value of about Z$5 million. However, the Chamber of Mines rarely dealt with emerald miners because it considers the industry too small. President of Small Scale Miners' Association, Cde. Giles Munyoro confirmed the existence of the illegal trade in emeralds smuggled mostly to South Africa. Cde. Munyoro said most miners declared zero returns "but to our surprise toey were not closing down or retrenching their workers, which means they could be selling them somewhere illegally". A University of Zimbabwe lecturer at the Department of Geology said locals who were involved in the mining of emeralds "played their cards dose to their chests" and it was difficult to tap any information from them on the mineral. He said there was too much control on the emerald industry that resulted in most of the business being done underground and illegally. This has been criticised by some of the miners, who have alleged under-valuing of their stones. "There is no proper system or structure to determine prices and I would rather sell on the black market and fetch a high price," said one miner. "in this country the MMCZ is the sole exporter and I think these stringent controls are not necessary," he added. Cde. Munyoro echoed the same sentiments, saying the state-owned Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe was an unnecessary bureaucratic set-up as far as the marketing of emeralds was concerned. He said precious stone cutters in the country operated illegally as they were not allowed by law. In Zambia, he said, operators got government permits to sell precious stones outside and the government would also get commission. "In Zimbabwe the laws are very suppressive and that is why there is a lot of illegal marketing," Munyoro stated. Continued on page 12 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Affordable creches for poor families By Chemist Mafuba pilot scheme designed to bring affordable pre-schools to disadvantaged children in both rural and urban areas in Zimbabwe has taken off the ground. A brainchild of the Zimbabwe Network for Early Childhood Education and Care, a non-governmental organisation, the programme brings together parents inEmerald mining still closed shop Continued from page 11 Lack of funding for emerald mining ventures, engendered by the complexity of the extraction process and uncertainty of yields, had also contributed to the growth of the illegal market. "The problem is that unlike gold and other precious stones, mining of emerald is a very complex operation. Even if one knew a place where they could extract emeralds, sometimes they needed to dig several metres before coming across them because unlike gold (which appears in belts), emeralds are found in pockets. "So far an indiyidual who wants cash, if he is going to spend time digging and getting nothing, he gets discouraged," said the UZ lecturer who did not want to be named. Emerald mining requires heavy machinery such as bulldozers and caterpillars and Cde. Munyoro said it costs Z$400 an hour to hire a bulldozer and very few miners could afford. "That is why if one gets one stone, he would run around to sell it on the black market so that he gets at least something to keep him going," Cde. Munyoro pointed out. Internationally, the Zimbabwean emerald is highly sought after. "From the research I have conducted, I have discovered that the Zimbawean emerald is of high quality and is highly sought after. I am convinced there is a lot of (potential) in the emerald industry in the country," said the UZ lecturer. l terested in sharing information and resources which increase the quality of services for their children under the age of six years. Stella Maravanyika, co-ordinator for the programme in Harare, sourced funds from donors and identified two blocks of flats in, the Avenues where children had not been attending pre-school. She managed to motivate and mobilise the parents to start a creche at their premises. At Warwick Court, parents opened their creche with 15 chidren on January 5, this year. A parents committee of five runs the creche in an open ground at the block of flats where they have swings, slides and other play equipment. Similar plans for residents at Grosvenor Court, which forms part of the Avenues project, have reached an advanced stage. Zimbabwe Network came up with the idea when the organisation realised that there were some poor parents in the Avenues who could not afford to send their children to pre-schools in the neighbourhood. Either the schools were expensive, parents had no transport or there were no vacancies. "in my survey," Maravanyika explained, Children should start formal education early - Dr. S. Ndlovu "I found a lot of abuse among children of mothers who are involved with commercial sex. "In future we hope to hold evening meetings to conscientise more parents on the importance of seriding their children to pre-school. We will employ a full-time administrator for this project." Zimbabwe Network started a similar pilot project for rural children at Kamativi Mine in District of Matabeleland North in October 1992. Charlotte Thebe, the coordinator, said the parents turned a nutritional feeding centre, into a pre-school. The children engage in stimulating activities such as writing, playing on swings, singing rhymes and telling sto- Continued on page 13 We must improve the quality of services to children ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 LN'ational News

Affordable creches for poor families Continued from page 12 Nutrition should be aimed at the total development of the child ries. The nutritional aspect of this programme is aimed at the total development of the child. Of the 350 children of pre-schooling going age at Kamative only 100 are in the programme. The rest of the parents failed to raised the fee of Z$1 0 per child per month. "ESAP has marginalised children in this case," Thebe said. "The children attending creche are much healthier than those who are not." Barbra Tutani, chairperson of Zimbabwe Network, said the organisation wanted as many children as possible to engage in some sort of organised activities which stimulate their development. The broad goals of pre-schools, she said, should be in line with the vision of the nation. In this regard, she is looking at other centres to expand the programme. " here are several models which exist to service children based on the will of the community," she said. "The problem there is not enough culturally appropriate Ndebele and Shona models." UNESCO's assistant Southern Africa expert in basic education, Jeannette Vogelaar, described pre-school education as an investment to develop the nation's children. The breakdown of the extended family system, in which grandmother was the agent for a child's development, has left pre-schools to play that role, she said. "The trend now is to link pre-schools with primary schools to make a smooth transfer of the child into the formal education system," Vogelaar said. "The primary school should be aware of what has been happening in the pre- school. They should be seen as one." Dr. Sikhanyiso Ndlovu, an eminent educationist, said children should start going to pre-school at two or three years of age so that they can start formal education at five. At that age, he said, the child's mind will be highly retentive. If it is allowed to remain blank for a year or two, the mind will acquire bad impressions which can last for life. The school-going age can only be lowered if pre-schools have the good equipment, trained teachers and use programmed syllabuses. "The government should regard preschool educaton as a cardinal point for the nation," Dr. Ndlovu said. "We must invest in our children now. They are the future wealth of Zimbabwe." Since last June, UNICEF has been working on a five-year training programme to maintain the quality of pre-school education. The organisation's programme officer, Joey Kemamiah, said the aim is to train as many teachers as possible during this period. Parents, she said, have a responsibility to build play centres for their children and to pay their teachers. Since independence, Zimbabwe has shown that "there is a 100 percent chance" that every child is capable of going to school. "It is a goal which I think is achievable," Kemamiah said. "We regard Zimbabwe as our flagship country." A Ministry of Education and Culture spokeswoman said there are about 6 000 pre-schools countrywide, of which 2 307 are registered, 90 of them in urban centres. Tommie-Marie Samkange, head of the Ministry's Schools Psychological Services Department, said grants totalling Z$1,5 million have been set aside for rural pre- schools during the 1993-94 financial year. Unregistered pre-schools receive their grants to enable them to upgrade sanitary and water facilities at their playcentres so they, too, can be registered. The government pays salaries for teachers at registered schools only. Since independence, the ministry has been able to start from scratch and is now reaching 20 percent of the preschool-going children, a figure which should rise to 48 percent by the year 2000. "We are trying to get rural communities more involved in the pre-school programme," said Samkange. "We are pushing the idea of community participation and community initiatives." Of the avenues project by by Zimbabwe Network, Samkange said: "That's a very good idea. It means that our rural concept (of community participation) is now being applied in urban areas. "There is a common tendency to think that people in urban areas have plenty of money. There are some who don't," and the families in the avenues area of Harare who did not have the money to send their children to the city's preschools because of the prohibitive costs have had their worries solved by the non-governmental organisation with a human face. El ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 M asvingo ...... Civil servants urged to assist the people. Civil servants in have been urged to be fully committed to their duty and constantly give advice to people they are employed to serve. Addressing chiefs, councillors and conservationists at a natural resources management workshop at Mpandawana Growth Point recently, Chief Chimombe expressed concern that some senior civil servants had adopted habits of spending their time loitering at beer outlets. He stressed that people in rural areas desparately needed advice from technocrats and professionals but these civil servants were reluctant to get to the people. Mashonaland Central ...... Power disruptions worry residents Residents in all suburbs of Bindura are bitter about power disruptions which have become a daily occurrence in the town. Some of the residents told ZIS that the power cuts were occurring during evenings and mornings when most families would be busy preparing meals. Some families complained that their children are having to go to school without having breakfast. ZESA superintendent for Bindura, Mr. Roy Bishop said the disruptions were caused by lightning and engineers were working around the clock reparing damaged transformers. Matabeleland North ...... Thieves tarnishing Zimbabwe's image Zimbabwe's image is being tarnished by thieves who are stealing from visiting tourists, a Hwange magistrate has said. Speaking when sentencing Ndaba Sibanda (20) to an effective 16 months imprisonment for snatching 250 pula (Z$775) from a Botswana tourist, Mr. Jabulani Ndlovu said the accused had tarnished the country's image by. stealing from a tourist. The magistrate also brought into effect two months suspended from a previous sentence in 1993. M ashonaland W est ...... river god appears on lake The Kariba River God, Nyaminyami, is said to have appeared to the Tonga people on January 20, resuscitating rumours of the existence of the spirit. According to a manager at a hotel in Kariba, the snake appeared early in the morning around 8.30 am in the form of a whirlwind. It reportedly stretched along the lake for about 500 metres and from the lake skywards into the clouds. Some tourists and Tongas who watched from the balcony of Bumi Hills Safari Ministry launches massive cholera campaign The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare has launched a massive cholera campaign throughout to conscientise people on the dangers of the disease. District health officer for Gutu. Cde. Henry Dzapata said 15 meetings have already been held in the district at clinics and more have been lined up with church leaders, headmasters and councillors. He said 12 positive cholera cases were reported last year in Gutu which prompted the ministry to set up a temporary cholera clinic at Mutombwa in Gutu East. El Lodge confirmed the story and added that the whilrwind slithered slowly across the lake past Bumi Hills to the lake shore of Karba town. Eye witnesses said the water foamed and rose skywards into the clouds. Where the water rose, large bubbles could be seen as if the water in the lake was boiling. The Tonga believe the snake moves under water and whenever the whirlwind appears, the snake shows itself to the people. Mashonaland West ...... AIDS support group decentralises The -based Batsirayi Aids Support Group has embarked on a decentralisation programme to other areas in the province, the group administrator, Cde. Ramson Mabvadya has said. The group is looking beyond Chinhoyi urban to service centres like Chirau, Zvimba, and commercial farms around Lion's Den. The group, established in 1989 conducts Aids awareness campaigns, homebased care for patients and embarks on income generating projects to help afflicted persons and their families. I Prince Charles must go - cler ic rince Charles' unsuitability to become king of England was raised for the first time by a senior official of the Church of England, George Austin, 'the archdeacon of York, on a BBC radio programme on December 7, 1993 and in a commentary in the Times of London the following day. The issue of the succession to the throne is creating a controversy after Princess Diana of Wales announced that she was withdrawing from public life. Press reports have alleged that Queen Elizabeth wants Prince William, her grandson, to succeed her and that the archbishop of Canterbury would not be able to accept Charles as supreme governor of the Church. options and possibiities". In his commentary in the Times, Austin states that Prince Charles' alleged adultery with Camilla Parker-Bowles, which was never officially denied, broke the "solemn vows before God" made at his marriage to Diana Spencer. There is certainly nothing new about adultery in the royal family, Austin wrote, but the question certainly needs to be asked whether Charles can be trusted, when he makes a second set of solemn vows before God in his future coronation oath. I Austin added that trust, once broken, is hard to restore although all Christians have the possibility of repentance and forgiveness, "it may be that Prince Charles has gone too far". His behaviour Both allegations originated from discus- "raises questions not only about his sions the archbishop held with press ex- own role, but also about the monarchy's ecutives last summer in which he "aired very survival". 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 I1Aoun th Countryl i1!11h IS

Herbert Sylvester Masiyiwa Ushewokunze - Harare Chairman Cde. H.S.M. Ushewokunze seasoned politician, former Cabinet minister and ZANU PF Politburo member, Cde. Herbert Sylvester Masiyiwa Ushewokunze staged a dramatic comeback to provincial politics when he overwhelmingly defeated former chairman, Cde. Joseph Macheka and Central Committee member, Cde. Don Muvuti to become the head of . Cde. was born in on 7 June, 1938 and is a holder of an MB, Ch.B., M.N.P., M.C.G.P and M.I.C.G.P. degrees. He is a medical practitioner by profession and was once the Party's secretary for the Commissariat and Culture from 1984 until 1986. He was elected Member of Parliament for Matabeleland North in 1980. At the formation of ZANU in 1963, Cde. Ushewokunze was a member of the party's youth wing. He was also an organiser of university students in Natal, South Africa and member of the underground cell activities in Matabeleland from 1965. He was a member of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) forces and member of the external wing of the party's Central Committee. He was secretary for health in the external wing of the executive committee. Cde. Ushewokunze was the first Minister of Health in independent Zimbabwe. In February 1982, he became Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Transport two years later. After the January 1988 Cabinet reshuffle, he was appointed Minister of State for Political Affairs responsible for the commissariat. At the 1984 former ZANU PF congress, Cde. Ushewokunze was re-elected to the Central Committee and was also appointed to the party's Politburo as secretary for the commissariat and culture, a post he held until 1986. He was the ZANU PF director of elections in the 1985 elections and was elected Member of Parliament for Chinamhora the same year. Dr. Ushewokunze is a former president of the Medical Students Council of Natal and a former vice-president of the Association of Medical Students of South Africa. He was the editor-in-chief of the University of Natal Medical School Jour nal for five years. An all round sportsman, he won the university colours in rugby and lawn and represented the university at soccer, table tennis and badminton. His hobbies include drama, traditional jazz music, sport and study. He is married. During the 1990 general elections, he was returned to Parliament as MP for Highfield East and held the post of Minister of Energy, Water Resources and Development before the ministry was disbanded in the July, 1992 cabinet reshuffle. He resigned as MP for Highfield East in January, 1993. He is the national Secretary for Health and Child Welfare. Cde. Ushewokunze's parents were devout Wesleyan Methodists. He attended Madzima Primary, Chirimamhunga Primary near Marondera and United School in Bulawayo, the Marshall Hartley Mission, the Waddilove Institute, and Goromonzi High School. He qualified as physician in 1963 and spent time serially at King Edward VIII Hospital and McCord Zulu Hospital in South Africa. Towards the end of 1965, Dr. Ushewokunze took up the position of Railways Medical Officer with the Railways. The following year, he established Marondera Polyclinic in Bulawayo and went into private medical practice in Mkoba township of Gweru and Amaveni township of . He also established and ran a charity clinic at Marundu in the Gokwe area. He was the first black private doctor in Matabeleland. He was also the first black doctor to own and run a Nursing Home in the then Rhodesia. While at the University of Natal, Cde. Ushewokunze became a member of the Pan African Congress of South Africa from which he joined the ZANU youth wing. During the years 1966 and 1967, he was engaged in underground and covert activities for ZANU. Cde. Ushewokunze was the first ZANU doctor-cadre to join the struggle in , where he ministered to the health-needs of both refugees and ZANLA forces. He underwent full military training in Mozambique. He is a member of the Central Committee and is still into private medical practice. F-1 Kumbirai Manyika Kangai Manicaland provincial chairman The Manicaland ZANU PF provincial elections saw Cde. Kumbirai Manyika Kangai overwhelmingly elected chairman, defeating Cde. Zororo Duri by a wide margin. Cde. Kangai was bom in 13uhera on February 17, 1938 and attended Makumbe Primary School from 1953 to 1955 before proceeding to Zimuto School and Fletcher High School for his secondary education. After completing his secondary education, he attended Mutare Teacher Training College from 1963 to 1964 before obtaining an associate degree in arts at San Matao College in the United States. He holds a Bachelor of Science oegreE in public health and medical technology. Cde. Kangai, who is the Minister of Lands, Agriculture and Water DevelopContinued on page 17 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 I Natt onal Ne js

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Manicaland provincel Swithun Tachiona Mombeshora Kumbirai Kangai Continued from page 15 Cde. Kumbirai Kangai ment, worked as a school teacher from 1960 to 1962 and from 1964 to 1965. He also worked as a public assistance investigator in 1965. He has held various ministerial posts since 1980. Currently Member of Parliament for South, he was a member of the African National Council (ANC) youth league in 1958 and was at one time a member of the National Democratic Party (NDP) and Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). He was a member of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) at its formation in 1963. During the liberation struggle, Cde. Kangai was ZANU chief representative in North America, He was the secretary for labour and social welfare in the Dare ReChimurenga. He also held the posts of Central Committee member in ZANU where he was secretary for transport and social welfare. Presently, he is the deputy national secretary for economic affairs in the Party. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1980 and his subjects of interest are politics and conservation. He is married with seven children. 0I - Mashonaland West chairman rhe Minister of State for Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, and Member of Parliament for Makonde North, Cde. Swithun Tachiona Mombeshora is the new chairman for the Party's Mashonaland West province. Cde. Mombeshora was born on August 20, 1945 and enrolled for his primary education at St. Marks in Mhondoro. He did his secondary education at St. Augustine's and Fletcher High Schools. He holds Bachelor of Chemistry and Bachelor of Medicine degrees obtained from the University College of Rhodesia in 1972. He was also awarded a University of Birmingham medical degree. In 1963, Dr. Mombeshora became involved with organising the ZANU youth wing in Sinoia (Chinhoyi) district. In 1965, he was arrested and sentenced to six cuts for demonstrating against Ian Smith's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). During his University days, he was politically active and was chairman of the Westwood delegation to the British Commission in 1971, protesting against the proposed settlement agreement. Since then, he has participated actively in politics and was involved in the ZANU PF election campaign in 1980. In the 1980 general election, Cde. Mombeshora was elected to the House of Assembly, representing Mashonaland West province. A year later, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Agriculture, a post he retained until 1985 when he was re-elected to the House of Assembly as MP for Makonde North. During the same year, he was made Deputy Minister of the expanded Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement. After the 1980 elections, he helped reorganise the Party and in 1983, he was elected ZANU (PF) deputy secretary for Mashonaland West province. Two years later, he was elected provincial treasurer and elevated to being Mashonaland West secretary in 1987. He is a member of the ZANU PF Central Committee. Dr. Mombeshora was elected coordinating and publicity secretary for the former ZANU (PF)'s national fund raising committee in 1986. The committee's task was to raise funds for the construction Cde. Swirhun Mombeshora of the new ZANU PF headquarters which is now complete in Harare. In 1988, Cde. Mombeshora was appointed Deputy Minister of Health. While in this ministry, he was appointed to the planning committee for the World Summit for Children. He took up his present ministerial portfolio in 1990. In 1991, he was elected member of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. He is a trustee of the Nyaminyami Wildlife Management Trust in Kariba. Cde. Mombeshora is married with three daughters and three sons. He is the patron of Football Club, and a member of the Zimbabwe Police Club. [] It pays dividends to advertise in The Zimbabwe News magazine ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 LNaliolial NCN s

Border Gezi - chairman, Mashonaland Central Cde. B. Gezi de Border Gezi is the new ZANU PF chairman for Mashonaland Central province. He succeeds Cde. James Makamba, who did not stand in the elections. Cde. Gezi was born in Guruve on 17 December, 1964 and is married with two children: He did his primary education at Muzika School in Guruve from 1971 to 1977 and attended Holy Rosary School for his secondary education from 1978 to 1981. He has worked with the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) as a technical clerk from 1983 to 1990. Cde. Gezi, who is the Member of Parliament for Centenary, was very active in the liberation struggle as a youth from 1978. He held various posts from youth political commissar, section commander and was a youth district secretary for security in Guruve at independence. He also held the post of district chairman, councillor and chairman of the health and education committee of Rural Council. Later, he was provincial youth secretary for information and publicity, provincial youth secretary for administration, national youth secretary for production and labour. He is a member of the Central Committee and was elected to Parliament on 31 March, 1990. Johnson Manasseh NdlOvu chairman' Matabeleland South The newly elected ZANU PF chairman for Matabeleland South province, Cde. Johnson Manasseh Ndlovu was born on November 24,1937 and did his primary education at Siwazi School and Wanezi Mission from 1946 to 1953. He obtained a University Junior Certificate of South Africa at Matopo Mission in 1957 and a Cambridge School Certificate at the same school in 1959. He then attended Luveve Technical College in Bulawayo where he obtained intermediate and final building certificates under the City and Guilds of London Institute. Cde. Ndlovu also attended Huddersfield College of Technology where he secured the Full Technological Certificate City and Guilds. He obtained certificates in industrial supervision, building calculations and building science at the London Institute. From 1965 to 1966, he obtained a certificate of education at Huddersfield College of Education where he also studied economics and the British Constitution up to'A' Level. Between 1967 and 1968, Cde. Ndlovu studied for a pre-degree diploma in public administration, economics, and politics at the University of Sussex in Brighton, the . He has a BA (honours) obtained at University of Sussex while majoring in international relations. He passed the following subjects: foreign policy analysis, international organisations, international theory, international law, international economics, Non-Alignment, urbanism in Africa and international history since 1900. The Matabeleland South chairman also holds an MA degree from the University of Sussex whose coursework included foreign policy analysis, international economics, relations between rich and poor countries. The degree was obtained between 1971 and 1972. Work experience For the twelve months of 1972, Cde. Ndlovu. was manager of the Hoxton Community Centre in London. At the same time, he was chairman of the Islington Law Centre whose main task was to provide free legal advice to British citizens on all problems pertaining to housing in the London Borough of Islington. From 1972 to 1976, Cde. Ndlovu was employed as research officer in the Cde. I.M. Ndlovu international affairs division of the Commonwealth secretariat, in London. From then up to April 1980, he worked as senior executive officer in charge of Commonwealth projects in the secretariat. He is a member of the parastatals commission, managing director of ACP Development and has been a member, chairman or president of the Sussex African Student November, Islington Law Centre, Commonwealth Secretariat Staff Association and Focus Group which is a ")ressure group of the Royal Commonwealth Society. He is the Member of Parliament for North. For the latest in news, sport and entertainment: Get a copy of, The Zimbabwe News magazine from your nearest newsstand ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

The following are the results of Party provincial elections in Mashonaland West, Manicaland and Matabeleland South. Committee members Cde. Lameck Kutsawa Main Mashonaland West Provincal Chairman Vice Secretary Deputy Treasurer Vice Treasurer Political Commissar Deputy Security A Deputy Publicity & Information Deputy Transport & Welfare Deputy Production & Labour Deputy Economic Affairs Deputy Legal Affairs Deputy Education Deputy Health Health (Deputy) Committee Members Women's League Chairlady Vice Chairlady Secretary Vice Treasurer Deputy Treasurer Political Commissar Vice Political Commissar Security Deputy Security Publicity & Information Deputy Secretary for Transport Deputy Secretary for Labour and Production Deputy Economic Affairs Legal Affairs Deputy Education Deputy Health Deputy Commitee Members Youth League Chairman Deputy Wing Swithum Mombeshora Fanuel Majome Dionaisios Chikava Philip Muguti Jacobus Dewet Herbert Munangatire Mayford Mawere Kenneth Mhorombe akamure Ngonldzashe L. Autyambizi Witness Hondo Augwagwa Richard Takavarasha David Mawere Enock Munhenzwa Michael Mboma Mark Madiro Fredrick Mugangavari Peter Gwanzura Tongayi Nyikadzino Lameck Mashayamombe Chief) Titus Zvimba (Chief) Martin Zimani Ignatius Mbasera Epiphania Karengesha Felix Muchemwa Zakadya Ziyambi Paul Siyamena Primrose Gombingo Elita Chandigere Auxiia Matsvaire Fungai Chaderopa Rose Ruwizhi Rachel Mupakawiri Virginia Muchenle Cathrine George Marvis Zengeya Bridget Chida Pauline Musonga :Esnath Satiya Ephraesia Battes Egnes Mutongerwa Maud Mushayandebvu Shine Mutematsaka Oppah Machaka Elizabeth Chiyangwa Magret Rwodzi Hilda Wasiya Vinoriya Mujuruki Lilian Rukarwa Trayphine Mvenge Constance Mubvumbi Christina Sinati Godfrey Marimo : Sunfald Gava Cde. Gideon Muriwo Women's League Secretary Tirivangani Muduwa Deputy Isaac Chengeta Treasurer Elphegio Ticharwa Deputy Sabatian Maptumo Political Commissar John Yotamu Deputy Caleb Chigomararwa Security Sankie Garufu Deputy Stanley Rukono Publicity & Information Gabriel Chigwida Deputy Stephen Paratema Transport & Welfare Chrispen Mutira Cladious Mhuriro Production & Labour Benson Gomo Deputy Kaison Martin Mavhangire Economic Affairs Richard Chitongo Deputy Nobert Munhedzi Legal Affairs George Mudhefi Deputy Justin Chikofi Education Samply Chabarwa Deputy Omam Magutse Health Chiratidzo Gava Deputy Anna Ganya Committee Members Kapungu Z. Matsangatsanga T. Manicaland main wing Chairman Cde. Kumbirai M. Kangai Vice-Chairman Cde. Tichaendepi Masaya Secretary for admin. Cde. Win Mlambo Vice-Secretary for admin.Cde. Christopher Chingosho Treasurer Cde. Nat Shingadia Vice treasurer Cde. Gibson Munyoro Political Commissar ' Cde. Daniel Madondo Vice political commissar Cde. John Mvundura Secretary for security Cde. Caston Mavera Vice secretary for security Cde. Uoyd Zengeni Secretary for information and publicity Cde. Diana Masaya Vice secretary for information and publicity Cde. Michael Mataure Secretary for transport and Welfare Cde. John Tsoka Vice secretary for transport and Welfare Cde. Aaron Mudekunye Secretary for production and labour Cde. Christopher Mushowe Vice secretary for production and labour Cde. Dexter Chavhunduka Secretary for economic affairs Cde. Edson Mandeya Vice secretary for eco. nomic affairs Cde. Dorothy Chiota Secretary for legal affairsCde. T.E. Chigudu Vice secretary for legal affairs Cde. Ishmael Chatikobo Secretary for education Cde. S. Mukwekwezeke Vice secretary for education Cde. S. Mafarochisi Secretary for health and child welfare Cde, (Dr.) Mbawa Vice secretary for health & child welfare Cde. Gideon Mwendo ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 Chairperson Cde. A. Makono Vice chairperson Cde. Reason Masenda SeCretary for administration Cde. Value Munowenyu Vice secretary for administration Cde. Florence Majachani Treasurer Cde. Zvavamwe Vice treasurer Cde. Mandeya Political Commissar Cde. Kanhu Vice Political Commissar Cde. Knight Secretary for security Cde. Chitima Vice secretary for security Cde. Mutauto Secretary for information and publicity Cde. Musora Vice secretary for information and publicity Cde. Chidawanyika Secretary for transport and welfare Cde. Madondo Vice secretary for transport welfare Cde. Moyana Secretary for production and labour Cde. Sakabuya Vice secretary for production and labour Cde. Pfumai Secretary for economic affairs Cde. Matengabadza Vice secretary for eco. nomic affairs Cde. Tawaziwa Secretary for legal affairsCde. Goko Vice secretary for legal affairs Cde. Dube Secretary for education Cde. Roseline Manica Vice secretary for education Cde. Nemaire Secretary for health and child welfare Cde. C. Machiwana Vice secretary for health and child welfare Cde. Gorogopo Committee members Cde. Mubaiwa Cde. Thondhlana Youth League Chairman Cde. Kenneth Nyagura Vice Chairman Cde. Gideon Chid Secretary for administration Cde. Jesca Chidza Vice Secretary for administration Cde. Felix Murimi Treasurer Cde. lane Sanyamandwe Vice treasurer Cde. Panganai Chamaita Political Commissar Cde. Zebbedie Munhopo Vice political commissar Cde. Five Mapunsa Secretary for security Cde. Edward Machingauta Vice secretary for security Cde. Maxwell Jerekete Continued on page 21 National NeNi-s

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Secretary tor intormatio and publicity Vice secretary for information and publicity Secretary for transport .A Li f Cde. Christopher Jena Vice Secretary for Vice Secretary for Health Education Cde. Thompson Mbedzi and Child Welfare Cde. Jesca Maseko Secretary for Health & Committee Members Cde. Georgina Maphosa Cde. Francis Matepo Child Welfare Cde. Dr. G. Bango Cde. Kessy Mangisi Vie arv fnr i-palth RAWVic iuar forUVHealth Vice secretary for transport and welfare Cde. Idah Muyarnbo Secretary for production and labour Cde. Adoniah Masikal Vice secretary for production and labour Cde. Nichodemus Masulkweza Secretary for economic affairs Cde. Sikhumbuzo Thodhan Vice secretary for eco. nomic affairs Cde. Elizabeth Mudavanhu Secetary for legal affairsCde Munawa Vice secretary for legal affairs Cde. Langton Charumbira Secretary for education Cde. Happymore Mauze Vice secretary for education Cde. Moses Tasa Secretary for health and child welfare Cde. Denford Nyambera Committee members Cde. Weston Bhariri Cde. Sarah Gwara * Main Wmg Matabeleland South Chairman Cde. Johnson Ndlovu Vice Chairman Cde. Clemence Musa Khuphe Secretary for Admin. Cde. Joseph Makhado Vice Secretary for Admm. Cde, Abednico Ncube Treasurer Cde. Phineas Nkala Vice Treasurer Cde. Zenzo Herold Ncube Political Commissar Cde. Mafesi Roland Ncube Vice Political Commissar Ordens Mlilo Secretary for Security Cde. Tennyson Ndlovu Vice Secretary for Security Cde. Nichodemus Mthombeni Secretary for Information and Publicity Cde. Afias Ncube Vice Secretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Gibson Moyo Secretary for Transport and Welfare Cde. Rhodes Malaba Vice Secretary for Transport and Welfare Cde. Daniel Phuthi Secretary for Production and Labour Cde. Alma Baloyi Vice Secretary for Production and Labour Cde. Comelias Sibanda Secretary for Economic Affairs Cde. lohn Moyo Vice Secretary for Economic Affairs Robert Ndlovu Nyoni Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Vezi Maduna Vice Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Enos Tshili secretary for Education Cde. Fred Masobadela Nyoni &Child Welfare Committee Members Women's League Chairperson Vice Chairperson Secretary for Administration Vice Secretary for Administration Treasurer Vice Treasurer Political Commissar Cde. L Mkandla Cde. Chief Mathe Cde. Menias Moyo Cde. Chipule M. Malipa Cde. Llian Nyathi Cde. Rennie Kibi Cde. Cara Ngwenya Cde. Hetta Ncube Cde. Betty Mpofu Cde. Ester Moyo Vice Political Commissar Cde. Dorothy Dlamini Secretary for Security Cde. Elizabeth Kulube Vice Secretary for Security Cde. Thibonali Mbedzi Secretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Abigail Damasane Vice Secretary for Information & Publicity Sipiwe Mataka Secretary for Transport and Welfare Cde. Thandiwe Masuku Vice Secretary for Trans port and Welfar Cde. Lydia Hove Secretary for Production and Labour Cde. Harriet Sibanda Vice Secretary for Production and Labour Cde. Eveline Moyo Secretary for Economic Affairs Cde. lane Phuthi Vice Secretary for Economic Affairs Cde. Anna Phiri Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Tambudzai Mohadj Vice Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Moddie Mbasela Secretary for Education Cde. Otta Moyo Bhajila Vice Secretary for Education Cde. Priscilla Moyo Secretary for Health & Child Welfare Cde. Simangaliso N. Banda ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 The Zimbabwe News magazine is printed and published by Jongwe Printing & Publishing Company Pivate Limited 14 Austin Road Workington Harare N afioiial News ti Youth League Chairman Cde. Giant Nyathi Vice Chairman Cde. Elijah Joko Secretary for Administration Cde. Vice Secretary for Administration Cde. Dandy Vela Treasurer Cde. Never Matsha:ie Vice Treasurer Cde. Regina Ndiwena Political Commissar Cde. Richard Sibanda Vice Political Commissar Cde. Lenford Ndou Secretary for Security Cde. Tsireletso Makado Vice Secretary for Security Cde. lethro Moyo Secretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Patrick Hove Vice Secretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Patrick Ncube Secretary for Transport and Welfare Cde. Lovemore Ndlovu Vice Secretary for Trans. port and Welfare Cde. Freedom Tshuma Secretary for Production and Labour Cde. Masilela Sibusiso Vice Secretary for Production and Labour Cde. Ndabezinhle Moyo Secretary for Economic Affairs Cde. Edmon Moyo Vice Secretary for Economic Affairs Cde. Esther Ngwenya Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Jameson Phiri Vice Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Everisto Moyo Secretary for Education Cde. Alex Dube Vice Secretary for Education Cde. Freedom Tshabalala Secretary for Health and Child Welfare Cde. C. Maphosa Vice Secretary for Health and Child Welfare Judith Moyo Committee Members Cde. Kethani Ncube Cde. Standford Sibanda a

On the eve of a nonmracial South A Ica By Malachia M. Basvi Madimutsa O n January 8, 1912, when Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was only 7 years old, the African National Congress was formed to start the long struggle for freedom and democracy in South Africa. Now, 82 years later, Nelson Mandela is saying: "We are almost there (to freedom and democracy)." Mandela's optimism for freedom and democracy in South Africa arises from the general expectation that his ANC will win by a landslide majority in the forthcoming General Elections scheduled for April 27, this year. Two factors will decide the out-come of the elections and numerous ones will determine the durability of the outcome. The elections will be decided by whether they will be free and fair and, in turn, this will rest on the reaction of right wing groups - both black and white. The durability of the outcome will again be determined by the content and form of these two factors plus the unknown quantity of the overt and covert roles of the various interests of a divided international community. Factors To have free and fair elections presupposes absence of intimidation of any kind and a high turn-out of the electorate. These factors are unlikely to be present in view of the fact that Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom Party had declared that it will not participate in the elections if the Interim Constitution will not have been amended. Inkatha is a right wing black party based in Zululand and is in alliance with white conservative groups Violence in all its form must stop in South Africa Cde. President Mugabe (centre) wants to see the eradication of apartheid in South Africa based in Pretoria and Johannesburg. powers for ethnic enclaves. Speaking on behalf of the Conservative Freedom AlGiven the fact that right winlg blacks and liance, a former racist cabinet Minister whites have already formed the so- lacafre aitcbntMnse wted satve reforedm the 0 in the Ian Smith regime Rowan Cronje, calhed Conservative Freedom aice said: "We have come t the endof the which boycotted meetigs at which the read ... There is no sense in moving Interim Constitution was worked out, it 0 follows that those who drafted it will not forward (with negotiations)." agree to make any amendments be- Rowan Cronje ran away from Zimbabwe cause this will delay the holding of on the eve of independence because he General Elections on April 27. Inkatha's did not want to witness black majority leader, Mongosuthu Bhuthelezi, charac- rule. Now he is leading the delegation terises the Interim Constitution as "an of Bobuthotswana bantustan which is instrument for the destruction of in the Conservative Freedom Alliance. Inkatha." Inkatha and the Conservative One can see what type of "freedom" Freedom Alliance are calling for ethnic Cronje envisages for South Africa. It is autonomy while the ANC and de Klerk's the "freedom" to uphold apartheid by Government have agreed on limited making Africans the horses whose riders are whitemen and women. He has already ridden over the, blacks of Bobuthotswana to the extent that he is now their spokesman! The racist wishes-of white right wingers like Rowan Cronje are bound to be resisted by conciliatory blacks led by the ANC. As conciliatory blacks resist both white and black conservative extremism, the conservative extremists will 'redouble their line ot provocative aggression. The offshoot of this antagonistic conflict will be the escalation of ethnic violence. The ANC election Manifesto promises unspecified measures to promote political tolerance despite the fact-that four years of dismantling apartheid have already claimed the lives of 14 000 people. It is 't Continued on page 23 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUA The history of the Pan-African Movement By Malachia M. Basvi Madimutsa Nkomo Vice President - he 7th Pan-African Congress will be held from the 3rd-9th April, 1994 Tat the Nile International Conference Centre, Kampala, Uganda. This PanAfrican Congress should not be confused with the South African national liberation movement of that name which split from the South African National Congress led by the late chief Albert Lutuui on April 6, 1959. The Pan-African Congress was started as a Black Movement uniting all people of On the eve of a non-racial South Africa Continued from page 22 a certainity that more lives will be lost during and after the elections. Disadvantaged Unveiling his election campaign, Nelson Mandela said he would not be making promises he could not honour. Among the promises he made were a crash programme to provide employment for 3 million jobless over a period of 10 years; provision of roads in rural areas, water, electricity, schools, clinics and homes. Statistics show that there are 7 million homeless Africans in South Africa. Mandela would need at least 20 bllion rands to provide homes for the 7 The People of South Africa must beware of a racial insurrection following the elections million homeless. Creating jobs for the 3 million jobless would take at least So billion rands. If we add money needed for the making of roads in the neglected rural areas, the money needed for water, electricity, clinics and schools, Nelson Mandela will need money running into hundreds of billions of rands. From where would the ANC-dominated government get it? The list of disadvantages endured byblacks in South Africa during centuries of racial discrimination is inexhaustible. The blacks were, have been, and still are virtual slaves in their own country. Mandela has said real change must start with democracy but past wrongs will have to take "five years to redress" Since the Interim Constitution provides for a government of national unity for a five-year period, the ANC leader may be placing his hopes on the ability of the government of national unity to right the wrongs of the past. If the Zimbabwean experience is anything to go by, Mandela is unaware of the stubborness of privileged whites to accede to democratic transformations, especially in the economic sphere. South African whites have been conditioned by centuries of oppressing black people that they regard with self-righteous horror any thoughts of black upliftment. On the other hand, the disadvantaged blacks believe they will inherit the earth immediately after the April 27 elections. The stage will be set for hitherto unheard of levels of violent confrontation between the races, and among ethnicities in South Africa. 0 African ancestry the world over. The idea of uniting all black people of African ancestry started in the United States and the West Indies towards the end of the 19th century. In fact, as early as the late 18th century, a Negro separatist church was founded in Philadelphia and called itself the "African Church". About this time, various "African Societies" were formed in many pars of the United States. Thus, towards the end of the 19th century, it had become the practice of black Americans to call themselves "Africans" just as white settlers in Africa called themselves "Europeans" during the colonial period. Conference In 1900, a black barrister, H. ,SilvesterWilliams who had set up a law office in London, called together a "Pan!African Conference". This conference has gone down in history as the precursor to the first Congress. It was attended by 30 delegates mainly from the West Indies, England and a few from the United States. The first Pan-African Congress was welcomed by the Lord Bishop of London. In implementing one of its resolutions, the Congress used the offices of Joseph Chamberlain, then British Colonial Secretary, to obtain a promise from Queen Victoria that the British government should not "overlook the interest and welfare of the native races". This became the basis of the Balfour Declaration in respect to the rights of colonised peoples. The 1900 Pan-African Conference had no deep roots on the African continent itself as it was an idea that had originated among West Indians and black Americans. Furthermore, there were very few educated Africans at that time. The few, mainly from South Africa and the West African region, were scattered thinly on three continents of Europe, Africa and the Americas. Between 1900 and the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914, the activities of the movement for Pan-African unity were largely of a passive nature. The first Pan-African Congress was held in Paris in 1919. Its moving spirit was Dr. Wilhem B. Burghardt Dubois. The meeting was timed to coincide with the Paris Peace Conference sitting at VerContinued on page 25 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 Dr. Joshua ZANU PF

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The history of the Pan-African- Movement ContinUed from page 23 5illes. the story had gone aiound that analand and In the Union of South ly conceived but intensely earnest dethe victorious allied powers were going Africa." termination to unite the Negroes of the to divide among themselves the colonial possessions of conquered . These views reflected the composition world, more especially in commercial en4Y this time, there had emerged a size- of the delegates attencing the Congress. terrise. It used all the nationalistic and Ofte5 elgtsfo 1 onre racial paraphernalia of popular agitation. able number of educated Africans from 2 fits strength lay in being backed by the the mother continent Besides, there 12 delegates represented 9 African coun msse t Inding ad by e were the black-ruled States of Abyssinia tries, 16 delegates came from the Unit- m es of ei a Nresfihiopia), ahd Haiti. The involve- ed States, 21 delegates represented the ing numbers of American Negroes." ment of these governments in World West Indies and 8 were from South Small War I had revolutionised their peoples America. The 4th Congress was held in London and opened their eyes to wider concerns The Congress specifically asked that the and Lisbon in late December, 1923. A for human solidarity. German colonies be turned over to an very small representation attended the Self-determination international organisaton instead of be- London session. The poor attendance, if the Pan-African Conference was con- ing partitioned among the various no doubt, was the result of the influence celited Pafri nereande wfar co lonil pof Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement. cetned for the "interest and welfare of colonial powers. When the League of Na- This is confirmed by the deducible fact the native races", the first Congress tions was constituted, this idea was in- that white London liberals tooks particelevated this liberal and patronising at- corporated in the setting up of the Man- ular efforts to boost the liberal Pantitude to the higher revolutionary stance dates Commission as the authority to African Congress by gracing it with their for the "self-determination" of all Afri- which the respective administering pow- attendance. The speeches of the white can peoples. ers had to report. The request for the in- liberals at the Congress denounced the Part of the resolution of the conference clusion of "educated Negroes" was re- "Back to Africa" movement. read: "This Africa for the Africans should Among the white liberals were Lord be under the guidance of an internation- Growth Olivier, Harold Laski from the London at organisation. The governing Interna- After the third Congress, the idea of Pan- School of Economics, H.G. Wells of the tional Commission should represent not Africanism spread rapidly ir Africa. This Labour Party. The famous Social only governments but also modern cul. was due to the growth of educated Afri- Democratic leader, Ramsey MacDonald ture, science, commerce, social reform, cans who were living and studying in was kept from attending only-by the imand religious philanthropy. It must not Europe and the United States. The Third pending general elections. He, however, be restricted to a simple white world, Congress 'was held in three European sent a message to the Congress which but must include the civilised (educat capitals (London, Brussels and Paris) in read: "Anything I can do to advance the ed) Negro world." August and September, 1921. Of the cause of your people, I shall always glad.137 delegates, 41 were from Africa, 35 ly do upon your recommendations." It is interesting to note that the were from the United States, 24 were delegates. to the first Pan- African Con- blacks living in Europe and -7 delegates The Lisbon session was a little more sucgrqss lobbied the Paris Peace Conference represented the West Indies. cessful due to the fact that there were for the inclusion of "civilised (educated) large numbers of freedom fighters from Negro world" in the interational ad- The West Indies sent the largest delega- the Portuguese colonies based in Lisbon. ministration of forme German colonies. tion to the Second Congress but sent the These were grouped into an umbrella What they actuary meant was that edu- smallest to the Third Congress. This was movement called Liga Africana (African cated blacks from the West Indies and not without reason. A rival movement League). Dr. DuBois wrote: "The great asthg United States should be joined by led by Marcus Moziah Aurelius Garvey sociation of Portuguese Negroes with the few educated blacks from the Afri- from the West Indies had become in- headquarters at Lisbon which is called can continent to set up such an adminis- fluentially predominant in the West In- the Liga Africana is an actual federation tration "under the -guidance" of the dies and was gaining wide, support in of all the indigenous associations scatcolonial powers. The Chicago Tribune the United States. in fact, this rival tered throughout the five colonies of Porpublished the following statement on Movement had been found by Marcus tugal in Africa and represents millions January 19, 1919:"Dr. DuBois sets forth Garvey on 1 August, 1914 in the West of people... This Liga Africana which that, while the principle of self- Indies. Called the Universal Negro Im- functions at Lisbon in the very heart of determination cannot be applied to un- provement Association (UNIA) the move- Portugal, so to speak, has a commission civislied peoples, the educated blacks ment preached the gospel that blacks from all the other native organisations should have some voice in the disposi- in all the Americas and in Europe should and knows how to express to the tion of the German colonies. He wants "go back to Africa" and turn the whole Government in no ambiguous terms but the Peace Conference to consider the continent into a "Black African Empire". in a highly dignified manner all that wishes of intelligent Negroes in the colo- Writing of the Third Congress and the should be said to avoid injustice and nies'themselves and the Negroes of the effect on it of the Garvery "Back to Afri- bring about the repeal of harsh laws." United States and of the South America ca" movement, Dr. DuBois said: "There The delegates of the Third Congress and the West Indies, the Negro govern- came simultaneously another move- came from 11 countries. The liberalistic ments of Abyssinia, Liberia and Haiti, ment stemming from the West Indies stance of the Third Congress was shown the iducated Negores in French West which accounted for our small West In- not only by the fact that British Labour Africa .and Equatorial Africa and the dian representation. This was in its way Party white liberals were invited tc Negroes in British, Uganda, , a people's movement rather than a speak at the London session but thal Basutolard, Swaziland, Sierra Leone, movement of intellectuals. It was led by Gold Coast, and Bechu- Marcus Garvey and it represented poor- Continued on nape 26 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 I Regiolial NvN%.,, I

The history of the Pan-African Continued from page 25 two former Portuguese Ministers o turned down. Then came the Great Congr Colonial Affairs were also invited to ad- Depression and no one thought of the its vet dress the Congress and they accepted Pan-African idea until the tragic up- progra the invitation. This is in contrast to the heavals of World War II aroused them in pla fact that the white world Was mounting from political slumber. al str a campaign of vilification against Mar- At the Trade Union Conference in Lon- resolu cus Garvey's "Back to Africa don in 1945, black labour representaNew York tives from Africa and the West Indies The p The Fourth Congress was held in New participated. Together with blacks living Africa York in 1927. Thirteen countries were in England, a call was made for the hold- from t represented. There were 208 delegates ing of the Fifth Pan-African Congress. last ye from 22 American States and 10 foreign Thus, the Fourth Pan- African Congress gume countries. Africa was poorly represent- was held in Manchester in October, ticipar ed. African delegates came from Gold 1945. The meeting was co-chaired by Dr. be hel Coast (now Ghana), Siera Leone, Niger- DuBois and Dr. Kwame Nkrumah who Cas no Ghra. , Swas then President of the influential count ia and Liberia. West African Students Union. The Fourth as Cha Among the Africans who spoke at the Pan-African Congress attracted the deleg Fourth Congress was Chief Amoah Ill greatest number of participants than babw from the Gold Coast. There were also a any previous Congress. This time, gress' number of invited European liberals delegates from Africa dominated the Comm from Britain, Belgium, France, Holland proceedings. of cha and Germany. The following six resolu- the Z tions were passed: Dar-es-Salaam Mutu The sixth Pan-African Congress was held Ms M 1. Negroes the world over needed a in June 1974 at the University of Dar- of th voice in their own government. es-Salaam, Tanzania. This was the first work 2. Negroes needed rights to their own Pan-African Congress to be held on Afri- Comr land. can soil. Although Kwame Nkrumah had tembe 3. Negroes needed modem education for hosted an All-African People's Confer- Chapt their children ence in Ghana in 1958 at which 62 liber- 7th ation movements were represented, in- tative 4. There should be development of Afri- cluding the African ment cans and not their development for the' National Congress led by , ment profit of Europeans. the Ghana conference does not follow and n 5. There should be a reorganisation of under the series of Pan-African Congres- conne commerce and industry so as to make sess whose history is the subject of this sellin the main object of capital and labour the article- accep welfare of the many rather than the en- The 6th Pan-African Congress was a very tradei richment of the few. wide representation of black people The N 6. There should be the treatment of civi- from African and Caribbean independent the Ca lised men as civilised despite the differ- States, African national liberation move- the C ences of birth, or colour. ments, black communities from North nrous Lnces America, South America, Britain and the "Chri Lapse Pacific. As to be expected, the sixth Pan- its o There was a lapse in the activities of the African Congress mirrored the global war Pan-African Congress between 1928 and ideological and political struggles of The U 1945. Efforts made to hold the fifty Pan- those years and how they were impact- Cong African Congress on the African conti- ing upon the Pan-African world. USA C nent in 1929 but a number of problems Deliberations centred on issues of the How made this impossible. First, colonial D powers were frightened by the right of oppressed people to self- that propaganda and organisational success determination through armed struggles, "Afric of Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement questions of imperialism and neo- side t] and had become very suspicious of any colonialism, the need for self- reliance, Similt moves towards Pan-Africanism, positive neutrality and the Non-Allied be he however moderate. Second, the or- Movement, Third Worldism, material as- was ganisers had selected Tunisia as the sistance and diplomatic support to liber- stray venue but the French government firm- ation movements, the role of African The q ly informed them that no Pan-African women and the youth. These issues their; Congress would be held anywhere in were analysed and resolutions adopted with French-ruled Africa. The French suggest- inspite of the different views and per- babw ed Marseilles or any other French city, spectives of the participants. plus a suggestion which the organisers The weakness of the sixth Pan-African als. Movement ess lay in its inability to transform y good resolutions into concrete mmes of action by way of putting ce organisational and institutionactures for the realisation of the tions. Kampala reparations for the seventh Pann Congress in Kampala, Uganda, he 9th to the 16th of December ear, were made amidst heated arnts on who should be the parits and where should the Congress id and what should be the agenda. ry delegations are now referred to pters. For example, the Zimbabwe ition was known as "The Zime Chapter of the Pan-African Con'. The international Preparatory littee was composed of a number pters, including representatives of imbabwe Chapter led by Ms ma. utuma gave a report to members e Zimbabwe Chapter about the of the international Preparatory rittee. In her report, given in Seper, she revealed that the Nigerian er vehemently insisted that the ongress be confined to represens of the people excluding governofficials. They wanted "no governofficials among the participants o government money and nothing cted with governments which are the masses through corruption, ting kickbacks from modern slave rs of the West." igerian Chapter was supported by anadian Chapter which added a cureligious theory of rejecting the stian God insisting that Africa has n African God who is always at vith the satanic Christian God". nited Kingdom Chapter wanted the ress to be held in London while the :hapter wanted it held in New York. ver, the majority view prevailed the question of inventing a new an God" was more on the lunatic han a theory worth serious pursuit. arly, the demand that the Congress !ld either in London or New York more an aberation of the mind ing from reality. uestion of barring governments or representatives was .also dismissed the contempt it deserves. Zimve sent a government delegation a large contigent of willing individuE3 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 I eioa Nw

Implications of population growth in Southern Africa am a rich man, my friend, do not be fooled by my tattered I clothes. With my five wives and 24 children no other man can stand up to me," said Takura Makamba with open pride. In his late 70s, Makamba, of Domboshava district in Zimbabwe, is one of many Zimbabweans who believe that a large number of children symbolizes wealth and strength. His next words, however, belie his earlier statement. "It has become difficult to feed them because my land is too small and does not produce as much as it used to." Efforts are being made to convince people like Makamba, that the number of children is no indication of wealth or strength as many countries in the region wake up to the fact that rapid population growth negatively affects development in areas such as employment creation, housing, food availability and quality of education. Zimbabwe, which budgets US$1.5 million for family planning projects, is one of the four countries whose efforts to reduce population growth have been praised by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Zimbabwe's population growth rate is 3.3 percent per year and fertility rate is six children per woman, projecting a doubling of its population every 20 years. Unfortunately, poor people having larger families means more children are born into poverty. This creates a large population without income or assets, who are illiterate, underfed, lack good shelter and have poor access to education, health care and clean water or sanitation. Minimal Economic Growth It also puts a strain on a government's resources as funds for development are diverted to providing for the poor. The UNFPA reports that economic growth is minimal in coutries with rapid population growth. Rapid population growth in the region threatens to overtake or even hamper opportunities for development at national level. Zimbabwe, in an effort to check population explosion, has embarked on a nationwide family planning campaign to encourage wide contraceptive use. Con- By Virginia Kapembeza traceptive use rose from 14 percent in 1982 to 30 percent today. In Zambia, only 15 percent of the women use contraceptives. There is need, however, to move from contraception only for birth spacing to limiting family sizes to lowering the fertility rate. Unemployment is increasing in the region and many countries are battling an upsurge of unskilled and untrained workers. Rapid population growth is more evident in cities in the region. Building houses and installing electricity, water and sanitation remains one of the greatest challenges. Inter Press Service (IPS) Third World News Agency reports that Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, has on the waiting list for accommodation a backlog of 80 000 names and gets 12 000 new applicantions every year. But it only builds 2 200 houses every year. Unavailability of accommodation and high rents for the jobless in the cities has encouraged squatter camps and backyard shacks. At the end of 1992 there were 16 009 informal housing units in Harare. In South Atnca, eight million people live in squatter camps while only 1 350 houses are built each year instead of the 270 000 they need to build to meet the needs of everyone. Squatter camps and backyard shacks in the cities lead to overcrowding and the spreading of contagious diseases like cholera, tuberculosis and dysentry. These diseases strain already overloaded health systems. In 1992 cholera killed around 1 000 people in Zambia. The fighting of diseases is thwarted by shortages of drugs, hospital beds, shortages of qualified medical personnel, worsened by brain drain and rising medical costs. Hunger Many countries in the region now rely heavily on importing food as population growth has overtaken food production, Apart from the loss of foreign currency in importing the goods, lack of transport to get the goods to remote areas results in their being left at depots for long periods. Hunger and malnutrition force governments. and non-governmental or- ganisations (NGOs) to emoarK on supplementary feeding schemes. IPS reports that United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has embarked on a feeding scheme to feed expectant mothers and children in Tanzania where about three million children suffer from malnutrition annually - 300 000 oL them severe cases. In Zambia child malnutrition rose from 6 percent in 1980 to 20 percent now. Modern technology to effect development requires large investments in materials, specialized machinery and skilled manpower. With limited resources and population pressure efforts of government are hampered. Malawi, with a population of 10 million, a fertility rate of 7.6 children per woman and 3.4 percent annual growth rate, is experiencing an acute population growth. In the past, the government has considered its fertility rate satisfactoryBut now it admits that its fertility rate if too high. Malawi's efforts at family planning projects have not been that impressive because of entrenched cultural and traditional beliefs that family planning is a foreign tradition. There is need for family planning information if the prediction that Malawi's population will double in 22 years is to be avoided. Rapid population growth puts a strain on natural resources. According to Prodder, a South African newsletter, Malawi's population density is 1 062 per 1 000 hectares compared to Zambia and Zimbabwe with 113 people per 1 000 hectares and 265 people per 1 000 hectares respectively. Population growth in countries in the. region is especially worrying considering that land sizes are static. As calls for the conservation of the environment are increasing, this population explosion overburdens the environment especially in rural areas where people cut down trees for fuel. The large-scale cutting down of trees, also a regional phenomenon, strips ground cover causing erosion. Overcultivation also makes the soil infertile and Continued on page 28 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Africa wishes for prosp arare - A prosperous 1994 is a fervent which rather than a ritual salutation for Africa after a troubled year in which standards of living fell across the continent. In 1993, Africa's growth rate was 1.4 percent according to the UN's Economic Commission for Africa. The Ethiopianbased institute's best estimates for this year is a growth of 2.5 percent, well below the population increase. Although the figures indicate some measure of "growth", they hide the stark reality of the daily struggle for survival. In a six month-ldng survey of prices on a basket of basic commodities in selected African countries by IPS, all registered increases while wages remained static. In Nigeria, the cost of rice jumped by 30 percent and fuel 400 percent between June to December. In Zambia, the price of a 25kg bag of maize almost doubled, while in Kenya it soared from 840 shillings (Z$12) in June to 1.725 shillings (Z$25) in October. Implications of population growth in Southern Africa Continued from page 27 unproductive. Inability to depend on the land for food often leads to the ruralurban migration. To reduce family sizes, the range of contraceptives needs to be increased as presently many women rely heavily on the use of the pill while others such as the intra-uterine devices (loop and diaphragm), injection, sterilization or condoms are unknown or ignored. Both old and young need to be educated about family planning and contraceptives. In the words of the late Dr. Esther Boohene, former Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council's programme coordinator, "A population policy must be defined in relation to a national development policy and must be included as an integral component of the national development plan." (SARDC) El erous Meanwhile, the value of local currencies fell against the dollar and export commodity prices sunk - one of the worst falls being oil, from $17 to $13. "I have no mad hope that my life will change for the better in 1994. After all, why should I hope so when life was unbearable this year," says Mr'sho Mzee, a messenger with the state-run Tanzania news agency. "I am bitterly enraged by politicians who always stand on platforms delivering false hopes that the economy is improving. In fact, life is now worse than 15 years ago, and it won't be better in the coming years," adds the 43-year-old Mrisho, who earns $12 a month. The majority of Tanzanian peasant farmers also see 1994 as a year of further suffering due to the current drought. "For we poor people who every year depend on God's rain to water our crops, 1994 paints a gloomy picture," says Hemed Kongoni, a cassava farmer in the outskirts of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania's capital. In Zimbabwe, the pessimism is much the same. "Only a fool can hope for an improvement in our standard of living," says 23-year-old taxi driver Takesure Gora. The wish of municipal policeman Douglas Chimedza is for the government to "reduce income tax and school fees and suspend its economic reform programme, but who listens? We only suffer in silence." An ice-cream vendor, Amon Ngwenya is praying for good rains. "We don't want to starve like we did two years ago, the government should continue supplying free seeds and fertilizer in the rural areas." In Sierra Leone, business has also been bad this year. "I think the country is going down the economic drain. People can hardly afford three square meals a day," Fatima Kamara, a Freetown merchant complains. "Not only are we buffeted by the scarcity of money in the market but the customs people charge ridiculously high amounts on imported goods." According to university lecturer 1994 Lawrence Bassey, "I tiave made up my mind to go to the Gambia to teach at a high school where renumerations are better ... I have to go before I become a lecturer who begs on the streets for food." Nightclub manager junior Foray is concerned about the military government's pledge to return Sierra Leone to civilian rule." My hope for 1994 is that the national provisional ruling council keeps to its promise and does not replay the Nigerian example." He adds: "My fear is basically that this country might well degenerate into chaos if the social tensions and economic hard times are not addressed." In Kenya, the problems of the economy are. compounded by a crime wave and fears over stability as the politically instigated ethnic violence in the rift valley continue. Thomas Atandi, an information assistant with Voice ofAmerica hopes that "1994 will see the end of clashes in Western Kenya." Commissioner of police, Shadrack Kiruki wants Kenyans to have"greater respect for the law and their fellow Kenyans in the coming year." A tour firm manager, Jose Perera hopes Kenya will tackle both the economic and political problems so that "we remain an attractive tourist destination." Dr. Florence Afandi appeals for a year in which the message on Aids prevention will be understood and practiced "so that we can reign in this pandemic that is beginning to kill so many of our people." 0 The Zimbabwe News magazine Your choice! ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Korean socialism entering new era The following is a full report on the New Year message delivered by the President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) Cde. Kim ft Sung. PYONGYANG - The great leader Comrade Kim Ili Sung, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea and President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, delivered a New Year Address for 1994 at a joint meeting of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, the DPRK Central Committee and Administration Council which was held at the Grand Conference Room of the Kumsusan Assembly Hall on December 31., 1993. In his New Year Address President Kim 11 Sung elaborated on the achievements made by the Korean people in their efforts to accomplish the cause of socialism last year and on the tasks for this year, the question of national reunification and the DPRK Government's foreign policy. Reviewing the work of last year, he said 1993 was a historic year which powerfully demonstrated the validity of the Party's revolutionary line of independence and the mighty of juche Korea. He said: "Last year, the imperialists and reactionaries worked more malignantly than ever to isolate and stifle our Republic and crush our cause of socialism. The officers and men of our heroic People's Army and all the people foiled the enemy's challenge and aggressive scheme and honourably safeguarded the dignity and security of their socialist motherland. "Thus they fully demonstrated the unbreakable spirit of Juche Korea. This means the victory of the singlehearted unity of the leader, the Party and the masses." "During the third Seven-Year Plav we made long strides in all fields of socialist economic construction in spite of the enormous difficulties and obstacles 'caused in economic construction by unexpected international events and the tension of our country. "Under our people-centred socialist system our people enjoy a worthy and happy life on an equal basis free from any social and poli al urest and * Cde. Lun II Sung (right) embraces Korean Unification church leader, Reverend Moon Sun-Myung without any worries. about their life even in the present complex situation, and a beautiful communist morality is flowering further throughout our society, the people sharing weal and woe and helping leading each other forward, on the principle of one for all and all for one. Though the recent harsh trials and struggle we have convincingly proved once again that our Party is a great Party possessing an iron will and capable of seasoned leadership, that our people are a heroic people having unshakable revolutionary confidence and unbreakable fighting spirit, and that the socialism of our own style embodying the Juche idea is an unconquerable socialism which has struck its roots deep among the popular masses. Referring to this year's tasks, President Kim IL Sung said: The new year 1994 is a year of a revolutionary advance when the building of socialism in ouj country will enter a new stage of development it is a year of a worthy struggle for the entire Party, the whole country and all the people to make an all-out efforts and effect a great revolutionary upsurge on all fronts. "The internal and external situation of our revolution is still complex and tense, and we are building socialism in sharp confront with the enemy. "To meet the requiremepts of the present situation and the development of our revolution we must carry out the revolutionary line of independence, self* sufficiency and self- reliant defending and expedite the Three Revolutions - Ideological, technical and cultural - to further increase the political economic and military power of the country. "Setting the next three years as a period for adjustment in the sector economic construction as decided - at the Twenty-First Plenary Meeting of ihe Sixth Party Central Committee, we must in this period implement to the letter the Continued on page 30 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Korean socialism entering new er Continued from page 29 the magnanimous proposal fot change of top-level special envoys tween the two sides and the desi the entire nation for reunification. He added that "they have staged scale military exercises against o Republic frequently in collusion with fo eign forces and have been jeopardi north-south relations by clamouring "military counteraction" and an "i national cooperation system" onth pretext of our "nuclear problem." Cde. President Kim II Sung agriculture-first, light industry-first and foreign trade-first policy. "Along with this, we must give definite precedence to the coal industry, power industry and rail transport, which must advance ahead of the other sectors of the national economy, and must continue to develop the metal industry. "By carrying out the revolutionary economic strategy of our Party during the period of adjustment for socialist economic construction we will consolidate the foundations of the nation's independent economy rock-solid, further improve the people's standard of living to meet the socialist requirements and secure a new launching point for scaling a higher eminence of socialism. "This year, too, we must naturally put efforts into strengthening the country's defence power to counter the enemy's moves to provoke war. "We must be fully prepared politically and ideologically, militarily, to deal with any contigency on our initiative - we must establish a social climate of regarding military affairs as important and assisting the People's Army whole-heartedly. "In order to push ahead with the revolution and construction in the present situation, we must hold fast to our Party's policy of the ideological revolution, further strengthen the singlehearted unity of the revolutionary ranks and fully display the revolutionary spirit of self-reliance. "Let us accelerate vigorously the general march of socialism in the revolutionary spirit of self-reliance and fortitude" this is the call of our Party and the militant slogan which our people must uphold today." President Kim IL Sung dwelt on the question of national reunification. He said that with a view to paving the way to national reunification by the united efforts of the nation, the Party and the government of the Republic put forward "1 O- Point Programme of the Great Unity of the Whole Nation for the Reunification of the country" last year and made all our efforts to put into effect. He said the South Korean authorities, however, have taken the path of dependence on foreign forces, not national independence, and of confrontation between north and south, not national unity, by ignoring the 1 O-Point Programme, "The so-called "civilian" regime in South Korea is only a disguise - in fact it does not differ from the successive military dictatorial regime. The evil anticommunist fascist law still remain intact in South korea and the desire of the South Korean people for in4endeince democracy and national reunificationis not fulfilled. "It is natural that the South Korean peopie and public figures say that there is no need to watch the present South Korean regime any longer and that they have nothing to expect from it." Referring to the way of settling the nuclear problem on the Korean peninsula, he said: "As for our "nuclear problems" about which the United States and her lackeys are making a fuss, it is the product of the obstinate manoeuvres of the United States against socialism and our Republic. "It is the United States that has created the fictitious "doubt about nuclear development by the north", and it is the United States that has actually shipped nuclear weapons into the Korean peninsula and have been threatening us. "Therefore, the nuclear problem on the Korean peninsula must on any account be settled through Korea- U.S. talks. "Pressure or threat will have no effect on us - such an attempt may invite catastrophe, far from finding a solution to the problem. "The United States must see all the fact squarely and behave with prudence. Since a Joint Statement has been adopted by Korea and the United States, the nuclear problem on the Korean peninsula can be settled fairly if both sides keep and implement the principles that have been agreed upon. "The principles and the line of our Party and the Government of our Republic on national reunification remain unContinued on page 31 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

The USA made a mistake of forcing capitalism on the former Soviet Union ussia's Yeltsin insists on im.plementing capitalist reforms us£ ing authoritarian and undemocratic methods. Day by day, the poor become poorer and and increasing numbers of the unemployed are resorting to armed robbery and other crimes of violence. Inflation is running at unheard of 20 000 percent. These problems and more, are the result of experimenting with capitalist policies transplanted on a background of ideological bankruptcy and economic chaos. Perestroika has economically reduced the former Soviet Union into a Third World country. Reports from Moscow indicate the sad growth of beggars and paupers scrounging from dust bins in order to keep body and soul together. The plight of the Russian poor is no different from the lives of the poor in Chad or Somalia. Two years of experimenting with capitalist policies have convinced 12 out of 13 political parties in Russia of the need to fight against the reforms, Seeing the growth of opposition to the reforms, the American Republican leader of the Senate, Mr. Robert Dole, has ad- mitted that the US made a mistake by forcing capitalism on the former Soviet Union. "We have put a lot of pressure", Dole has said, "through the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Russia to move immediately to a market economy. Of course, the result has been chaos and a lot of inflation. There are a lot of experts who think that is precisely the wrong way to go." The Moscow correspondent of the London magazine, The Economist, has written: For those without jobs, absolute poverty threatens. Those who have enriched themselves during the last two years of capitalist reforms have been able to buy shares in privatised industries and they are only 40 million of these shareholders out of a population of over 300 million." The Russian rich strata are said to have bank accounts in Western countries amourting to US$250 billion. Since this is illegal, they use the cover of foreign companies with subsidiaries in the former Soviet Union. While the rich get richer by investing their ill-gotten wealth in foreign bank acContinued on page 32 Korean socialism entering new era 'Continued from page 30 changed. In future, too, we will make every effort to reunify the country in the form of confederation which is based on one nation, one state, two systems and two governments, on the three principles of independence, peaceful reunification and great national unity. "The imperialists are now blustering on the international arena by vociferating about the "end" of socialism, but they cannot arrest the people's aspiration to independence, sovereignty and socialism nor can they turn back the trend of history." Elaborating on the foreign policy of the government of the republic, he noted: "Our party and the government of our republic will consistently implement the foreign policy of independence, peace and friendship in keeping with the requirements of the present situation. On the principle of independence we will make positive efforts to unite with socialist countries and non-alligned countries and develop good neighbourly relations also with capitalist countries which respect the sovereignty of our country. The government of our republic will work hard to abolish the old international political and economic orders of domination and subordination, establish new ones on the basis of equaity, justice and fairness and develop south-south cooperation on the principle of collective self-reliance." E For all your advertising requirements: Please contact the Advertising Manager on 790148/9 68951-3 Fax:- 263-4-61046 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 111ternational News

Ru ss i"a's thorr to capitalism cuunts, Russian industries are Loliapsing for lack of development capital. The, i correspondent for The Economist says: "The consumer industry's share of the t GDP shrank from 16 percent in 1991' to 5 percent in the third quarter of 1993. " Russian companies are abandoning their hopeless fight to make cameras, and videos to compete with cheap South Korean imports . .. Sick industries are going bust under incompetent management." Before the collapse of communism, Russian industries had survived on a dosed market in which the people of the then "republics" of the Soviet Union had no choice but to buy consumer goods manufactured by local industries. The removal of protective tariffs has exposed local manufactured goods to cut-throat competition with foreign manufactures and Russian goods are losing in that competition. The Russians making several attempts to beef up their saging economy by frantically trying one or the other method to get foreign currency. During the period of communism, the Moscow Research Institute for Eye Microsurgery, pioneered the most up to date method for operating an eye ailments. Tackling everything from cataracts to glaucoma, the surgeons are highly adept at laser surgery and are skilled at wielding the tiny diamond blades used to make infinitesmal incisions in the delicate cotnea to cure shortsightedness. Having no medical facilities in foreign countries, the Russians are using a luxury floating ship as an eye hospital for the treatment of eye patients in foreign ports. The ship has a crew of 160 eye specialists. The ship is now moored 'on the Gibraltar coast and plans to carry out eye operations until April. The ship will then sail for the Mexican coast and continue the business of acquiring foreign currency. Patients are charged an average of US$3 400 -and 40 patients are operated upon every day. Thus, the ship makes an average of US$136 000 every day. Weapons Another method of obtaining foreign currency is the sale of military equip, ment. On December 23, 1993, the Soviet military's biggest cargo jet, the AN-1 24, touched down in Columbus, Ohio, carrying 18 750 semi-automatic guns, the SKS rifles. These 1 0-round rifles used to be the standard weapons for the Soviet 32 Boris Yeltsin's boys are said to be selling weapons, to theWest army. Now that ,the Soviet Union is no more, Yeltsin's boys are 'busy selling these weapons in the West to obtain for eign currency." Carroll Borget of the US magazine, Newsweek, wrote about these .gun sales: "It's the gun industry's biggest boom these days: firearns from the excommunist bloc are being sold cheaply. Imports from Russia have just started to pick up in the last six months but they're moving'fast." he gSs on to say "Many importers are making a killing, so to say. Importing 18 750 Russian eni-autinatic rifles, for example, 6i easily turn -halfa-millon dollars, ac~ ing togun dealers. I Adding to these frantic attempts 4 tain foreign currency are several aE ments for joint ventures with f companies. Recently, Russia conClE an agreement with AmLerican and ish oil companies todrill for oil in Caspian Sea coast. of Baku, in the bajain Republic. These agreements tively introduce Russia as- an accomn in the traditional exploitation of countries by established imperi countries. Report recommends, changes tO British criminal tIce system, 19 ope wr -By.Peter Reeves ' n 1'974, 21"p ere ,killed in the Forthis re the case were refe Ibombing of two Birmingham public back to the High Court of Appeal and, houses. Six men were convicted .of in 1991, the convictions were quasbwd. murder for the death of fhe victims and There sentenced to life imprisonment. After the thr waS general public concern r dismissal of an appeal in 1987 a later this and other similar cases. in reset reveled ppaent is-the British Government set up a R ,a police enquiry revealed apparent dis- Commission on Cimina.lrjustiei 1 §41 crepancies in the Interview record of one -' . on i i.-O. of the six men. Cointinued on page 341 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUAJW, 1'

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Report recommends Continued from page 32 under the chairmanship ot Lord Bunciman, to enquire into the criminal investigation, prosecution, trial and appeal process. peedy process The Home Secretary commented: "It is of fundamental importance that the arrangements for criminal justice should secure the speedy conviction of the guilty and the acquittal of the innocent. When that is not achieved public confidence is undermined." Royal Commissions are reserved for important problems of public interest They are appointed comparatively rarely by the Government using the formality of a Royal Warrant. A commission's report is not binding upon the Government, which remains responsible to Parliament for any action taken. The terms of reference of the Commission were widely drawn. They covered an examination of all stages of the criminal justice system from police investigation of an alleged criminal offence through to the trial and final appeal. Specific topics included the role of the Court of Appeal and investigation of alleged miscarriages of justice. T e -commission published a 260-page report, in July last year, making 352 proposals for reform. They cover all aspects of criminal investigation, prosecution and trial and indude police procedures when dealing with suspects, case management, trial procedures and judicial training. Practical recommendations Introducing the report, Lord Runciman siad: "In framing our recommendations, we have been conscious that they must be demonstrably practicable." This is evident with most of the proposals, as none envisage a basic change in the system of trial or structure of the courts. But some are opposed by legal profession as they are believed to be matters of principle affecting individual rights. The Commission's proposals are numerous, detailed and wide ranging. They indude the establishment of a DNA data base, with police powers to take DNA saliva specimens, the results being used as evidence in the same way as finger printing. Also proposed are fixed penalties for minor offences without a court hearing and an advisory body to report upon the performance of public sector forensic science laboratories. changes to Britsh cr A proposal to limit the right to be tried by a jury attracted immediate comment. Criminal justice in England and Wales (Scotland has its own body of laws) operates at two levels. Locally based magistrates, who do not sit with a jury, try over 93 percent of all criminal charges. The remainder, mainly more serious cases, go to a Crown court where they are heard by a judge and jury. Some offences can be tried only by magistrates and others by the Crown Court. In between are those known as "either way" offences which are of varying degrees of seriousness. Magistrate's choice At present a defendant in this category can choose either method of trial - before magistrates or by jury in the Crown Court. It is proposed to abolish this choice. Instead, when the prosecution and defence cannot agree when an "either way" case is to be tried, the decision shall be made by the magistrates. In one year about 35 000 defendants in"either way" cases chose to be tried by jury. Of these at least 70 percent eventually pleaded guilty when the trial was about to begin. With magistrates deciding whether jury trial is appropriate, fewer cases are likely to be sent to the Crown Court. Apart from the saving distribution between the two courts. Strong opposition has come from the Lord Chief justice, the Law Society, the Bar Council and the Legal Action Group. John Rowe QC, chairman of the Bar Council, said: "The choice to opt for a jury trial is an essential constitutionaly safeguard against miscarriages of justice and must be retained." To guard against possible conviction of the innocent, a new independent review authority is proposed. The authority would have power to investigate a case but not to make a judicial decision. If a miscarriage of justice is suspected the facts would be referred to the Court of Appeal. These case would then be tranferred as an appeal from the Crown Court. Restrictive approach There has been criticism of the restrictive approach to cases by the Court of Appeal. A majority of the Commission proposed a single broad ground giving the court flexibility to consider all categories of appeal. The correct approach recommended is to decide whether the conviction "is or may be unsafe". iminal justice system At present a form of discounting or reducing a sentence when a plea of guilty is entered exists. This has not been incorporated into a formal and open procedure. It is proposed that a system of graduated sentence discounts be introduced, the most generous reduction being given where a plea of guilty is indicated at the time the prosecution's case is first disclosed. Then a reducing discount would apply, depending upon the stage at which a plea of guilty was entered, the minimum applying when the trial is ready to begin in court. Frequently the practice of basing a conviction solely upon a confession made to the police has been criticised. A majority of the commission recommended that a confession should still be admissible, even if unsupported by other evidence. In such cases the judge should always warn the jury that great care is needed before convicting upon the confession alone. "Right of silence" On the other hand, a suspect may refuse to answer police questions. At present a judge warns the jury that this must not be held against a defendant. A majority of the commission were in favour of keeping this "right of silence", as it is called. The commission reviewed the criminal law system from investigation to trial. No radical ilteration was suggested to the adversarial method of trial, the jury system, court structure or appointment of judges. Although they have not attracted comment, proposals, relating to the conduct of a trial are detailed and novel. It is proposed that there should be a set procedure for clarifying and defining the issues before the hearing. During the trial, a judge should have power to intervene in specified circumstances. These include the control of "bullying and intimidatory tactics" on the part of counsel and the exclusion of evidence which may confuse the issues or mislead the jury. A theme, throughout the report, is the need to improve the efficiency of judges, solicitors and barristers. To achieve this, continuous monitoring and assessment are proposed. For the judiciary this would be a confidential process to ensure that judicial independence is preserved. *Peter Reeves is a solicitor and writer on legal affairs with the London Press Service. nl ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 International News

I I ntintinI Nek s BUCHAREST - Romanians nostalgic for the late Nicolae Ceausescu paid tributes at his graveside on Saturday, December 25, 1993 four years after he was executed in East Europe's bloodiest anticommunist revolution. Dozens of people burned candles and laid evergreen branches at the grave in Ghencea Cemetary in Bucharest. Ceausescu and his wife, Elena were shot by firing squad on Christmas day in 1989 after a summary trial ordered by the National Salvation Front which took power in Eastern Europe's bloodiest anticommunist revolt. "I deeply regret his death. Life was much better under Ceausescu. And how can I not deplore his death when my life is miserable and I'm so poor?" 56-year-old Adina Hertila told Reuters as she lit a candle at Ceausescu's grave. A group of elderly people laid a red flag of the former Communist Party with a hammer-and-sickle emblem over the grave as a tape-recorder played the anthem of the Communist International and patriotic songs from the communist era. A poster with a poem dedicated to Ceausescu scribbled on it decorated the simple cross made of iron bars at the grave. About 30 on-lookers gathered round Ceausescu's grave sang along with the The late Nicolae Ceausescu tape and applauded when the ceremony was over. Four years after the December 1989 uprising which ousted Ceausescu, Romania has 314 percent inflation, average wages are barely US$50 a month, and almost 10 percent of the workforce is unemployed. Many of those who braved the cold Saturday morning to come in pilgrimage to the late ruler's grave complained of the hardships brought by Romania's transition to a free-market economy and said they could hardly survive on their budgets. "With these prices, I can't afford even to die," said Petre Tomcea, an elderly man in the group near Ceausescu's grave. A simple wooden coffin sold for 45 000 lei (US$38) outside the cemetery on that Saturday. More than 1 000 people were killed during the 1989 revolt, most of them in unexplained circumstances. Popular opinion has it that they were shot by Ceausescu's Securitate secret police. The crowd near Ceausescu's grave grew aggressive when a television crew tried to film them. "Go to hell, you bastards who spoil Romania's image abroad," a middleaged woman shouted to reporters. Arguments almost degenerated into clashes between the Ceausescu nostalgics and a group of young people who threw the communist flag away and set fire to the poster with the poem. "You are nothing but a bunch of cretins. You offer a very embarrassing scene and I feel sick when I see you crying for that criminal and thinking you can resurrect him," 18-year-old luliana Mihai shouted angrily. Several people standing near Ceausescu's grave tried to beat Mihai but her group intervened and the incident ended with the two groups shouting abuse at each other. - ZIANA-REUTER. 0 Wipers keep pace with rain ondon: - Wincscreen wipers that automatically keep pace with the speed of rain hitting the car and a windscreen that clears itself at the first hint of misting inside, are now possible as a result of an ingenious new device Zimbabwe News The magazine that entertains, informs and educates developed by United Kingdom optical engineers. Small enough to be mounted unobtrusively above the windscreen of a family car, the device detects misting on the inside of a windscreen and rainwater on the outside. It constantly measures the driver's view through the screen and automatically ensures the screen is as dear as possible. The new sensor, designed and built by the SIRA contract research company from Chislehurst, near London, works by using infra-red signals of the same type found in remote television controllers. Tiny infra-red light-emitting diodes (IREDS) buried in the car's dashboard reflect harmless signals off the inside of the windscreen to a detector mounted inside the car roof. The way the infra-red beam is reflected or scattered by the windscreen is a measure of the rain on it or how much misting there is inside. The more rainwater, the weaker the reflection, and the more misting, the greater the scattering. SIRA engineer Mr. Mark Aston, who designed the device, says although it is still in its early days of commercial development, trials in a test vehicle have shown that the sensor is able to detect different amounts of misting with ease. "Rainwater was more difficult," he concedes. "Initially, the sensor was only able to detect large amounts of rainwater on the screen. With modifications, however, the sensor will be sensitive enough to measure rainfall from drizzle to downpour." - LPS 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Collapse of superpower rivalry raised old conflicts mages that were once unimaginable grabbed the headlines: Cde. Yasser Arafat and Yittzhak Rabin shaking hands at the White House. Nelson Mandela and F.W. De Klerk sharing the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1993, old conflicts from the Middle East to Cambodia moved closer to resolution, benefiting from superpower rivals-turned-friends. But the end of the east-west standoff also unleashed longsuppressed ethnic and religious strife in the former Soviet Republics and Yugoslavia. In the "New World Order," Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin were plagued by domestic problems and less able to shape world events than their predecessors at the White House and Kremlin. While the US - and Russian-backed Middle East peace talks sputtered along, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization secretly negotiated their agreement on limited Palestinian autonomy in the occupied territories. Arafat, ostracized by moderate Arab states for supporting Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War, made yet another comeback to be welcomed in western capitals as a peacemaker. But Palestinian militants and right-wing Israeli settlers tried to undermine the PLO-Israeli accord. In South Africa, former enemies shared the Nobel Peace Prize for working peacefully to end apartheid and push their country to democracy. Cde. Mandela asked the world community to lift economic sanctions, ending decades of international isolation for South Africa. But Black and white extremists sought to derail the country's first multiracial elections set for next April. Despite rising hopes for peace in some trouble spots, there were armed conflicts in more than 20 countries, mostly as a result of civil strife. Africa was the hardest-hit continent, with major conflicts raging in , , Liberia and Burundi, killing tens of thousands and displacing hundreds of thousands. Cde. President Yasser Arafat There were fewer left-wing insurgencies, but more religious conflicts. Islamic fundamentalists struggled to overthrow the Govemments of Egypt and Algeria. India experienced its worst Hindu-Muslim communal violence since independence. Tensions rose between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, where Muslim militants pressed a campaign for independence. In Sri Lanka, peace talks between the Government and Tamil secessionists were put on hold after the assassination of president Ranasinghe Premadada by a suicide bomber. China kept a tight lid on dissent, but leader Deng Xiaoping's call to set up a mainet economy triggered an economic boom. But in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the dirve toward democracy his some roadblocks. The year began with the Czechs and Sloyaks peacefully breaking up their 74- year-old confederation. Poland's anti-communtst president Lech Walesa fretted as voters, frustrated by the hardships of economic reform, elected a leftist coalition, including former -communists The blodiest war in Europe since World War II continued to rage in the former Yugoslavia. The United States, Russia, European Community and the United Nations all failed to end the carnage among muslims, Serbs and Groats in Bosnia, where more than 200 000 people were dead and more than two million left homeless. Unable to agree on a partition plan, the warring Bosnian factions tried to change the map on the battlefield. Residents of besieged Sarajevo began their second winter of war threatened by hunger, dfsease and serb shelling. Moscow witnessed its worst political violence since the 1917 Bolshevik revolution. Yeltsin dissolved the hard-line legislature obstructing his reforms and had the army storm the parliament building. The Russian president then scheduled a nationwide vote December 12, for a new parliament and constitution. Beset by problems at home, Yeltsin could not do much to halt Strife in former Soviet republics. Eduard Shevardnadze, a world figure as Soviet foreign minister, found himself leader of a disintergrating Georgia, forced to flee for his life from Abkhazian rebels. Christian armenia and Muslim Azerbaijan fought over the region of NagornoKarabakh, Tajikistan, in central Asia, was gripped by a civil war between former communists and Islamic forces that killed tens of thousands. The end of the Soviet empire left the United States the sole remaining superpower. But that didn't help the new US president get his way abroad. The year began with US warships off the coast of Haiti to prevent a mass exodus by refugees. It eroded with US ships blockading the Caribbean Nation to enforce a UN embargo after Haitian military leaders reneged on an agreement to restore ousted president leanBertrand Aristide. Saddan Hussein, having outlasted George Bush, continued to challenge UN weapons inspectors and menace Iraqi Kurds and Shiite Muslims, despite a UN embargo and occasional US air strikes. Continued on page 38 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 This product is rather tasty, refreshing and now on special offer. Unfortunately, the manufacturer stopped telling people about it. It can take years to build a reputation for yourself, just weeks for it to disappea . In tough times, there is one area that screams opportunity. 1 e - . o t a n t o

Collapse of superpower rivalry raises old conflicts Continued from page north Korea's Kim IL Sung that his country would not be allowed to build a nuclear bomb. Warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid bloodied peacekeeping troops from the United States and other countries in Soma- Libya's Muamma Gaddafi ignored UN sanctions as he defied US and British demands to turn over suspects in the December 1988 bombing of a Pan Am airliner over Scotland. The world's last communist ruler hung on Cde. Fidel Castro. Clinton warned A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze (27 April 1944-17 January 1994) By Ibbo Mandaza ,ours within the announcement of Christopher Ushewokunze's trag,ic death on 17th January, 1994, it was almost logical that there should have been this requisite response throughout both the nation of Zimbabwe and the official and business circles of the sub-region as a whole. For, Chris Ushewokunze's work as a professional, spanning more than two decades, was devoted to both the nation and the sub-region. Like a number of his contemporaries, he began his career as a student leader, as member of the Committee of six which led student antigovernment protests in 1965 and 1966 lia, where a successful US-led famine relief operation turned into a nationbuilding debacle for the United Nations. The United Nations enjoyed more success in bringing peace to the killing fields of Cambodia, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, after a 23-year struggle to recapture power, was reinstated as head of state after UN- organised multipart elections. There were other notable political comebacks: Benazir Bhutto reclaimed the Prime Minister's post in Pakistan - socialist Andreas Papandreou returned as Greek premier after voters rejected the Conservative government's painful austerity measures. Turkish premier Tansu Ciller became the third woman to head a predominantly muslim country after Bhutto and Prime Minister Khaleda Zia of Bangladesh. Corruption scandals led to the impeachment of two South American Presidents - Venezuela's Carlos Andres Perez and Brazil's Fernando Collor De Mello. Carlo Ciampi, the first Italian premier to be unaffiliated with a political party in 40 years, took office as more than 3 000 politicians, businessmen and public officials were implicated in corruption cases. Japanese Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa led a new coalition government that pledged to end scandals over kickbacks and other corruption that brought down the Liberal Democratic Party after 38 years in power. Kim Young-Sam, a longtime dissident, was sworn in as South Korea's first civilian president in 32 years. But Nigeria's generals nullified the results of elections that would have returned Africa's most populous nation to civilian rule after a decade of military government. Voters in Canada and France - discontented with economic woes booted out the governing parties. Conservative Edouard Balladur became France's premier after a right-wing coalition crushed the Socialist Party at the polls. In Canada, Kim Campbell, who became Canada's first woman Prime Minister when Brian Mulroney stepped down, suffered a humiliating defeat when her Progressive Conservatives were routed by Jean Chretien's left-of-center Liberals. - ZIANA-AP. El ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze fzzu~ Jl1 ae3 at the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, in the hey-day of African nationalist politics in the former Federation, and following Ian Smith's UDI. He was risticated from the University in July, 1966, and detained for 12 months by the Smith regime, at Gonakudzingwa Camp No. 5, together with , the late John Mirisi and Nelson Moyo. At Gonakudzingwa, he will have met and interacted with such senior nationalists as Joshua Nkomo, Josiah and . Under police escort on 16 January, 1967, he departed for the United Kingdom to take up a British Council Scholarship to study law at Edinburgh University in Scotland. After completion of his studies in the United Kingdom, his first posting was at the University of Zambia in 1974, as lecturer in the Faculty of Law. Many Zambians remember him fondly and acknowledge his contribution to their careers as technocrats and politicians of today. Cde. H. Murerwa But throughout the 1970's, the University of Zambia was a refuge for many Zimbabwean exile students, among them such former detainees as whom Chris Ushewokunze assisted as lecturer and compatriot. Later, from 1976 to 1980, Chris joined the United Nations Institute of Namibia as a Senior Lecturer in Law and thereby made his contribution to the development of human resources for a future Namibia. On more than one occasion I have heard the Prime Minister of Namibia, Hage Geingob, make the most generous remarks about Chris Ushewokunze and his contribution to Namibia, especially in the field of Mining Laws and the Mineral Industry. Clan anthropology It was in late 1978 that I met Chris and Juliet Ushewokunze in Lusaka. As the clan anthropology of Marondera and Wedza people goes, both are my sekuru and ambuya through their respective families, though these familial ties are closer to the Ushewokunze clan. Chris had been to Waddilove with my older brother and sister, his original home only a few kilometres from my own in Chihota. The Ushewokunze house in Lusaka became as much mine as for the many other exiles that passed through Zambia; and I remember well when their third son, Taurai, was born in 1979. But then which Zimbabwean is not related to another Zimbabwean, particularly in those conditions of exile? On the basis of either clan or totem (mutupo), a relationship is quickly established, rekindled or even contrived, amongst and between even the most distant across the little land" mass that is Zimbabwe. And this is-why those of the generation of Chris Ushewokunze and subsequent are the least tempted into cheap "tribalism" and "regionalism". And that is why, within hours of the announcement of his death, I met at his home in Borrowdale persons, from all walks of life, who hail from the various corners of Zimbabwe. So, even before he was declared a National Hero, it was so obvious to many of us who assembled at his home on 18th January that Chris Ushewokunze would be so honoured. Together with such other intellectuals and technocrats as Kombo Moyana, Leonard Tsumba, Stanley Mahlahla, Mudziviri Nziramasanga, Dan Ndlela, Tom Mswaka, Buzwani Mothobi, , Vunguza Nyathi and Ernest Mukarati, Chris Ushewokunze and I constituted in February, 1979, the first Patriotic Front's "Civil Servants", under the leadership of both ZANU (represented by Dzingai Mutumbuka) and ZAPU (represented by Ariston Chambati), and with the active support of , then Under Secretary-General of UNCTAD, and the one responsible for initiating the very study, Zimbabwe: Towards a New Order. it was logical that most of us would end up in leading positions in the first Government in Cde. E. Mnangagwa independent Zimbabwe. But Chris Ushewokunze stood out for his expertise in corporate Law with particular reference to the mining sector. His chapter in the aforementioned study reflects largely the very issues he would later have translated into policy as the Secretary for Mines (1980-1988). in the words of Chris Ushewokunze himself, "I concetrated on teaching how to apply law to achieve economic independence and control of industries." It was an obsession that would inspire his career as technocrat and politician. The essence of his thrust always reflected the sincere nationalist commitment to the country; and because of that, he would have to confront the mining magnates of this country, as he engineered the centralization and coordination of the marketing of all the country's minerals through the new parastatal, which he created, the Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe MMC(Z). That must stand as the crowning achievement of his career. But the MMC(Z) also represented the most poignant expression of the kind of economic nationalism that should have pervaded our society from Independence Day in 1980. National goals We may fault Chris on many accounts: he was impetuous at times as he was Continued on page 41 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 totitnuedl from page 38

Bright,'Fresh Tanganda I For Every Uplif ting Occasion UP UP. IT IFB OU UP ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze Continued from page 39 usually impatient; he would have his way if he could; and could be as ruthless as was necessary in pursuit of his objectives. But I cannot recall any occassion when such "faults" were not related to the pursuit of national goals. I should know better having worked with him ever since 1979 in Geneva, but more recently, when we were locked in bureaucratic conflict in the course of 1988-1990. He was then the (first) Chief Executive of the Zimbabwe Development Corporation (ZDC), and organization so suited to him since it was designed to be the vehicle for economic nationalism, particularly for indigenizing the key elements of the economy. I was then the Chairman of the Parastatals Commission, an organization designed to coordinate all parastatals, including the ZDC itself. For my part, I would have gladly deferred and allowed Chris the latitude he required as Chief Executive of ZDC; it would have saved me the burden of appearing to be boss over a sekuyu and a technocrat of such calibre. We joked about it several times, until the complications and overlappings of bureaucratic power-play overtook even the individuals therein. The Parastatals Commission was eventually ditched, myself included; but Chris Ushewokunze and his ZDC found themselves in no better stead, constrained and immobilized as they were by the incessant inter- Ministerial and interdepartmental conflicts. That so little was achieved under the ZDC must be attributed to Government itself and not to Chris Ushewokunze who, had he been left to do what most of us knew him capable of undertaking, the indigenization of the Zimbabwean economy will have advanced ten-fold by now. This is why his appointnent as Minister of Industry and Commerce was so welcomed by most of us. We knew that it would be a matter of time before'the bull began the rampage against, the bureaucratic and institutional fetters that have always sought to contain and arrest our appetite and thirst for economic nationalism. But his task was an immensely difficult one, if also because his detractors were watching him so closely. His early work in his new post was given to controvesy and bound to be unpopular; it was the responsibility of the Minister of Trade and Commerce to l-ave to almost compell the nation into swallowing the bitter pill of ESAP. Responsibility It was his duty and responsibility to announce in early 1993 the good-bye to the subsidies for maize meal, bread and other commodities. But he held his own, defended government policy and pledged that that was the price the nation had to pay if it hoped to build a national economy. In his own words in his last speech given on New Year's Eve, "But for our faith in Government and the promise of a better future, the burden of price increases had become ubearable on the ordinary citizen". He began to work closely with all professionals like ourselves and quickly became the single most important political resource base for indigenous entrepreneurs and professionals throughout the country. Chris Ushewokunze became the natural hero for all those stung with the quest for economic nationalism, for the Indigenous Bussiness Development Council (IBDC), for the intellectuals and the professions at large. Even in his last public speech on New Year's Eve, he highlighted "the fundamental question of indigenisation of the economy". It is critical that concrete measures are put in place in 1994 to ensure that the indigenisation programme is put on a firm footing ... It is clear in all these programmes that finance is the major stumbling block and we hope that in addition to the credit lines that Government is negotiating, the banking sector will be more innovative, and aggressive in taking credit measures to support the indigenous entrepreneur. The much vaunted 22 percent of total lending to indigenous sector over the past 13 years of independence reflects badly on the nationalism and entrepreneurial character of our bankers. Bankers and other financial institutions must be leaders and promoters of nationwide private enterprise. Please do more ... No doubt through his intervention, the indigenisation of the economy was for the first time discussed at the Consultative Group meeting in Paris in December, 1993. He concluded, in the same speech on New Year's Eve: The late Cde. C Ushewokunze ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 Continued on page 42

A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze Continued from page 41 It is clear that ESAP cannot succeed unless the black people of Zimbabwe are real owners of meaningful capital in business; and real managers in multinational companies. 1994 will see the creation of the Investment Trust Fund into which Government, individuals, companies, donor agencies can invest for indigenisation. All warmed up to him during the brief period that he was Minister, inviting him to this and that gathering, to open this and that new industrial enterprise, to assert the priorities that should accompany Zimbabwe's economic development, to preach the virtues of a truly national economy. He would take with him a delegation of business people and technocrat3 to South East Asia, to China, Singapore and Malaysia; and President Mugabe revealed to us the other day that it had been at Chris' instigation that the Prime Minister of Malaysia is going to be the Guest of Honour at this year's Zimbabwe International Trade Fair. Malaysia in particular stood out as the model that Zimbabwe should have followed from 1980 onwards; for Malaysia's own success story has been yamed in the period since 1980. We had the occasion to discuss some of these important policy matters in the period since he was appointed Minister of Industry and Commerce in 1992. We sought to flaunt the work of this man by publishing his profile (Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly, October, 1992), as a new powerhouse at both the national and sub-regional levels. Of course, he will be remembered most by Zimbabweans themselves. Both the President and Vice President Nkomo have given their eulogies; and the business sector in general has added to what will no doubt be a long series of honours that Chris Ushewokunze will receive countrywide. But it is the statement by Morgan Tsvangirayi, Secretary-General of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, as we exchanged condolences on his tragic loss to all of us: "It is a national disaster ... he was so effective..." Self-assessment But his own last remarks on New Year's Eve might well be a self-assessment of the man himself, a year after his appointment as Minister of Industry and Commerce: My assessment of 1993 is that it has been a major turning point for the Zimbabwe economy. The structural adjustment programme has fully taken root and given a good rainy season and much lower interest rates we are set on the path of growth and development. We have good reason to look forward to 1994 with optimism and greater expectations than we had for 1993 at this point in time last year. I am sure you are keen to know what my thoughts and those of government generally are for 1994 ... In conclusion, I would like to take this opportunity to assure Industry and Commerce that the Ministry and government generally will continue to support your efforts to build sound, viable and efficient enterprises in 1994. Now that the allocation of foreign currency is left to the market more of my staff's time will be devoted to addressing policy issues that impede the development of Industry and Commerce. We will be coming up with an Industrial Policy Statement in the course of 1994 and we hope together with you we can build a vigorous economy that can hold its own in the international market. I wish you all a prosperous 1994. Chris Ushewokunze will also be remembered for his contribution to the COMESA Treaty; and those of us currently undertaking a study of the relationship between SADC and the PTA have dubbed Clause 56, which seeks to reconcile the two organisations, the "Ushewokunze Intervention". Some of us are fortunate to have interacted with him during his last days, during the week-long PTA/COMESA meeting in Kampala last November and, more recently, when I interviewed him for the PTA/SADC Joint Study in December. But consider some of his major achievements in 1993 alone: were it not for his intervention towards addressing the trade imbalance issue in mid-year, the Zimbabwe-Zambia trade war might have so deteriorated to the stage where borders might have been dosed between our two countries; the manner in which he smoothed over the Zimbabwe- Botswana trade agreement, doing away with surchages after years of negotiations; the conclusion of the preferential trade agreement with Namibia which came into force on 30 April, 1993; and his brave attempt and commendable start to the trade negotiations with the South Africans, in anticipation of the new South Africa that will be born this year. Those who are familiar with the details of all these exploits will testify to his technocratic and diplomatic skills, and the ease with which he could be-friend and endear. Sadly, the subregion has lost one of its few nationalists at a time when such persons are dearly required if Southern Africa is going to be as integrated as it should be. Towering figure Chris Ushewokunze was such a towering figure - a feature so pronounced in that tall, strong physique that was the man - that it remains so difficult to accept that even a car accident could destroy him. Yet in his own end-of-year speech on New Year's Eve, he lamented those who had perished in similar circumstances as would be his own: As 1993 draws to a close all of us here and the country as a whole reminisce over the events of the past year. We view some of the events with sadness because of the considerable numbers of lives lost due to road accidents and illnsses ... Born on 27 April, 1944, in where his father, the late Methodist Minister, Reverend Shadreck Mugwagwa Ushewokunze, and his mother, Maud (nee Mugugu), were stationed then. Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze was nurtured in the Methodist faith, attending Primary school variously at Epworth, Marshall Hartely and Waddilove Missions. It was from Waddilove that Chris graduated to Goromonzi Secondary School in 1959 and became School Captain in 1964, before proceeding to the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1965. While at the University of Edinburgh, he was leader of the Zimbabwe students in Scotland. He completed his Master of Laws degree at the University of London (1970 - 1971) and was subsequently admitted as Barrister of Law of Middle Temple in 1973. A registered legal practitioner in his own right, he devoted most of his professional work to corporate law, with special reference to mining in Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. For many of us his colleagues, he represents that vital second-tier of technocrat-politicians that will be so vital as Zimbabwe (and Southern Africa) enters the 21 st Century. He had earned it well, biding his time as one who shared a profound respect for those of our current nationalist leadership so deservedly senior to us all, and thereby constituting that vital link between the very old and the very young in our society. As the recent editorial in The Herald (19th January) stated, Cde. Ushewokunze will be laid to rest as a National Hero, an honour richly Continued on page 43 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze - Continued from page 42 deserved, but an honour we would have wished had come, many years from now, at the culmination of a full and rewarding life. It is so unfortunate that the subject of 'National Heroes has often been visited by such unnecessary controversy, sometimes provoking the kind of cynicism that such a young nation could well do without. Perhaps, we have to learn to accept the implicit hierarchy in an area wherein heroes and heroines alike belong to one immortal world. The ultimate hero or heroine is he or she that has paid the ultimate sacrifice in the service of the nation. We shall never be able to honour all those concerned fully, even though the Monument of the Unknown Soldier at The National Shrine is at once both the nation's expression of its gratitude and reminder of our human incapacity to match that sacrifice. Then there are those who were maimed, particularly by the war itself, but also by the social, economic and political brutalities of colonialism. And what about those like Ernest Kadungure and Mayor Urimbo who might well have perished in action before they emerged into the leadership positions in our countries? Likewise, the numerous African Nationalist leaders, dead and living, and spanning the period ever since Mbuya Nehanda, Mukwati and Kaguvi, to the Burombos, Mzingelis, Masocha Ndlovus and Jasper Savanhus; and finally to all those who ever since the 1950's have helped lead this country to liberation: in the ANC, the Youth League, the National Democratic Party (NDP), ZAPU, ZANU, FROLIZI, the ANC (formed to fight the Pearce Commission) and ZIPA. Through those already anointed as our heroes and heroines we also honour all those many others that will not necessarily find a place on The National Shrine. So, it is that this sad occasion that is the passing of Chris Ushewokunze will help the nation restore and refine the obvious criteria whereby it can identify and honour its heroes and heroines. But it is also to those who have bequeathed to us such heroes and heroines that our gratitude is due. To Juliet Ushewokunze, his life-long friend from school-days at Goromonzi, his sons Mutsa, Shungu, Taurai and Mutemwa, and his daughter Rudado; and to Herbert Ushewokunze, to all his brothers, sisters and the extended family. For, one of the most painful aspects in all this is the realization, by all who knew Chris, of the family man that he was. We will all miss him dear- a loss that they will have to painfully ly. But for Juliet and the children, it is endure for the rest of their lives. El Cde. Dzingai Mutumbuka Chnn0t O s hurugwi - Josiah Chinyati, the late former Member of Parliament for Kwekwe west and ZANU PF Secretary for Administration for the Midlands, who was declared a provincial hero, was on Friday, January 7, buried at the family village in Chief Banga's Area of Shurugwi. Represenung President at the funeral, Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs minister, Cde. Emmerson Mnangagwa, described Chinyati as a "selfless, dedicated" hero whose contibutions benefited the entire country. Cde. Mnangagwa said the ruling party and Government had recognised the contributions of Cde. Chinyati and had therefore declared him a provincial hero. This, he told hundreds of mourners, meant that Cde. Chinyati's family would be assisted by the government like many other families of fallen heroes. Continued on page 44 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Chinyal Continued from page 43 Cde. Mnangagwa chronicled Cde. Chinyati's life and said his dedication to serve other people dated back to the 1960s when he was involved in sabotaging economic installations of the oppressive regimes of the then Southern Rhodesia government. This was done in order to get rid of the oppressive regimes and give the people of Zimbabwe their independence, Cde. Mnangagwa stated. The Minister said Cde. Chinyati, who died at the age of 43 years, later assisted freedom fighters in their war against the colonial government and eventually got involved, in the development of the after the attainment of independence in 1980. He gave a brief account of some of the development projects Cde. Chinyati assisted in establishing in the province and said this together with the work he did for the Party made him a national leader, hence he was declared a provincial hero. Cde. Mnangagwa described to mourners how the late Cde. Chinyati had a stroke at the burial of his brother in Gokwe in January last year and said he did not recover from this stroke until his death on Monday January 3, 1994. The lat, He, how is laid to rest Another cabinet minister, Cde. Richard Hove who represented the ruling Party at the funeral, also expressed his displeasure at the refusal by Cde. Chinyati's relatives to have him buried at the provincial shrine. . .It was painful, he said, that after his immense contributions had been recognised by the Party and Government the relatives denied him the opportunity to be buried at his rightful place at the provincial shrine in Gweru. "I should say this because it is painful. The family failed to understand that the contributions of the late Cde. Chinyati went beyond benefiting the people of Banga village and Shurugwi only. "They (contributions) benefited the entire nation and this is why he was e Cde. Chinyati declared a provincial hero," said Hove, who is also the Planning Commissioner Never, expressed concern that in the President's Office. Cde. Chinyati's relatives refused to have him buried at the provincial shrine in Gweru when during his lifetime he had indicated to his political associates his desire to be buried there. He told the mourners that the ZANU PF would go back to Cde. Chinyati's family after 10 years to request them to have him reburied at his rightful place as may be, there would be a change of mind. But before the two Cabinet Ministers spoke, brother to the late Chinyati, Orgie Chinyati, thanked the Party and the Government for bowing down to the demands of the relatives to have the deceased buried at his communal home. He said this would help some of the aged relatives to see his grave whenever they visited the home. - El ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 The Editor and Staff of The People's Voice newspaper and The Zimbabwe News magazine and Management and Staff of Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. would like to congratulate His Excellency The President of The Republic of Zimbabwe on his 70th birthday. I btur

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ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 Marketforce 2579 aris - It was to be the year of the James Miller parachuted into the ring in by outpointing 44-year-old George Foreheavyweights with a lucrative the seventh round causing a 21 -minute man - probably ending the former showdown between Riddick Bowe, delay, Bowe's wife to faint, and corner- world champion's ' remarkable who held the World Boxing Association man Eddie Futch to have a heart attack. comeback. and Internauonal Boxing Feaerauon tides, and Lennox Lewis, the world boxing council titleholder. It was also hoped that 1993 would see a reduction in the number of governing organisations eating away at the everdiminishing credibility of the sport. Alas, the multi-million dollar confrontation between Bowe and Lewis, Britain's first world heavyweight champion this century, never took place. And by the end of the year the WBC, WBA and IBF had been joined by the World Boxing Organisation, International Boxing Organisation and World Boxing Federation in proclaiming champions. Bowe, 26, who had thrown the WBC portion of his titles into the dustbin after beating Evander Holyfield in 1992, lost a dramatic rematch against the former champion in November when he climbed into the ring overweight and overconfident. Bowe's hopes of repeating his 1992 success over the smaller and older Holyfield were not helped when publicity-seeking- Holyfield's points victory that night put Bowe's two previous championship defences, spread over just three rounds against Americans Michael Dokes and Jesse Ferguson, into sharper focus. Dokes, 34, an ageing former champion and reformed drug addict, was rescued after just 2 minutes 19 seconds. Ferguson was 36 and his only claim to fame was that he had once outpointed Buster Douglas, who briefly reigned over the division after a shock win over Mike Tyson, and had gone the distance with then-champion Larry Holmes. Rome could only stake the WBA portion of his crown, the IBF, in a rare moment of commonsense, refused to sanction the fight. It didn't stop Bowe pocketing five million dollars for two rounds' work. Lewis, who retrieved the WBC title from the dustbin, defended it successfully twice - outpointing number one contender Tommy Tucker and then stopping compatriot and national institution Frank Bruno after seven rounds. Tommy Morrison, the latest Big White Hope, took the vacant WBC title in June Lennox Lewis (right) in a heavyweight bout with Levi Billups Continued on page 47 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994 Spo...... But his defence of the title in his home town of Kansas three months later turned into a fiasco. When Mike Williams allegedly refused a pre-fight drug test - he was also reported to have lost his nerve and run out of the stadium - organisers pulled Tim Tomashek out of the audience and kitted him up as a replacement. He lasted four rounds. Despite that mis-match, the road was wide open for Morrison to earn a bumper pay-day by squaring up to Lewis. Alas, Morrison threw away the chance against little-known Michael Benit. Bentt, who as a child emigrated to the United States from London, put Morrison through the ropes with a spectacular right hand after just 93 seconds. What Mike Tyson, still sitting in a prison cell where he is serving his sentence for allegedly raping a beauty contestant, made of it all we can only guess. Some of the year's most dramatic action came in the super-middleweight category where the various champions were Americans Michael Nonn (WBA) and James Toney (IBF) and Britain's Chris Eubank (WBO) and Nigel Benn (WBC). Eubank and Benn - who met in 1990 when Eubank came out on top - tried to unite their titles with a rematch in October but they could not be separated after twelve action-packed rounds although many thought Benn had done enough to clinch a decision. A third showdown in 1994 looks inevitable. Toney, who stopped former world champion Iran Barkley in nine rounds in February, outpointed Tony Thornton in May and immediately poured scorn on both Benn and Eubank. "The British are losers, their women are ugly, their men are fat. Eubank and Benn can't fight and I'd whip in their own backyard," he snarled in one of his Tamer outbursts.

More money, little glory in heavyweight boxing Continued from page 46 One of the biggest shocks of the year came when Terry Worris lost his WBC super-welterweight title to Jamaica's Simon Brown. Having needed just six rounds to dispose of challengers Maurice Blocker, Tony Walters and Joe Gatti, the 23-yearold Morris was Beaten in four by Brown, a former IBF welterweight champion. Taken his title by beating Uganda's John Mugabi back in 1990 and who had stopped and retired Sugar Ray Leonard, was served by the bell in each round and finally crumpled in a big right in the fourth. Nunn, 30, made four successful defences of his crown. He outpointed Panama's Victor Cordoba in January, stopped compatriot Dan Morgan in the first round a month later, ended the hopes of British challenger Crawford Ashley in six rounds in April. Just before Christmas he climbed back into the ring after being wrestled out of it to outpoint Dominican Republic bruiser Mergui Sosa. At middleweight, America's latest unbeaten 'Golden Boy' Roy Jones won the vacant IBF title in May by outpointing Bernard Hopkins. Jones, the victim of an outrageous decision when he faced a home fighter at the Seoul Olympics, wants to unify the division, but he will have his work cut out. Britain's Chris Pvatt is WBO titleholder, Herald Mcclellan of the United States wears the WBC crown, and another American, Reggie Johnson is WBA champion. The fight everyone wanted to see was a catchweight bout between two world champions - welterweight Pernell Whittaker and unbeaten super-lightweight Kina Julio Cesar Chavez of Mexico. The fight, in Texas, went the disiance but did not live up to expectations. It was declared a draw, although many thought that Chavez had been lucky to stretch his unbeaten record to 89 contests. In fact Chavez, rumoured to be losing a battle between the need to train and a love of nightclubs and tequila, made it 90 in December, he returned to his normal category and outclassed Andy Holligan. Mike Tyson (left) entering Indiana court for his rape trial The unbeaten British challenger failed to come off his stool at the start of the sixth. Roberto Auran of Panama, 42, and holder of world titles at four different weights in an illustrious career, celebrated his lOOth professional contest by stopping American middleweight Tony Memefee, a man half his age, in eight rounds. Tommy 'The Hitman' Hearns, 45, returned to the ring after a 20-month lay-off to stop former olympic gold medalist Andrew Maynard in just 2 minutes 34 seconds in Las Vegas in November. Britain's former WBC light-heavyweight champion Dennis Andries, who admits to being in his forties, was hoping for a crack at the WBA cruiserweight crown. He forced American Willie lake to retire after six mauling rounds in March. And former world heavyweight champion Larry Holmes, 44, was hoping to tempt Foreman to fight in 1994. One of the most courageous comebacks was staged by former WBA lightmiddleweight Vinny Pazienza who broke his neck two years ago. The 30-year-old, told he would never fight again, was back in the ring in Atlantic city in June, stopping Britain's former world champion Lloyd Honeyghan in ten rounds. Azumah Nelson, 35, continued his long reign as WBC super-featherweight champion by boxing a draw with 'Jesse James' Lelia of the United States in September; seven months earlier he outpointed Gabriel Ruelas in Mexico City. Nelson took over his crown when it was left vacant by Chavez back in 1987 by beating Mexico's Mario Martinez. Asian and Mexican fighters dominated the lower categories but four Korean world champions lost their crowns. Ryun Jong- Il retained his WBC bantamweight title by outpointing Josefino Buarez of Mexico in Seoul in May, but was then forced to give up his crown because of injury. Moon Bung-Kil made three successful defences of his WBC super-flyweight title but was then outpointed by Jose Bueno of Mexico in November. Park Yung- Kyun, completed two successful defences of his WBA featherweight title before losing to Elot Rojas of Venezuela in December. And WBA light-flyweight champion Myung Woo-Yuh beat Japanese challenger Hoso Yuichi on points in July but decided WBC and IBF titleholder Michael Carbajal. Myong Hoo-Yuh, 30 years old, won 38 of 39 professional fights in a career spanning 16 years. El ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

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