A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo‐Controlled Multisite Clinical Study of Grapiprant, an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor An

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo‐Controlled Multisite Clinical Study of Grapiprant, an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor An J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:756–763 A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Multisite Clinical Study of Grapiprant, an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonist (PRA), in Dogs with Osteoarthritis L. Rausch-Derra, M. Huebner, J. Wofford, and L. Rhodes Background: This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of grapiprant for treatment of pain in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). Hypothesis/Objectives: Grapiprant will relieve pain as measured by the owner’s and veterinarian’s evaluation of pain in dogs with OA. Another objective was evaluation of the safety of grapiprant. Animals: Two hundred and eighty-five client-owned dogs with OA were enrolled and treated with grapiprant or placebo with 262 cases (N = 131 in each group) evaluable for the effectiveness analysis. Methods: In this prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled study dogs were treated daily with grapiprant (2 mg/kg) per OS or placebo. Owners completed an evaluation using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Success was defined as improvement in the CBPI. Veterinary assessments were made on screening and days 14 and 28. Safety was evaluated by physical examination, evaluation of clinical pathology results, and owner observations. Results: Grapiprant treatment improved pain compared to placebo on day 28 (48.1 and 31.3% treatment successes respectively; P = .0315). The pain interference score (PIS) and pain severity score (PSS) improved in the grapiprant group compared to placebo (P = .0029 and 0.0022, respectively). Veterinary assessments were significantly better in the grapiprant- treated dogs (P = .0086). Grapiprant generally was well tolerated, but a higher percentage of treated dogs (17.02%) had occasional vomiting as compared to the placebo group (6.25%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Grapiprant is an effective treatment for alleviation of pain in dogs with OA, and represents a modality of treatment that may be better tolerated than current options. Key words: Anti-inflammatory; Osteoarthritis; Pain; Piprant. rapiprant (AT-001, CJ-023,423) is a potent and Gspecific antagonist of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 1 EP4 receptor . It is a member of a newly defined class Abbreviations: of drugs, the piprant class, that block prostaglandin receptors. Grapiprant is an EP4 piprant, also known as Ca calcium an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist (EP4 PRA).2 CBPI canine brief pain inventory It binds to human and rat EP4 receptors with high FDA Food and Drug Administration affinity.1 In several rat pain models of inflammatory GI gastrointestinal ITT intention to treat pain, grapiprant was shown to be effective in pain NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug reduction1 and in a rat model of adjuvant-induced OA osteoarthritis arthritis, grapiprant was shown to inhibit paw swelling, PGE prostaglandin E inflammatory biomarkers, and synovial inflammation.3 2 2 PGI2 prostaglandin I2 Many FDA-approved drugs are available to treat PIS pain interference score pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs (e.g., PO per OS a b c d carprofen, firocoxib, meloxicam , and deracoxib ), all PPP per protocol population of which work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. PRA prostaglandin receptor antagonist The adverse effect profile of the cyclooxygenase-inhibit- PSS pain severity score ing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is SAE serious adverse event well established. The Food and Drug Administration SD standard deviation (FDA) has required language in the precaution section TOS total orthopedic score of the package inserts of these drugs warning that, as a class, they may be associated with renal, gastrointestinal From the Aratana Therapeutics, Leawood, KS (Rausch-Derra, (GI), and hepatic toxicity. Specifically, labels of these Wofford, Rhodes); and the ClinData Services, Ft. Collins, CO drugs warn of “the potential to produce GI ulceration (Huebner). b Corresponding author: L. Rausch-Derra, Aratana Therapeutics, and/or GI perforation.” Because grapiprant’s mecha- 11400 Tomahawk Creek Pkwy, Suite 340, Leawood, KS 66211; nism of action targets the EP4 receptor, it does not e-mail: [email protected]. inhibit the production of prostanoids, which are impor- Submitted December 22, 2015; Revised February 21, 2016; tant in a variety of physiological functions that main- Accepted March 16, 2016. tain normal homeostatic functions, including Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal maintenance of GI integrity. Therefore, grapiprant may Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the represent a treatment that could avoid the adverse American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative effects associated with inhibition of cyclooxygenase in Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, dogs. distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original Grapiprant binds to the canine EP4 receptor with work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. high affinity and has been shown to be extremely well DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13948 Grapiprant for OA in Dogs 757 tolerated in a study in which it was given daily for autoimmune disorders that may have affected evaluations for the 9 months to laboratory Beagles at doses up to 15 times study, and concomitant disease at the site of the OA, such as infec- the therapeutic dose.4 Our study was conducted to eval- tions, parasitic or immunological arthritis, or neoplasia. Dogs that uate the effectiveness and safety of grapiprant given PO had had major surgery within 1 month, or cruciate ligament sur- q24h for 28 days in client-owned dogs with OA. Previ- gery within 3 months were excluded, as were dogs that had surg- eries that could confound the detection of OA pain and ous studies have shown that treatment of OA in dogs 5,6 inflammation. To ensure that no other medications that could elicits a large placebo effect, and thus appropriate confound results were being used during the study, the following power and use of a placebo were employed in the medications were restricted: cyclooxygenase-inhibiting NSAIDs (in- design of this study, which was conducted using a vali- cluding aspirin), polysulfated glycosaminoglycanf injections, or dated instrument to measure changes in pain, the laser treatment on the joints within 7 days before day 0; short-act- Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI).7 Care was taken ing steroids, oclacitinibg , or other immunomodulatory drugs within that owners and veterinarians were masked to treat- 30 days before day 0; mid- to long-acting steroids within 60 days ment. In addition to effectiveness, we evaluated safety before day 0; nutraceuticals for joint pain or OA within 7 days < in this population of predominately older dogs using before day 0; or, a diet containing nutraceuticals for 30 days owner observations, physical examinations, and clinical before day 0. Dogs that were on a diet containing a nutraceutical for joints for ≥30 days before day 0 remained on that diet. pathology test results. Sample Size Calculation Materials and Methods An evaluable sample size of 138 dogs per treatment group was Study Design targeted to provide 90% power to detect a difference of 20% in Our study was a prospective, multicenter, masked, randomized, success rates between the grapiprant-treated group and the placebo placebo-controlled parallel study conducted at 16 veterinary group, assuming a 60% success rate in the grapiprant-treated hospitals located in Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maine, group and a 40% success rate in the placebo group. This assump- Michigan, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas. It was tion was based on results from a pilot field study using a dosage conducted according to Good Clinical Practice guidelines.e of 2 mg/kg (data on file). To account for a rate of attrition of approximately 10%, up to 300 subjects (150 per treatment group) could be enrolled. Animals Dogs of any age, breed, or sex were enrolled, but dogs that Screening were pregnant, lactating, or intended for breeding were excluded. To be enrolled, dogs had to weigh ≥3.6 kg. Owners signed an owner consent form that had been reviewed and approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the FDA. This form was signed before any study activities, and then dogs Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria were screened to see if they met the inclusion and exclusion crite- ria, blood was drawn to evaluate standard serum biochemistry and Client-owned dogs that were candidates for enrollment were hematology variables, and urine was collected for urinalysis. The presented by the owner with clinical signs of OA, confirmed by CBPI was completed by the owner and veterinary assessment was radiographs of at least 1 appendicular joint taken within 60 days completed by the veterinarian. before enrollment. The veterinarian also confirmed OA by evaluat- During the study, owners completed the CBPI on day 0 (base- ing weight bearing on the affected limb, lameness at walking and line), day 14, and day 28 in the clinic, and at home after a tele- trotting, willingness to raise the contralateral limb, joint swelling, phone call on days 7 and 21. Veterinarians completed physical pain or resistance on palpation, forced movement and range of examinations and the veterinary assessment of the total orthopedic motion of the joint (veterinary assessment) and being in general score (TOS) on days 14 and 28. Blood and urine were collected good health or stabilized for chronic conditions and able to com- for clinical pathology
Recommended publications
  • Pain Management E-Book
    VetEdPlus E-BOOK RESOURCES Pain Management E-Book WHAT’S INSIDE Gabapentin and Amantadine for Chronic Pain: Is Your Dose Right? Grapiprant for Control of Osteoarthritis Pain in Dogs Use of Acupuncture for Pain Management Regional Anesthesia for the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Patient A SUPPLEMENT TO Laser Therapy for Treatment of Joint Disease in Dogs and Cats Manipulative Therapies for Hip and Back Hypomobility in Dogs E-BOOK PEER REVIEWED CONTINUING EDUCATION Gabapentin and Amantadine for Chronic Pain: Is Your Dose Right? Tamara Grubb, DVM, PhD, DACVAA Associate Professor, Anesthesia and Analgesia Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine Pain is not always a bad thing, and all pain is not Untreated or undertreated pain can cause myriad the same. Acute (protective) pain differs from adverse effects, including but not limited to chronic (maladaptive) pain in terms of function insomnia, anorexia, immunosuppression, and treatment. This article describes the types of cachexia, delayed wound healing, increased pain pain, the reasons why chronic pain can be sensation, hypertension, and behavior changes difficult to treat, and the use of gabapentin and that can lead to changes in the human–animal amantadine for treatment of chronic pain. bond.2 Hence, we administer analgesic drugs to patients with acute pain, not to eliminate the protective portion but to control the pain ACUTE PAIN beyond that needed for protection (i.e., the pain Acute pain in response to tissue damage is often that negatively affects normal physiologic called protective pain because it causes the processes and healing). This latter type of pain patient to withdraw tissue that is being damaged decreases quality of life without providing any to protect it from further injury (e.g., a dog adaptive protective mechanisms and is thus withdrawing a paw after it steps on something called maladaptive pain.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Effects of Pain and Analgesia on Immune System Function and Inflammation: Relevance for Preclinical Studies
    Comparative Medicine Vol 69, No 6 Copyright 2019 December 2019 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 520–534 Overview A Review of the Effects of Pain and Analgesia on Immune System Function and Inflammation: Relevance for Preclinical Studies George J DeMarco1* and Elizabeth A Nunamaker2 One of the most significant challenges facing investigators, laboratory animal veterinarians, and IACUCs, is how to bal- ance appropriate analgesic use, animal welfare, and analgesic impact on experimental results. This is particularly true for in vivo studies on immune system function and inflammatory disease. Often times the effects of analgesic drugs on a particu- lar immune function or model are incomplete or don’t exist. Further complicating the picture is evidence of the very tight integration and bidirectional functionality between the immune system and branches of the nervous system involved in nociception and pain. These relationships have advanced the concept of understanding pain as a protective neuroimmune function and recognizing pathologic pain as a neuroimmune disease. This review strives to summarize extant literature on the effects of pain and analgesia on immune system function and inflammation in the context of preclinical in vivo studies. The authors hope this work will help to guide selection of analgesics for preclinical studies of inflammatory disease and immune system function. Abbreviations and acronyms: CB,Endocannabinoid receptor; CD,Crohn disease; CFA, Complete Freund adjuvant; CGRP,Calcitonin gene-related
    [Show full text]
  • Grapiprant: an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonist and Novel Therapy for Pain and Inflammation
    DOI: 10.1002/vms3.13 Review Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation † Kristin Kirkby Shaw , Lesley C. Rausch-Derra* and Linda Rhodes* † *Aratana Therapeutics, Inc., Kansas City, Kansas, USA and Animal Surgical Clinic of Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA Abstract There are five active prostanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) that have widespread and varied physio- logic functions throughout the body, including regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow, renal haemo- dynamics and primary haemostasis. Each prostanoid has at least one distinct receptor that mediates its action. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a prostanoid that serves important homeostatic functions, yet is also responsible for regulating pain and inflammation. PGE2 binds to four receptors, of which one, the EP4 receptor, is primar- ily responsible for the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis (OA). The deleterious and patho- logic actions of PGE2 are inhibited in varying degrees by steroids, aspirin and cyclo-oxygenase inhibiting NSAIDs; however, administration of these drugs causes decreased production of PGE2, thereby decreasing or eliminating the homeostatic functions of the molecule. By inhibiting just the EP4 receptor, the homeostatic function of PGE2 is better maintained. This manuscript will introduce a new class of pharmaceuticals known as the piprant class. Piprants are prostaglandin receptor antagonists (PRA). This article will include basic physiol- ogy of AA, prostanoids and piprants, will review available evidence for the relevance of EP4 PRAs in rodent models of pain and inflammation, and will reference available data for an EP4 PRA in dogs and cats. Piprants are currently in development for veterinary patients and the purpose of this manuscript is to introduce veteri- narians to the class of drugs, with emphasis on an EP4 PRA and its potential role in the control of pain and inflammation associated with OA in dogs and cats.
    [Show full text]
  • GALLIPRANT; INN: Grapiprant
    9 November 2017 EMA/747932/2017 Veterinary Medicines Division Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use CVMP assessment report for GALLIPRANT (EMEA/V/C/004222/0000) International non-proprietary name: grapiprant Assessment report as adopted by the CVMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. 30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 5555 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2018. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 Scientific advice ........................................................................................................................ 4 MUMS/limited market status ...................................................................................................... 4 Part 1 - Administrative particulars ......................................................................................... 5 Detailed description of the pharmacovigilance system ................................................................... 5 Manufacturing authorisations and inspection status ....................................................................... 5 Overall conclusions on administrative particulars .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hip Dysplasia: Understanding a Very Misunderstood Puppy Abnormality
    PET OWNER SERIES Congenital Hip Dysplasia: Understanding a very misunderstood puppy abnormality It is worth noting at the outset that all orthopedic conditions and post-operative recoveries are made worse by an obese or over-weight body condition. Since dogs come in all shapes and sizes, even within one breed, body weight is a difficult variable to guide. Body "condition" is easier to evaluate and recognize when "ideal". Also worth noting is that carrying excess fat tissue is not “bad” just because the animal is “heavy”, but probably more importantly because fat tissue is pro-inflammatory. It is an active, dynamic group of cells throughout the body that, when in excess, accelerates many degenerative processes leading to disease and injury. A lifetime-study of a large group of dogs demonstrated that lean dogs lived almost two years longer than their genetically similar overweight counterparts! The "ideal" body condition is leaner than you think. Very few dogs these days are ideal (65% are overweight or obese), so our frame of reference is skewed. To evaluate body condition, you use your eyes and hands. You should be able to feel the ribs, pelvic bones and shoulder bones easily, but not see them. You should be able to see (or feel in the fluffy dogs) a "waist" behind the ribs when viewed from the top. You should be able to see the belly tuck up behind the ribs when viewed from the side. Hip dysplasia is a common developmental problem in large breed dogs that is both hereditary and affected by nutrition, body weight and activity level.
    [Show full text]
  • New Ideas, New Voices”
    American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21th Biennial Symposium “New Ideas, New Voices” Overland Park Convention Center, Overland Park, Kansas August 23-26, 2019 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Scheduled Program ....................................................................................................................................... 3 SPONSORS ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Tom Powers Memorial Keynote Address .................................................................................................. 9 SESSION 1: New Ideas, New Voices ........................................................................................................ 14 SESSION 2: Graduate Student Presentations ......................................................................................... 33 Oral Presentations.................................................................................................................................. 33 Poster Abstracts ..................................................................................................................................... 34 SESSION 3: Antimicrobials and Diagnostic Laboratories .................................................................... 52 SESSION 4: Graduate skills and training ............................................................................................... 64 SESSION 5: Start-ups and New Business Ideas .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Galliprant (Grapiprant Tablets) for Oral Use in Dogs Only 20 Mg, 60 Mg
    GALLIPRANT- grapiprant tablet Elanco US Inc. ---------- Galliprant® (grapiprant tablets) For oral use in dogs only 20 mg, 60 mg and 100 mg flavored tablets A prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist; a non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Caution: Federal (USA) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Description: GALLIPRANT (grapiprant tablets) is a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist; a non- cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the piprant class. GALLIPRANT is a flavored, oval, biconvex, beige to brown in color, scored tablet debossed with a “G” that contains grapiprant and desiccated pork liver as the flavoring agent. The molecular weight of grapiprant is 491.61 Daltons. The empirical formula is C26H29N5O3S. Grapiprant is N-[[[2-[4-(2-Ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c] pyridin-1- yl)phenyl]ethyl]amino]carbonyl]-4 methylbenzenesulfonamide. The structural formula is: Indication: GALLIPRANT (grapiprant tablets) is indicated for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. Dosage and Administration: Always provide “Information for Dog Owners” Sheet with prescription. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual response. The dose of GALLIPRANT (grapiprant tablets) is 0.9 mg/lb (2 mg/kg) once daily. Only the 20 mg and 60 mg tablets of GALLIPRANT are scored. The dosage should be calculated in half tablet increments. Dogs less than 8 lbs. (3.6 kgs) cannot be accurately dosed. Dosing Chart Dose Weight in pounds Weight in 20 mg tablet 60 mg tablet 100 mg tablet kilograms 8-15 3.6-6.8 0.5 0.9 mg/lb (2 15.1-30 6.9-13.6 1 mg/kg) once 30.1-45 13.7-20.4 0.5 daily 45.1-75 20.5-34 1 75.1-150 34.1-68 1 The 100 mg tablet is not scored and should not be broken in half.
    [Show full text]
  • Simultaneous Quantitation of Lipid Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using LC–MS/MS
    H OH metabolites OH Article Simultaneous Quantitation of Lipid Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using LC–MS/MS Yashpal S. Chhonker 1 , Shrey Kanvinde 2, Rizwan Ahmad 3, Amar B. Singh 3,4,5, David Oupický 2,4 and Daryl J. Murry 1,4,* 1 Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; [email protected] 2 Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (D.O.) 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (A.B.S.) 4 Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA 5 VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-402-559-3790 or +1-402-559-2430 Abstract: Eicosanoids are key mediators and regulators of inflammation and oxidative stress that are often used as biomarkers for severity and therapeutic responses in various diseases. We here report a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of at least 66 key eicosanoids in a widely used murine model of colitis. Chromatographic separation was achieved with Shim-Pack XR-ODSIII, 150 × 2.00 mm, 2.2 µm. The mobile phase was operated in gradient conditions and consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid in water with a total flow of 0.37 mL/min.
    [Show full text]
  • 3699 Galliprant PI 240X220mm 2016.Indd
    ® medication is needed after a daily dose of GALLIPRANT, a non-NSAID/ GALLIPRANT (grapiprant tablets) non-corticosteroid class of analgesic may be necessary. For oral use in dogs only The concomitant use of protein-bound drugs with GALLIPRANT has not been 20 mg, 60 mg and 100 mg flavored tablets studied. Commonly used protein-bound drugs include cardiac, anticonvulsant and behavioral medications. A prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist; a non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal Drug compatibility should be monitored in patients requiring adjunctive therapy. anti-inflammatory drug Consider appropriate washout times when switching from one anti-inflammatory to another or when switching from corticosteroids or COX-inhibiting NSAIDs Caution: to GALLIPRANT use. Federal (USA) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. The use of GALLIPRANT in dogs with cardiac disease has not been studied. Description: It is not known whether dogs with a history of hypersensitivity to sulfonamide drugs will exhibit hypersensitivity to GALLIPRANT. GALLIPRANT is a GALLIPRANT® (grapiprant tablets) is a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist; a non-cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibiting, non-steroidal anti- methylbenzenesulfonamide. inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the piprant class. GALLIPRANT is a flavored, Adverse Reactions: oval, biconvex, beige to brown in color, scored tablet debossed with a “G” In a controlled field study, 285 dogs were evaluated for safety when given that contains grapiprant and desiccated pork liver as the flavoring agent. either GALLIPRANT or a vehicle control (tablet minus grapiprant) at a dose of The molecular weight of grapiprant is 491.61 Daltons. The empirical formula 2 mg/kg (0.9 mg/lb) once daily for 28 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Lesions in Dogs Chronically Treated with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
    Received: 25 June 2020 Accepted: 22 January 2021 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16057 STANDARD ARTICLE Prevalence of gastrointestinal lesions in dogs chronically treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Kasey Mabry1 | Tracy Hill2 | Mary Katherine Tolbert3 1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Abstract The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, pharmaceutical associated with gastroduodenal ulceration and perforation. The prev- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota alence of gastrointestinal (GI) injury associated with chronic use of NSAIDs in dogs is 3Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, unknown. College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Objective/Hypothesis: To determine the prevalence of GI mucosal erosions in dogs Station, Texas receiving chronic treatment with NSAIDs. We hypothesized that dogs receiving Correspondence NSAIDs would have more GI mucosal erosions and longer GI transit time than a con- Tracy Hill, Department of Veterinary Clinical trol population. Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Animals: Fourteen client-owned medium- and large-breed dogs receiving an NSAID Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108. for at least 30 days and 11 client-owned control dogs undergoing video capsule Email: [email protected] endoscopy (VCE) for evaluation of chronic GI disease. Methods: Dogs were prospectively recruited after determining no clinically relevant comorbidities were present and VCE was performed. The GI transit time and the presence of mucosal lesions were recorded. Results: Twelve dogs receiving NSAIDs and 11 retrospectively evaluated control dogs were included.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents Behavior Gastrointestinal Medicine Dr. Barbara Sherman Dr. Scott Owens Canine separation anxiety: A common Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): behaviorproblem and welfare concern.............1 More common than you’d think .....................63 Oh, no, a behavior problem! What do Management of PLE in dogs: More than I do now?................................................................4 just pred ..............................................................65 Overview of common behavioral drugs: A guide to usage, class, contraindications, and side effects....................................................6 Neurology Pharmacologic treatment of situational Dr. Michelle Carnes fear and anxiety in cats: Travel, vet visits, An update on neurologic emergencies..........67 and visitors to the home.....................................9 Common spinal diseases and management Pharmacologic treatment of situational ...............................................................................70 fear and anxiety in dogs: Travel, vet visits, Managing the meningoencephalitis patient thunderstorms, and fireworks..........................11 together ..............................................................73 Puppy socialization to reduce the risk of Practical neurology: Indications for imaging behavior problems in adulthood......................13 and referral..........................................................75 Stereotypic behaviors in dogs: Spinning, The practical neurologic examination............76 lightseeking,
    [Show full text]
  • Grapiprant: an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonist and Novel Therapy for Pain and Inflammation
    3/12/2019 Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation Vet Med Sci. 2016 Feb; 2(1): 3–9. PMCID: PMC5645826 Published online 2015 Dec 21. doi: 10.1002/vms3.13 PMID: 29067176 Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation 2 1 1 Kristin Kirkby Shaw, Lesley C. Rausch‐Derra, and Linda Rhodes 1 Aratana Therapeutics, Inc., Kansas City, Kansas, USA, 2 Animal Surgical Clinic of Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA, Corresponding author. * Correspondence: Lesley C. Rausch‐Derra, Drug Development, 1901 Olathe Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA. E‐mail: [email protected] Received 2015 Jun 17; Revised 2015 Nov 2; Accepted 2015 Nov 12. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract There are five active prostanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) that have widespread and varied physiologic functions throughout the body, including regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow, renal haemodynamics and primary haemostasis. Each prostanoid has at least one distinct receptor that mediates its action. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) is a prostanoid that serves important homeostatic functions, yet is also responsible for regulating pain and inflammation. PGE 2 binds to four receptors, of which one, the EP4 receptor, is primarily responsible for the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis (OA). The deleterious and pathologic actions of PGE 2 are inhibited in varying degrees by steroids, aspirin and cyclo‐oxygenase inhibiting NSAIDs; however, administration of these drugs causes decreased production of PGE 2, thereby decreasing or eliminating the homeostatic functions of the molecule.
    [Show full text]