DOCSLIB.ORG

Advocacy for Better Implementation of Women's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Advocacy for Better Implementation of Women's ADVOCACY FOR BETTER IMPLEMENTATION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN GHANA July 2002 Publié dans – Published on : www.wildaf-ao.org ADVOCACY FOR BETTER IMPLEMENTATION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN GHANA Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF) Ghana P.O.Box LG 488, Legon Accra Sub Offices : WiLDAF Western Region Legal Awareness Programme, P.O. Box 431, Takoradi WiLDAF Volta Region Legal Awareness Programme P.O Box MA310, Ho ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was developed as part of the project: “Sensitisation and Capacity Building of judicial and extrajudicial Stakeholders for sustainable implementation of Women’s’ Rights in West Africa”. WiLDAF -Ghana is, especially, indebted to the European Commission for its financial support which enabled WiLDAF to develop this valuable tool of sensitisation for non legal practitioners who participate in the implementation of women’s rights. WiLDAF also expresses its warm gratitude to all the people who, in one way or the other, contributed to the publishing of this document. Written by DORCAS COKER-APPIAH JOANA FOSTER Cover. Conceptualised by: WiLDAF West African Sub-regional Office, Togo. ( WASRO) Drawn by: Aldus Informatique, Lomé, Togo. Printed by YAMENS PRES LTD 233-32-223222 This document was prepared with the financial support of the European Community. The views hereby presented here are those of WiLDAF/FeDDAF and in no way reflects the official view of the European Community. Publié dans – Published on : www.wildaf-ao.org Contents Foreword .........................................................................................iv Introduction ......................................................................................v SECTION 1 Inheritance Rights ............................................................................. 1 SECTION 2 Rights in Marriage ............................................................................. 4 SECTION 3 Domestic Violence ............................................................................. 7 SECTION 4 Harmful Traditional Practices .............................................................11 Profile of Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF) Ghana.......13 Publié dans – Published on : www.wildaf-ao.org iii Foreword This Advocacy for Better Implementation of Women’s Rights in Ghana was drafted by WiLDAF -GHANA under the supervision of the WiLDAF/ FeDDAF Sub-Regional Office for West Africa. It is designed within the scope of the “Sensitisation and capacity building of judicial and extra judicial stakeholders for the effective implementation of the rights of women in West Africa” project, which aims at contributing to improve the effectiveness of women’s rights in Ghana as well as in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. Easy to get to grips with, this document is designed first and foremost for medical doctors, traditional rulers and religious leaders, and will be useful during the national sensitisation and information days organised for them. We are counting on the trained stakeholders to in turn, circulate it among their peers. It can also be profitably utilised by Magistrates, lawyers, and police officers who may find the general views of women’s rights and the gender perspectives outlined here helpful to enable them better understand and take account of the needs of women who solicit their services. WiLDAF/FeDDAF in producing this material, wanted people to understand and admit that today, the respect and effective implementation of women’s rights really contribute to the betterment of all and that all of society should strive to achieve a human-faced and sustainable development with the effective participation of women. The acceptance of this vision is the fruit of the protests of women’s rights organisations that demanded and obtained recognition of the fundamental rights granted to every individual at the international and national levels. The evidence of this is the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) adopted in 1979 and ratified by all West African States. For over two decades now, this Convention has been implemented and successes chalked, however women in reality continue to face difficulties pertaining to the effective enjoyment of their rights. The analysis reveals that this situation does not solely depend on them and women’s rights organisations, but also, to a large extent, on other stakeholders who intervene in the legal or informal settlement of conflicts generated by the violations they suffer. These stakeholders are those targeted by the project within which scope this document has been produced. By devoting the document to issues that affect women in their everyday lives, the document is supposed to be an advocacy tool for the implementation of women’s rights recognised under the laws. We hope that it will not leave any readers indifferent but rather incite them to join their energy and determination with those of other actors to take up this challenge of a society free of discrimination among the sexes and based on the search for the well-being of all. Kafui ADJAMAGBO-JOHNSON Sub-Regional Coordinator of WiLDAF/FeDDAF For West Africa Publié dans – Published on : www.wildaf-ao.org iv INTRODUCTION GENERAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN GHANA: Women in Ghana are recognized under law as having equal rights with men in all spheres of life. The 1992 Constitution recognizes equality of all persons before the law and prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sex, religion etc. Ghana, as a member of the United Nations, African Union and the Economic Community of West African States, is also signatory to a number of international and regional Human Rights instruments, which reinforce the human rights of women. Indeed, Ghana has signed and ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) since 1980, an indication of the government’s commitment to the promotion and protection of the rights of women. The law also affords women and men equal access to education, employment and health and equal opportunity to participate in political and social activities of the country. In spite of these constitutional and legal guarantees, the reality on the ground does not quite measure up to the rights provided under the laws. For example, whilst both women and men have equal access to education, one finds that a lot more men are educated than women. Indeed the literacy rate for men is 60% as opposed to 30% for women. Although the gap at the primary level between boys and girls is relatively small and sometimes even equal, it is found that by the time they reach the tertiary level, the gap is very wide indeed. The reason for this situation is that when families are faced with economic difficulties, they find it easier to withdraw the girls because it is felt the girls do not need as much education as the boys. In fact, the societal roles assigned to women is to marry and have children and therefore the perception is that these girls and women would end up in the kitchen and there fore it will be a waste of the family’s resources to educate the girl to a high level. Again, sometimes the policies in place with regard to education are not supportive of girls continuing to stay in school. Previously, when a girl got pregnant, that was the end of her education. She was dismissed whilst the boy who impregnated her was allowed to carry on with his education without any sanctions whatsoever. Because the majority of women do not have higher education or marketable skills, they are unable to obtain good jobs in the formal sector. Therefore we find the situation where the majority of women in employment are in the informal sector, or even when employed in the formal sector, they are in the lowly paid jobs. They do not earn enough in these jobs to allow them to be economically independent and therefore find themselves most of the time in a situation of economic dependency on the man. This dependency reinforces their low status in the society and therefore makes them susceptible to control by the men, violence and other forms of maltreatment and discrimination. Women’s low status is often supported by societal structures such as religion, marriage and cultural norms. In most of our cultures and Publié dans – Published on : www.wildaf-ao.org v traditions, women are often considered as inferior to men and because of that women are prevented or prohibited from undertaking some activities. In some places, women are not allowed to speak at public functions where there are men. If they do not speak, their needs and concerns are not heard. Consequently, they do not participate in decisions that affect them. Some of the specific issues that need to be addressed are discussed in following sections. Publié dans – Published on : www.wildaf-ao.org vi SECTION 1 INHERITANCE RIGHTS Before 1985, inheritance of property, for the majority of Ghanaians, was regulated by the customary law of the person who has died or by the type of marriage the deceased contracted during his life time. If an Akan man died, his property was inherited by his sister’s children (usually the boys) or his own brothers by his mother, that is members of his maternal family. The wife and children of the deceased were not considered part of his maternal family and therefore were not entitled to any of his property. This customary law did not take into account the role and or the contribution of the wife and or children in the acquisition of the deceased’s property. What happened in such situations was that the wife and children were deprived of any share in the deceased’s property and were in some cases thrown out of the family home, thus becoming destitute in the process. Very often the nephew or family member who inherited the deceased’s property may not have contributed in any way to the acquisition of the property. In patrilineal communities, that is, those communities who inherit through the male line, even though the children of the deceased are the ones to inherit, the real situation on the ground is that it is only the sons who inherited.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis (Gsia) Usaidlaos Legal Aid Support
    GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION ANALYSIS (GSIA) USAID LAOS LEGAL AID SUPPORT PROGRAM The Asia Foundation Vientiane, Lao PDR 26 July 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... i Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Laos Legal Aid Support Program................................................................................................... 1 1.2 This Report ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology and Coverage ................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Contextual Analysis ........................................................................................................................3 2.1 Gender Equality ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 BACKGROUND PAPER1 on ATTACKS AGAINST GIRLS SEEKING to ACCESS EDUCATION Table of Contents INTRODUCTION
    BACKGROUND PAPER1 ON ATTACKS AGAINST GIRLS SEEKING TO ACCESS EDUCATION Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 2 I. FRAMING THE PROBLEM .................................................................................. 4 II. THE APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS ON EDUCATION ......................................................................... 6 A. THE FOUR ‘AS’ FRAMEWORK ............................................................................... 8 B. RIGHTS THROUGH EDUCATION ............................................................................. 9 III. ATTACKS ON GIRLS’ EDUCATION IN SITUATIONS OF INSECURITY AND CRISIS............................................................................................................... 10 IV. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ATTACKS ON GIRLS’ EDUCATION ............................................................................................................. 14 A. CAUSES OF ATTACKS AGAINST GIRLS’ EDUCATION ............................................... 14 B. HUMAN RIGHTS CONSEQUENCES OF ATTACKS ON GIRLS’ EDUCATION ................... 17 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 22 VI. RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 28 1 This background paper will be presented to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination of against Women, to contribute to the
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Discrimination in the Legal Profession: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
    Valparaiso University Law Review Volume 39 Number 4 Summer 2005 pp.859-909 Summer 2005 Sex Discrimination in the Legal Profession: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Audrey Wolfson Latourette Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Audrey Wolfson Latourette, Sex Discrimination in the Legal Profession: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, 39 Val. U. L. Rev. 859 (2005). Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol39/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Valparaiso University Law School at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Valparaiso University Law Review by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Latourette: Sex Discrimination in the Legal Profession: Historical and Conte SEX DISCRIMINATION IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES Audrey Wolfson Latourette* I. INTRODUCTION The legal and cultural barriers that confronted nineteenth century American women with respect to obtaining entrance to the legal profession were onerous. In an era in which religious mandates and cultural norms proscribed any role for women other than the proper sphere of mother and wife, and legal obstacles to owning property, voting, and keeping one’s wages existed, the notion that a woman would depart from the sanctity of the home and enter the combative and powerful legal profession was viewed as anathema. The male bastion of jurisprudence overwhelmingly rejected the idea that the weaker, submissive sex could successfully undertake legal training and competently engage in advocacy in a public arena.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Impact of Gender Equality Provisions and Constitutionmaking
    Mapping the Impact of Gender Equality Provisions and Constitutionmaking STUDENT WORKING PAPERS Penn Law Seminar on International Women’s Human Rights taught by Rangita de Silva de Alwis, Associate Dean of International Programs Report presented to UN Women and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on May 6, 2016 MAPPING THE IMPACT OF GENDER EQUALITY PROVISIONS IN CONSTITUTIONS IN EMERGING DEMOCRACIES AND POST- CONFLICT INTRODUCTION The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination of All Forms Against Women (CEDAW) and Security Council Resolution 1325 inspired us to examine the impact of constitutional gender equality provisions on women’s participation and legal protection. The United Nations General Assembly passed the CEDAW in 1979, and, since then, it has seen almost universal acceptance. The CEDAW brought and continues to bring critical attention to the importance of women’s international human rights and provides a framework for states to use in formulating national and local legislation that can and will protect those rights. Additionally, the Security Council Resolution 1325, passed in 2000, rallied all member states to recommit to bringing more women to the table in order to create, prevent, and ensure long lasting peace and tranquility. The Resolution called for women’s participation and protection to be at the forefront of each and every national and international agenda. Resolution 1325 led to subsequent resolutions, including 1820 and 2122, all of which advance women’s empowerment at the international level, and, with a top-down approach, aim to improve the lives of women all around the world. However, in order to have the most significant impact, the CEDAW and Resolution 1325 must be implemented domestically.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesbian Perspective, Lesbian Experience, and the Risk of Essentialism Patricia A
    Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-1994 Lesbian Perspective, Lesbian Experience, and the Risk of Essentialism Patricia A. Cain Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Recommended Citation 2 Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L. 43 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LESBIAN PERSPECTIVE, LESBIAN EXPERIENCE, AND THE RISK OF ESSENTIALISM Patricia A. Cain* INTRODUCTION In the spring of 1989 at the 20th National Conference on Women and the Law, I made a plea for feminist legal theorists to consider les- bian perspective and experience in the formulation of their theories.' I argued that ignoring the reality of our (i.e., lesbians') different experi- ence is to fall into the "essentialist trap."'2 In other words, I believed then, as I do now, that it is dangerous to build grand or totalizing feminist theory from the perspective of only a few women. Two important things have happened since I gave that speech: (1) some people have told me that they perceived my project as one de- signed to uncover the "essential lesbian" and add her voice to the building of feminist legal theory; and (2) other people, including les- bian lawyers and academics, have pushed far beyond my 1989 chal- lenge and are working on the development of a lesbian legal theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Upr Review of Ghana
    UPR REVIEW OF GHANA NGO Submission by on Women’s Political Rights Submitted by Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF Ghana) P. O. Box LG488 Legon, Accra Ghana Tel/Fax: 233 21 768 349 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Contact Person Bernice Sam National Programme Co-ordinator Email: [email protected] Women’s Participation in Politics 1.` Introduction Ghana attained independence from Britain on March 6, 1957, and became a republic on July 1, 1960. Since then, Ghana’s political history has been checkered, with periods of democratic rule interspersed by periods of military rule.1 From 1993 to date, Ghana has been under a democratic government.2 Like many military regimes across Africa and elsewhere, Ghana has endured periods of massive violations of human rights. Civil, political, social and economic abuses were particularly abundant during the periods of authoritarian rule.3 In recognition of such abuses, the 1992 Constitution includes provisions dedicated to fundamental human rights and freedoms.4 It also establishes very important state mechanisms for the promotion and protection of human rights, including the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice and the National Commission on Civic Education.5 It is generally accepted that protection of human rights since Ghana’s return to constitutional rule in 1992 has been extraordinarily successful. This is seen as a departure from the military days when violations of human rights by the state and its agencies were common.6 Throughout this difficult history, women suffered dramatically from abuses of their human rights. From independence, through the authoritarian regimes, and to the present constitutional dispensation, the women’s human rights agenda has not attained the level of success achieved by other areas of human rights.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Status of Women in Alabama, II: a Crazy Quilt Restitched Marjorie F
    Georgia State University College of Law Reading Room Faculty Publications By Year Faculty Publications 1-1-1982 The Legal Status of Women in Alabama, II: A Crazy Quilt Restitched Marjorie F. Knowles Georgia State University College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/faculty_pub Part of the Law and Gender Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Marjorie F. Knowles, The Legal Status of Women in Alabama, II: A Crazy Quilt Restitched, 33 Ala. L. Rev. 375 (1982). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Reading Room. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications By Year by an authorized administrator of Reading Room. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN ALABAMA, II: A CRAZY QUILT RESTITCHED Marjorie Fine Knowles* I. INTRODUCTION Dramatic and substantial changes have occurred during the past decade in the traditional relationship between American wo- men and their families, their work, their marriages, their educa- tion, and their money.' These dramatic changes have been accom- panied by major developments in the law, both federal2 and state.3 * Professor of Law, University of Alabama. A.B., 1960, Smith College; LL.B., 1965, Harvard Law School. The author served as Inspector General, U.S. Department of Labor, 1979-1980. The author wishes to thank the following persons for their assistance: Rebekah Adams, Ellen Brooks, Lisa R. Browning, Peggy Cain, Penny Davis, Clara L Fryer, Libba Latham, Denise Littleton, Marian Phillips, and Barry Thompson.
    [Show full text]
  • The Glass Ceiling in Law Firms: a Form of Sex- Based Discrimination Rebecca Korzec University of Baltimore School of Law, [email protected]
    University of Baltimore Law ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law All Faculty Scholarship Faculty Scholarship 2000 The Glass Ceiling in Law Firms: A Form of Sex- Based Discrimination Rebecca Korzec University of Baltimore School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/all_fac Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Law and Gender Commons, Legal Profession Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation The Glass Ceiling in Law Firms: A Form of Sex-Based Discrimination, 2 J. of Employment Discrimination L. 251 (2000) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Glass Ceiling •In Law Firms: A Form of Sex-Based Discrimination Presented at the Stetson University College of Law /4Ih Annual National Conference on Labor and Employment Law: Criticia//ssues for 2000, March 23-24, 2000, Clearwater Beach, Florida I. Introduction Although women have made substantial strides in the work world, overcoming significant obstacles and earning the right to earn a liv­ ing in the professions, they have made anything but impressive progress in the legal profession. Today, women comprise almost 50 percent of entering law school classes-an impressive increase from
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Law Firms
    Women in law firms Marc Brodherson Laura McGee Mariana Pires dos Reis Women in law firms Law firms have many of the right policies and programs in place to improve gender diversity, but more can be done to translate stated commitments into measurable outcomes. As part of our broader Women in the Workplace perceptions of their efforts. For example, female 2017 research, we conducted a deep dive on attorneys (and many of their male colleagues) women in law firms in North America. Out of the fear that participating in flexible-work programs 222 participants in the overall research, 23 are will damage their careers. The question now law firms that employ more than 16,000 attorneys. is how those firms that have invested in—and These firms provided us with their talent-pipeline recognize—the benefits of gender equality and programs and policies data. Additionally, more translate their stated commitments into measur- than 2,500 of their attorneys answered our able outcomes. experience survey. These data have allowed us to highlight unique challenges that law firms Gender diversity in law firms’ talent pipeline face to advance women relative to the rest of the Women are relatively well represented in the broader corporate America (referred to as professional pipeline until the equity partner level, the “overall sample” throughout the report). where women’s representation drops sharply. The survey finds that law firms are taking We measured four dimensions of gender diversity important steps to increase gender equality. They and found that law firms have room to improve are providing senior-leadership support to advance along each one: attorneys’ careers and offering programs that provide flexibility and address major work–life Representation.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in the Law
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2000 Women in the Law Amanda Elizabeth Kelley University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Kelley, Amanda Elizabeth, "Women in the Law" (2000). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/395 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Appendix D - UNIVERSITY HONORS PROGRAM SENIOR PROJECT - APPRO V AL N a me: Omo..adQ£..;_KejJ-c ~~ ___________________________ _ (0 II e g e: att&.aai.8fittlCtS De par tmen t: _c_~liSt::L _________ _ Faculty Mentor: _C.L~~QiQ.._ fr}lis± ead ____________________ _ PRO JE (T TITLE: _LD.Qm...e. h _ Ln_:the.J~-i2.. u2 ______________ _ I have reviewed this completed senior honors thesis with this student and certify that it is a project commensurate with honors level undergraduate research in this held. Signed: ___~_!!i.~ ____________ 1 Fac u l tY" \{entor Oat e: --1J1-¥-ir-~~C!.~-- Comments (Optional):, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~OA".~~~ ~~ 27 Women in the Law Seniors Honors Thesis Amanda Kelley Faculty Mentor: Claudia Milstead Spring 2000 2 ABSTRACT This report focuses around the history of the involvement of women in the law of the United States, including cases that have had an impact on women and the current status of women in the legal field.
    [Show full text]
  • A Timeline of Women's Legal History in the United States and at Georgetown University the Seventeenth Century the Eighteenth
    A Timeline of Women's Legal History in the United States and at Georgetown University This webpage contains a history of significant events for women in the United States regarding their experience with the law: using it, making it, practicing it as a profession, profiting or suffering from it. It ranges from 1619 to the present. The version placed on this site in March, 1998, is specialized to show key events in the history of the Women's Law and Public Policy Fellowship at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Those events appear in bold. Some will be relevant to non-Georgetown students, and some won't -- caveat lector! (For the younger students using this page, that's "reader beware!"). For readers with no interest in Georgetown's history, a non-Georgetown page which contains additional non-Georgetown women's accomplishments, organizations, and other information is available here. The page is new and still evolving. Anyone with corrections or suggestions should write to the webmistress, Professor Cunnea (who is not a Georgetown professor). This timeline is copyrighted. Anyone intending to publish more than 100 words needs to get permission, and students quoting from it should provide appropriate attribution. Webmistresses or webmasters from non-commercial sites may link to it freely without prior permission. Commercial sites must request permission! Thanks are due to the Fellowship Program for making this project possible and enjoyable, especially the directors, Judy Lyons-Wolf and Sue Ross; the historian at the Georgetown Law Library, Laura Bedard; the historian at the main Georgetown Library, Jon Reynolds; Professor Wendy Williams of Georgetown Law, who loaned me the text of her 1994 lecture on women at Georgetown; and the other good people who provided confirmation or leads but might not want their names on the web! Planned additions: bibliography of sources, links to other timelines affecting women; links to biography sites; links to relevant cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Health, Human Rights and the Law
    Sexual health, human rights and the law Sexual health, human rights and the law WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Sexual health, human rights and the law. 1.Reproductive Health. 2.Human Rights. 3.Reproductive Health Services. 4.Sexuality. 5.Sex Offenses. 6.Social Responsibility. 7.Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 8.Legislation as Topic. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156498 4 (NLM classification: WQ 200) © World Health Organization 2015 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_ form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]